Book - School of Science and Technology

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Chimneys 3295030Uncorrected chimney height (m)403020EDCBA25201510Component ‘A’ of final chimney height (m)100 10 20 30 40 50 60Emission of SO (g/s) 2Figure 12.7 Emission of SO 2 and chimney height5050Component ‘B’ of final chimney height (m)40302040302010Building height (m)1010 20 30 40 50Building height or length (m)Figure 12.8 Component `B' for chimney height
330 Combustion and chimneysMechanical draughtAny solid fuel or oil-fired boiler may be fitted with an induced-draught fan for exhausting theproducts of combustion and discharging them up the chimney. Many boilers are obtainablewith such a fan fitted as part of the standard unit. In others, the fan supplying combustionair has sufficient power to expel the products under pressure, i.e. using forced draught.The advantages of mechanical draught are: first, that the boiler can be designed for highervelocities over the heating surface, so giving a higher rating for a given size; second, that thenatural draught produced by stack height is no longer of importance, and the chimney maythus be short (subject to the Clean Air Act), or, if the boiler is on the roof, notional only.Induced-draught fans usually take in some diluting air and makers' data should be consultedfor the volume to be handled by the chimney, the area of which will then be determinedby the velocity decided upon, such as 10±12 m/s. The resistance would be calculatedas before. It is usual, where the fan is an integral part of the boiler package, for about60 Pa surplus pressure to be made available for chimney loss and efflux velocity.Chimneys for gaseous fuelsThe requirements for chimneys for gas firing equipment operating under natural draughtdiffer from those previously discussed. Here air is admitted by a draught diverter that actsas a dilutant to the combustion gases. The CO 2 content of the latter, at the boilerdischarge, may be 9% with a gas temperature of 240 C, but the normal for the `secondary'flue after the draught diverter is about 4% with a gas temperature of about 120 C.Curves for sizing and data as to resistance factors are given in the Guide, Section B13 anda British Gas publication* provides comprehensive tables for a wide range of circumstances.In brief, the required chimney height is that which will provide for adequatedispersion of the products of combustion such that their concentration at ground leveldoes not exceed a critical value.The negligible sulphur content of natural gas means that the provisions of the Memorandumon Chimney Heights (p. 328) apply only to the very largest installations. In termsof height, the flue terminal need be only about 2 m above roof level of a building, or 4 mabove ground level where free standing, for outputs of up to 5 MW. For such naturaldraught burners with gas dilution at a diverter, the area of the flue for each unit may beread from Figure 12.9 where the value of the factor F has been calculated from:F ˆ H n /(S ‡ 2 ‡ b/2)whereH n ˆ height of flue above boiler outlet (m)S ˆ two-thirds of any suction required at flue base (Pa)b ˆ number of bends in the route of the flueFor a forced draught burner, the design technique necessary does not vary greatly fromthat described earlier for solid fuel and oil equipment. The data provided by Figures 12.5and 12.6 are equally valid. Some manufacturers list technical information regardingperformance of burners and of draught requirements at the point of connection to thechimney: most do not. These data must be obtained before design of the chimney can betackled with confidence.*IM/11, `Flues for Commercial and Industrial Gas Fired Boilers and Air Heaters'.
Page 2 and 3:
Faber and Kell's Heating andAir-con
Page 4:
Faber and Kell's Heating andAir-con
Page 9 and 10:
viiiContentsOther systems 396Altern
Page 11 and 12:
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Page 13 and 14:
xiiPreface to the ninth editionadvi
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
2 FundamentalsBefore any part of th
Page 21 and 22:
4 FundamentalsSpecific heat capacit
Page 23 and 24:
6 Fundamentalsas insulators have a
Page 25 and 26:
8 FundamentalsTable 1.4 Examples of
Page 27 and 28:
10 FundamentalsIt has been suggeste
Page 29 and 30:
12 FundamentalsTable 1.7 Wind-chill
Page 31 and 32:
14 Fundamentalsthermometer, used fo
Page 33 and 34:
16 Fundamentalsmeasure them, applic
Page 35 and 36:
18 FundamentalsInletventilationTher
Page 37 and 38:
20 The building in wintercoincide a
Page 39 and 40:
22 The building in winter20GlassTem
Page 41 and 42:
24 The building in winterFor the in
Page 43 and 44:
26 The building in winterTable 2.2
Page 45 and 46:
28 The building in winter4.0Plan8.5
Page 47 and 48:
30 The building in wintermost commo
Page 49 and 50:
32 The building in winterExposed el
Page 51 and 52:
34 The building in winterFigure 2.4
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
38 The building in winterInsulation
Page 57 and 58:
40 The building in winterSurfaceAre
Page 59 and 60:
42 The building in winterFrom Table
Page 61 and 62:
44 The building in winterTemperatur
Page 63 and 64:
46 The building in winterThe import
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
50 The building in winterIntermedia
Page 69 and 70:
52 The building in winterInside tem
Page 71 and 72:
54 The building in winterDesigntemp
Page 73 and 74:
56 The building in winterFrom earli
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
60 The building in winterTemperatur
Page 79 and 80:
62 The building in winterfollowing
Page 81 and 82:
64 The building in winterIt has bee
Page 83 and 84:
Chapter 3The building in summerThe
Page 85 and 86:
68 The building in summerfrom simpl
Page 87 and 88:
18070 The building in summerinforma
Page 89 and 90:
72 The building in summerIncidence
Page 91 and 92:
74 The building in summertime of pe
Page 93 and 94:
76 The building in summerTable 3.2
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
84 The building in summerFigure 3.9
Page 103 and 104:
86 The building in summerAB B C a1
Page 105 and 106:
88 The building in summerConduction
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
92 The building in summerLossesMoto
Page 111 and 112:
94 The building in summer(a)(b)Figu
Page 113 and 114:
Chapter 4Survey of heating methodsH
Page 115 and 116:
98 Survey of heating methodsTable 4
Page 117 and 118:
100 Survey of heating methodsIndust
Page 119 and 120:
102 Survey of heating methodsRadian
Page 121 and 122:
104 Survey of heating methodsHeatex
Page 123 and 124:
106 Survey of heating methodsReturn
Page 125 and 126:
108 Survey of heating methodsReflec
Page 127 and 128:
110 Survey of heating methodsCerami
Page 129 and 130:
112 Survey of heating methodsTubula
Page 131 and 132:
114 Survey of heating methodsthey a
Page 133 and 134:
116 Survey of heating methodsFactor
Page 135 and 136:
118 Survey of heating methodsrelian
Page 137 and 138:
Chapter 5Electrical storage heating
Page 139 and 140:
122 Electrical storage heatingTable
Page 141 and 142:
124 Electrical storage heatingR 3
Page 143 and 144:
126 Electrical storage heatingAs wi
Page 145 and 146:
128 Electrical storage heatingWet c
Page 147 and 148:
130 Electrical storage heatingStora
Page 149 and 150:
132 Electrical storage heatingCasin
Page 151 and 152:
134 Electrical storage heatingFinis
Page 153 and 154:
136 Electrical storage heatingTable
Page 155 and 156:
138 Electrical storage heatingVentI
Page 157 and 158:
140 Electrical storage heatingUtili
Page 159 and 160:
142 Electrical storage heatingExpan
Page 161 and 162:
Chapter 6Indirect heating systemsIt
Page 163 and 164:
146 Indirect heating systemsTable 6
Page 165 and 166:
148 Indirect heating systemsin cont
Page 167 and 168:
150 Indirect heating systemsHGIDEAC
Page 169 and 170:
152 Indirect heating systemsLow tem
Page 171 and 172:
154 Indirect heating systemsColdwat
Page 173 and 174:
156 Indirect heating systemsRadiato
Page 175 and 176:
158 Indirect heating systemsRadiato
Page 177 and 178:
160 Indirect heating systemsCondens
Page 179 and 180:
162 Indirect heating systems200800T
Page 181 and 182:
164 Indirect heating systemssuccinc
Page 183 and 184:
166 Indirect heating systemsTable 6
Page 185 and 186:
168 Indirect heating systemsHigh ve
Page 187 and 188:
170 Indirect heating systemsAs will
Page 189 and 190:
172 Indirect heating systems0.080.0
Page 191 and 192:
174 Indirect heating systems(a)(b)(
Page 193 and 194:
Chapter 7Heat emitting equipmentWit
Page 195 and 196:
178 Heat emitting equipmentTable 7.
Page 197 and 198:
180 Heat emitting equipmentRadiant
Page 199 and 200:
182 Heat emitting equipmentHeated g
Page 201 and 202:
184 Heat emitting equipmentHangerIn
Page 203 and 204:
186 Heat emitting equipmentpipes: e
Page 205 and 206:
188 Heat emitting equipmentOpen fro
Page 207 and 208:
190 Heat emitting equipment(a)(b)(d
Page 209 and 210:
192 Heat emitting equipmentTable 7.
Page 211 and 212:
194 Heat emitting equipmentConvecti
Page 213 and 214:
196 Heat emitting equipmentDamperOu
Page 215 and 216:
198 Heat emitting equipmentFilterOu
Page 217 and 218:
200 Heat emitting equipmentSwivelno
Page 219 and 220:
202 Heat emitting equipmentcovered
Page 221 and 222:
204 Pumps and other auxiliary equip
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Chapter 9Piping design for indirect
Page 251 and 252:
234 Piping design for indirect heat
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Chapter 10Boilers and firing equipm
Page 279 and 280:
262 Boilers and firing equipmentcom
Page 281 and 282:
264 Boilers and firing equipmentEss
Page 283 and 284:
266 Boilers and firing equipment100
Page 285 and 286:
268 Boilers and firing equipmentAs
Page 287 and 288:
270 Boilers and firing equipmentFlu
Page 289 and 290:
272 Boilers and firing equipmentFlo
Page 291 and 292:
274 Boilers and firing equipmentFig
Page 293 and 294:
276 Boilers and firing equipmentof
Page 295 and 296: 278 Boilers and firing equipment. a
Page 297 and 298: 280 Boilers and firing equipmentIt
Page 299 and 300: 282 Boilers and firing equipmentFue
Page 301 and 302: 284 Boilers and firing equipmentNoz
Page 303 and 304: 286 Boilers and firing equipmentof
Page 305 and 306: 288 Boilers and firing equipmentNea
Page 307 and 308: 290 Boilers and firing equipmentpor
Page 309 and 310: 292 Boilers and firing equipmentSaf
Page 311 and 312: 294 Boilers and firing equipmentIgn
Page 313 and 314: Chapter 11Fuels, storage and handli
Page 315 and 316: 298 Fuels, storage and handlingvehi
Page 317 and 318: 300 Fuels, storage and handlingRese
Page 319 and 320: 302 Fuels, storage and handlingtank
Page 321 and 322: 304 Fuels, storage and handlingTank
Page 323 and 324: 306 Fuels, storage and handlingabcd
Page 325 and 326: 308 Fuels, storage and handlingTabl
Page 331 and 332: 314 Fuels, storage and handlingstor
Page 335 and 336: 318 Combustion and chimneysTable 12
Page 337 and 338: 320 Combustion and chimneysTable 12
Page 339 and 340: 322 Combustion and chimneysHence, b
Page 341 and 342: 324 Combustion and chimneys. The te
Page 343 and 344: 326 Combustion and chimneys. Draugh
Page 345: 328 Combustion and chimneysClean Ai
Page 349 and 350: 332 Combustion and chimneysFire bri
Page 351 and 352: 334 Combustion and chimneysMaterial
Page 353 and 354: 336 Combustion and chimneysCombusti
Page 355 and 356: 338 Combustion and chimneysFlueterm
Page 357 and 358: Chapter 13VentilationThe act or art
Page 359 and 360: 342 VentilationTable 13.1 Ventilati
Page 361 and 362: 344 Ventilationnormal circumstance
Page 363 and 364: 346 Ventilationof air which could b
Page 365 and 366: 348 Ventilationsimilar plant. This
Page 367 and 368: 350 VentilationFlueCrackleaksInduce
Page 369 and 370: 352 VentilationCapSuction bandLouvr
Page 371 and 372: 354 VentilationTable 13.6 Air volum
Page 373 and 374: 356 VentilationCowlBelt driveHinged
Page 375 and 376: 358 VentilationTo fans at roof leve
Page 377 and 378: 360 Ventilationboiler plant in wint
Page 379 and 380: Dining hall362 VentilationCafeteria
Page 381 and 382: 364 Ventilationthis arrangement, as
Page 383 and 384: 366 Ventilationbe noted that, as a
Page 385 and 386: 368 VentilationTable 13.9 Air veloc
Page 387 and 388: 370 Ventilationvelocity. An increas
Page 389 and 390: 372 VentilationLastly under this he
Page 391 and 392: 374 Air-conditioningBecause refurbi
Page 393 and 394: 376 Air-conditioningThe installatio
Page 395 and 396: 378 Air-conditioningThe type of sys
Page 397 and 398:
380 Air-conditioningAn extension of
Page 399 and 400:
382 Air-conditioningZone unitsSuppl
Page 401 and 402:
384 Air-conditioningSupply airOptio
Page 403 and 404:
386 Air-conditioningoutput of the c
Page 405 and 406:
388 Air-conditioningDischargeto spa
Page 407 and 408:
390 Air-conditioningAirdischargeExt
Page 409 and 410:
392 Air-conditioningin the wall in
Page 411 and 412:
394 Air-conditioningPrimaryair2 Pip
Page 413 and 414:
396 Air-conditioningThe induction s
Page 415 and 416:
398 Air-conditioningsensor as an en
Page 417 and 418:
400 Air-conditioningfan-coil system
Page 419 and 420:
402 Air-conditioningVariable refrig
Page 421 and 422:
404 Air-conditioningChilled water P
Page 423 and 424:
406 Air-conditioningAir supply to h
Page 425 and 426:
408 Air-conditioningTable 14.1 Fact
Page 427 and 428:
410 Air distributionUpward systemTh
Page 429 and 430:
412 Air distributionInlet at 50ºCm
Page 431 and 432:
414 Air distributionExtract airSupp
Page 433 and 434:
416 Air distributioninlet is at a h
Page 435 and 436:
418 Air distribution(a)(b)Figure 15
Page 437 and 438:
420 Air distributionconnections to
Page 439 and 440:
422 Air distributionOpposed bladesD
Page 441 and 442:
424 Air distributionVelocity profil
Page 443 and 444:
426 Air distributionAir supplyPerfo
Page 445 and 446:
428 Air distributionair temperature
Page 447 and 448:
430 Air distributionTable 15.4 Typi
Page 449 and 450:
432 Air distributionFrameSpring cli
Page 451 and 452:
434 Air distributionenergy consumpt
Page 453 and 454:
Chapter 16Ductwork designHaving dec
Page 455 and 456:
438 Ductwork designthe duct with no
Page 457 and 458:
440 Ductwork designFlat ovalStandar
Page 459 and 460:
442 Ductwork designconstruction met
Page 461 and 462:
444 Ductwork designDuctlengthDDRDDu
Page 463 and 464:
446 Ductwork design6mm Plate damper
Page 465 and 466:
448 Ductwork design+Pressure0Veloci
Page 467 and 468:
450 Ductwork designatmospheric pres
Page 469 and 470:
452 Ductwork designTable 16.2 Corre
Page 471 and 472:
454 Ductwork design. Any allowances
Page 473 and 474:
456 Ductwork designBy these means,
Page 475 and 476:
458 Ductwork designTable 16.7 Minim
Page 477 and 478:
460 Ductwork designxAmplitudeyFigur
Page 479 and 480:
462 Ductwork designNoise criteriaIt
Page 481 and 482:
464 Ductwork designL w ˆ 10 ‡ 10
Page 483 and 484:
466 Ductwork design3 64Plant527 8 3
Page 485 and 486:
468 Ductwork designwhereD ˆ perime
Page 487 and 488:
470 Ductwork designArrows show dire
Page 489 and 490:
472 Ductwork designALNORAJAFLOW(a)(
Page 491 and 492:
Chapter 17Fans and air treatment eq
Page 493 and 494:
476 Fans and air treatment equipmen
Page 495 and 496:
Page 497 and 498:
Page 499 and 500:
PressurePowerPowerPressure482 Fans
Page 501 and 502:
Page 503 and 504:
Page 505 and 506:
Page 507 and 508:
Page 509 and 510:
Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
Page 515 and 516:
Page 517 and 518:
Page 519 and 520:
Page 521 and 522:
Page 523 and 524:
Page 525 and 526:
Page 527 and 528:
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Chapter 18Calculations for air-cond
Page 533 and 534:
Figure 18.1 Psychrometric chart (as
Page 535 and 536:
518 Calculations for air-conditioni
Page 537 and 538:
20mFoyer520 Calculations for air-co
Page 539 and 540:
Page 541 and 542:
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Page 547 and 548:
Chapter 19Refrigeration: water chil
Page 549 and 550:
Absolute pressure MPa532 Refrigerat
Page 551 and 552:
534 Refrigeration: water chillers a
Page 553 and 554:
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Page 561 and 562:
Page 563 and 564:
Page 565 and 566:
Page 567 and 568:
Page 569 and 570:
Page 571 and 572:
Page 573 and 574:
Page 575 and 576:
Page 577 and 578:
Page 579 and 580:
Page 581 and 582:
564 Hot water supply systemsObvious
Page 583 and 584:
566 Hot water supply systemswith a
Page 585 and 586:
568 Hot water supply systemswhich i
Page 587 and 588:
600m m M in570 Hot water supply sys
Page 589 and 590:
572 Hot water supply systemsThe meg
Page 591 and 592:
574 Hot water supply systemsVentDra
Page 593 and 594:
576 Hot water supply systemsPrimary
Page 595 and 596:
578 Hot water supply systemsCistern
Page 597 and 598:
580 Hot water supply systemsFor use
Page 599 and 600:
582 Hot water supply systemsSteam-t
Page 601 and 602:
584 Hot water supply systemsThe hea
Page 603 and 604:
586 Hot water supply systemsTable 2
Page 605 and 606:
588 Hot water supply systemsStorage
Page 607 and 608:
590 Hot water supply systemsStorage
Page 609 and 610:
592 Hot water supply systemsadequat
Page 611 and 612:
594 Hot water supply systemsA compl
Page 613 and 614:
596 Hot water supply systemsInsulat
Page 615 and 616:
Chapter 21Piping design for central
Page 617 and 618:
600 Piping design for central hot w
Page 619 and 620:
Page 621 and 622:
Page 623 and 624:
Page 625 and 626:
Page 627 and 628:
Page 629 and 630:
Water flow rate in energy units kW/
Page 631 and 632:
Page 633 and 634:
Page 635 and 636:
Page 637 and 638:
Chapter 22Automatic controls and bu
Page 639 and 640:
622 Automatic controls and building
Page 641 and 642:
Page 643 and 644:
Page 645 and 646:
Page 647 and 648:
Page 649 and 650:
Page 651 and 652:
Page 653 and 654:
Page 655 and 656:
Page 657 and 658:
Page 659 and 660:
Page 661 and 662:
Page 663 and 664:
Page 665 and 666:
Page 667 and 668:
Page 669 and 670:
Page 671 and 672:
Page 673 and 674:
Page 675 and 676:
Page 677 and 678:
660 Running costsPence per kWh4.03.
Page 679 and 680:
662 Running costsAfter allowance ha
Page 681 and 682:
664 Running costsTable 23.3 Part L
Page 683 and 684:
666 Running costsTable 23.4 Degree-
Page 685 and 686:
668 Running costsTable 23.5 Approxi
Page 687 and 688:
670 Running costsaddition, consider
Page 689 and 690:
672 Running costsRunning hours for
Page 691 and 692:
674 Running costs20%. The variables
Page 693 and 694:
Air temperature (ºC)Mass flow rate
Page 695 and 696:
678 Running costsEnergy auditsAn en
Page 697 and 698:
680 Running costs. Preventative. Pl
Page 699 and 700:
682 Running costsTable 23.14 Econom
Page 701 and 702:
3Oil consumption(litre / month x 10
Page 703 and 704:
686 Running costsTable 23.15 Presen
Page 705 and 706:
Chapter 24Combined heat and power (
Page 707 and 708:
690 Combined heat and power (CHP)Fi
Page 709 and 710:
Page 711 and 712:
Page 713 and 714:
Page 715 and 716:
698 Combined heat and power (CHP)to
Page 717 and 718:
700 Combined heat and power (CHP)we
Page 719 and 720:
Appendix ITemperature levelsDegrees
Page 721 and 722:
Appendix IIIConversion factorsImper
Page 723 and 724:
Page 725 and 726:
708 IndexAuxiliaryequipment (costs)
Page 727 and 728:
710 Indexdegree-hour 676heat pumps
Page 729 and 730:
712 Indexcleaning 489±93, 489±93d
Page 731 and 732:
714 IndexIndirect hot water supplys
Page 733 and 734:
716 IndexPharmaceuticalcleanrooms 4
Page 735 and 736:
718 IndexSol-air temperatures 12sol
Page 737:
720 Indexextract grilles 430±1indu
show all

Book - School of Science and Technology

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?