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Chimneys 3270.3Upper lines – 0°C ambientLower lines – 20°C ambientTheoretical chimney draught kPa0.250.20.150.10.05300°C200°C0010 20 30 40 50 60Chimney height mFigure 12.5 Theoretical draught for a chimney of given height0.3Loss of pressure in chimney kPa0.250.21.50.10.05Height of chimney – 60m50m40m30m20m15m10m00 1 2 3 4 5 6Pressure loss per m height PaFigure 12.6 Draught loss for a chimney of given height (smooth surface)
328 Combustion and chimneysClean Air ActThe chimney height determined by following the routine just described is that which isrequired for combustion. It is however also necessary to consider the height in relation tothe mandatory requirements of the Clean Air Act of 1956 and 1968. For this purpose,reference should be made to the third (1981) edition of the document Memorandum onChimney Heights.Memorandum on Chimney HeightsThe purpose of the Memorandum is to provide a basis for limiting the pollution due tosulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) near to the chimney by increasing the height as the rate of emissionincreases. In addition, the relationship between chimney height and building height istaken into account as well as the type of locality, here classified in preÂ cis as follows:A An undeveloped area where background pollution is low with no other emissionnearby.B A partially developed area with low background pollution and no other emissionnearby.C A built-up residential area with only moderate background pollution and no otheremission nearby.D An urban area of mixed industrial and residential development, with considerablebackground pollution and with other emission nearby.E A large city, or an urban area of dense residential and heavy industrial developmentwith severe background pollution.The concentration of SO 2 is determined from equations quoted in the Memorandumwhich require knowledge of the maximum rate of fuel consumption, the sulphur contentof the fuel and the boiler efficiency. For calculation from first principles, the requiredinformation is given in Tables 11.2 and 11.4 but, as an approximation for the coals mostin use and the heavier oils, emission of SO 2 in g/s may be approximated by multiplying theboiler rating in MW by either 1.7 for coal firing or 2.2 for oil firing.If the calculated SO 2 content is less than 0.38 g/s then the chimney height need be only3 m higher than that which has been calculated as necessary for combustion. For SO 2contents greater than this, reference must be made either to the Memorandum, whichcontains a set of nomograms, or to Figure 12.7, from which an `uncorrected' chimneyheight may be read, taking account of the location, from the left-hand scale. Where thefuel has a sulphur content of more than 2% as in the case of most oils, a primarycorrection must then be made by adding 10% to the height read from the diagram. If,after this increase, the dimension is more than 2 1 ¤ 2 times the height of the building or anyother building in the immediate vicinity, then no further correction is necessary.In other circumstances, it is necessary to take the dimensions of the building intoaccount. A convenient way of dealing with this is to consider the final chimney heightas having two separate components, the first of which (A) is read from the right-handscale of Figure 12.7. The second (B) is read from Figure 12.8 by entering building heightor length, whichever is the greater, to the base scale. The sum of the two components, thefinal chimney height, must be corrected as before by the addition of 10% if the sulphurcontent of the fuel is greater than 2%.It should be noted that the use of the short cuts given here does not wholly invalidatethe final result produced since the basic processes laid down in the Memorandum are, atbest, only pseudo-scientific approximations. Nevertheless, the rule book should always befollowed when making the necessary applications to a local authority.
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Faber and Kell's Heating andAir-con
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Faber and Kell's Heating andAir-con
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viiiContentsOther systems 396Altern
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xiiPreface to the ninth editionadvi
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2 FundamentalsBefore any part of th
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4 FundamentalsSpecific heat capacit
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6 Fundamentalsas insulators have a
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8 FundamentalsTable 1.4 Examples of
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10 FundamentalsIt has been suggeste
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12 FundamentalsTable 1.7 Wind-chill
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14 Fundamentalsthermometer, used fo
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16 Fundamentalsmeasure them, applic
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18 FundamentalsInletventilationTher
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20 The building in wintercoincide a
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22 The building in winter20GlassTem
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24 The building in winterFor the in
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26 The building in winterTable 2.2
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28 The building in winter4.0Plan8.5
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30 The building in wintermost commo
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32 The building in winterExposed el
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34 The building in winterFigure 2.4
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38 The building in winterInsulation
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40 The building in winterSurfaceAre
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42 The building in winterFrom Table
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44 The building in winterTemperatur
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46 The building in winterThe import
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50 The building in winterIntermedia
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52 The building in winterInside tem
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54 The building in winterDesigntemp
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56 The building in winterFrom earli
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60 The building in winterTemperatur
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62 The building in winterfollowing
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64 The building in winterIt has bee
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Chapter 3The building in summerThe
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68 The building in summerfrom simpl
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18070 The building in summerinforma
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72 The building in summerIncidence
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74 The building in summertime of pe
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76 The building in summerTable 3.2
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84 The building in summerFigure 3.9
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86 The building in summerAB B C a1
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88 The building in summerConduction
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92 The building in summerLossesMoto
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94 The building in summer(a)(b)Figu
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Chapter 4Survey of heating methodsH
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98 Survey of heating methodsTable 4
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100 Survey of heating methodsIndust
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102 Survey of heating methodsRadian
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104 Survey of heating methodsHeatex
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106 Survey of heating methodsReturn
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108 Survey of heating methodsReflec
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110 Survey of heating methodsCerami
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112 Survey of heating methodsTubula
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114 Survey of heating methodsthey a
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116 Survey of heating methodsFactor
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118 Survey of heating methodsrelian
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Chapter 5Electrical storage heating
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122 Electrical storage heatingTable
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124 Electrical storage heatingR 3
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126 Electrical storage heatingAs wi
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128 Electrical storage heatingWet c
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130 Electrical storage heatingStora
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132 Electrical storage heatingCasin
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134 Electrical storage heatingFinis
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136 Electrical storage heatingTable
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138 Electrical storage heatingVentI
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140 Electrical storage heatingUtili
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142 Electrical storage heatingExpan
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Chapter 6Indirect heating systemsIt
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146 Indirect heating systemsTable 6
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148 Indirect heating systemsin cont
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150 Indirect heating systemsHGIDEAC
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152 Indirect heating systemsLow tem
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154 Indirect heating systemsColdwat
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156 Indirect heating systemsRadiato
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158 Indirect heating systemsRadiato
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160 Indirect heating systemsCondens
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162 Indirect heating systems200800T
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164 Indirect heating systemssuccinc
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166 Indirect heating systemsTable 6
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168 Indirect heating systemsHigh ve
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170 Indirect heating systemsAs will
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172 Indirect heating systems0.080.0
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174 Indirect heating systems(a)(b)(
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Chapter 7Heat emitting equipmentWit
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178 Heat emitting equipmentTable 7.
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180 Heat emitting equipmentRadiant
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182 Heat emitting equipmentHeated g
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184 Heat emitting equipmentHangerIn
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186 Heat emitting equipmentpipes: e
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188 Heat emitting equipmentOpen fro
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190 Heat emitting equipment(a)(b)(d
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192 Heat emitting equipmentTable 7.
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194 Heat emitting equipmentConvecti
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196 Heat emitting equipmentDamperOu
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198 Heat emitting equipmentFilterOu
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200 Heat emitting equipmentSwivelno
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202 Heat emitting equipmentcovered
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204 Pumps and other auxiliary equip
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Chapter 9Piping design for indirect
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234 Piping design for indirect heat
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Chapter 10Boilers and firing equipm
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262 Boilers and firing equipmentcom
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264 Boilers and firing equipmentEss
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266 Boilers and firing equipment100
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268 Boilers and firing equipmentAs
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270 Boilers and firing equipmentFlu
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272 Boilers and firing equipmentFlo
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274 Boilers and firing equipmentFig
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Page 295 and 296: 278 Boilers and firing equipment. a
Page 297 and 298: 280 Boilers and firing equipmentIt
Page 299 and 300: 282 Boilers and firing equipmentFue
Page 301 and 302: 284 Boilers and firing equipmentNoz
Page 303 and 304: 286 Boilers and firing equipmentof
Page 305 and 306: 288 Boilers and firing equipmentNea
Page 307 and 308: 290 Boilers and firing equipmentpor
Page 309 and 310: 292 Boilers and firing equipmentSaf
Page 311 and 312: 294 Boilers and firing equipmentIgn
Page 313 and 314: Chapter 11Fuels, storage and handli
Page 315 and 316: 298 Fuels, storage and handlingvehi
Page 317 and 318: 300 Fuels, storage and handlingRese
Page 319 and 320: 302 Fuels, storage and handlingtank
Page 321 and 322: 304 Fuels, storage and handlingTank
Page 323 and 324: 306 Fuels, storage and handlingabcd
Page 325 and 326: 308 Fuels, storage and handlingTabl
Page 331 and 332: 314 Fuels, storage and handlingstor
Page 335 and 336: 318 Combustion and chimneysTable 12
Page 337 and 338: 320 Combustion and chimneysTable 12
Page 339 and 340: 322 Combustion and chimneysHence, b
Page 341 and 342: 324 Combustion and chimneys. The te
Page 343: 326 Combustion and chimneys. Draugh
Page 347 and 348: 330 Combustion and chimneysMechanic
Page 349 and 350: 332 Combustion and chimneysFire bri
Page 351 and 352: 334 Combustion and chimneysMaterial
Page 353 and 354: 336 Combustion and chimneysCombusti
Page 355 and 356: 338 Combustion and chimneysFlueterm
Page 357 and 358: Chapter 13VentilationThe act or art
Page 359 and 360: 342 VentilationTable 13.1 Ventilati
Page 361 and 362: 344 Ventilationnormal circumstance
Page 363 and 364: 346 Ventilationof air which could b
Page 365 and 366: 348 Ventilationsimilar plant. This
Page 367 and 368: 350 VentilationFlueCrackleaksInduce
Page 369 and 370: 352 VentilationCapSuction bandLouvr
Page 371 and 372: 354 VentilationTable 13.6 Air volum
Page 373 and 374: 356 VentilationCowlBelt driveHinged
Page 375 and 376: 358 VentilationTo fans at roof leve
Page 377 and 378: 360 Ventilationboiler plant in wint
Page 379 and 380: Dining hall362 VentilationCafeteria
Page 381 and 382: 364 Ventilationthis arrangement, as
Page 383 and 384: 366 Ventilationbe noted that, as a
Page 385 and 386: 368 VentilationTable 13.9 Air veloc
Page 387 and 388: 370 Ventilationvelocity. An increas
Page 389 and 390: 372 VentilationLastly under this he
Page 391 and 392: 374 Air-conditioningBecause refurbi
Page 393 and 394: 376 Air-conditioningThe installatio
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378 Air-conditioningThe type of sys
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380 Air-conditioningAn extension of
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382 Air-conditioningZone unitsSuppl
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384 Air-conditioningSupply airOptio
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386 Air-conditioningoutput of the c
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388 Air-conditioningDischargeto spa
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390 Air-conditioningAirdischargeExt
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392 Air-conditioningin the wall in
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394 Air-conditioningPrimaryair2 Pip
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396 Air-conditioningThe induction s
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398 Air-conditioningsensor as an en
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400 Air-conditioningfan-coil system
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402 Air-conditioningVariable refrig
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404 Air-conditioningChilled water P
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406 Air-conditioningAir supply to h
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408 Air-conditioningTable 14.1 Fact
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410 Air distributionUpward systemTh
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412 Air distributionInlet at 50ºCm
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414 Air distributionExtract airSupp
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416 Air distributioninlet is at a h
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418 Air distribution(a)(b)Figure 15
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420 Air distributionconnections to
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422 Air distributionOpposed bladesD
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424 Air distributionVelocity profil
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426 Air distributionAir supplyPerfo
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428 Air distributionair temperature
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430 Air distributionTable 15.4 Typi
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432 Air distributionFrameSpring cli
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434 Air distributionenergy consumpt
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Chapter 16Ductwork designHaving dec
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438 Ductwork designthe duct with no
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440 Ductwork designFlat ovalStandar
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442 Ductwork designconstruction met
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444 Ductwork designDuctlengthDDRDDu
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446 Ductwork design6mm Plate damper
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448 Ductwork design+Pressure0Veloci
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450 Ductwork designatmospheric pres
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452 Ductwork designTable 16.2 Corre
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454 Ductwork design. Any allowances
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456 Ductwork designBy these means,
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458 Ductwork designTable 16.7 Minim
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460 Ductwork designxAmplitudeyFigur
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462 Ductwork designNoise criteriaIt
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464 Ductwork designL w ˆ 10 ‡ 10
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466 Ductwork design3 64Plant527 8 3
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468 Ductwork designwhereD ˆ perime
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470 Ductwork designArrows show dire
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472 Ductwork designALNORAJAFLOW(a)(
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Chapter 17Fans and air treatment eq
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476 Fans and air treatment equipmen
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PressurePowerPowerPressure482 Fans
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Chapter 18Calculations for air-cond
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Figure 18.1 Psychrometric chart (as
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518 Calculations for air-conditioni
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20mFoyer520 Calculations for air-co
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Chapter 19Refrigeration: water chil
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Absolute pressure MPa532 Refrigerat
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534 Refrigeration: water chillers a
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564 Hot water supply systemsObvious
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566 Hot water supply systemswith a
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568 Hot water supply systemswhich i
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600m m M in570 Hot water supply sys
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572 Hot water supply systemsThe meg
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574 Hot water supply systemsVentDra
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576 Hot water supply systemsPrimary
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578 Hot water supply systemsCistern
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580 Hot water supply systemsFor use
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582 Hot water supply systemsSteam-t
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584 Hot water supply systemsThe hea
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586 Hot water supply systemsTable 2
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588 Hot water supply systemsStorage
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590 Hot water supply systemsStorage
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592 Hot water supply systemsadequat
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594 Hot water supply systemsA compl
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596 Hot water supply systemsInsulat
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Chapter 21Piping design for central
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600 Piping design for central hot w
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Water flow rate in energy units kW/
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Chapter 22Automatic controls and bu
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622 Automatic controls and building
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660 Running costsPence per kWh4.03.
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662 Running costsAfter allowance ha
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664 Running costsTable 23.3 Part L
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666 Running costsTable 23.4 Degree-
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668 Running costsTable 23.5 Approxi
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670 Running costsaddition, consider
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672 Running costsRunning hours for
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674 Running costs20%. The variables
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Air temperature (ºC)Mass flow rate
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678 Running costsEnergy auditsAn en
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680 Running costs. Preventative. Pl
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682 Running costsTable 23.14 Econom
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3Oil consumption(litre / month x 10
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686 Running costsTable 23.15 Presen
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Chapter 24Combined heat and power (
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690 Combined heat and power (CHP)Fi
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698 Combined heat and power (CHP)to
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700 Combined heat and power (CHP)we
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Appendix ITemperature levelsDegrees
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Appendix IIIConversion factorsImper
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708 IndexAuxiliaryequipment (costs)
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710 Indexdegree-hour 676heat pumps
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712 Indexcleaning 489±93, 489±93d
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714 IndexIndirect hot water supplys
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716 IndexPharmaceuticalcleanrooms 4
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718 IndexSol-air temperatures 12sol
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720 Indexextract grilles 430±1indu
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