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Provision for thermal expansion 255Table 9.7 Approximate data for condensate flow in steel (BS 1387: heavy) and copper (BS 2871: Table X)Flow of condensate (g/s) for listed conditions and pressure loss of4 mm/m run (40 Pa/m)Pipingnominal bore(mm)Liquid condensatewithoutair or vapourLiquid condensatewith someair and vapourMixture of liquidcondensate withair and vapourSteel Copper Steel Copper Steel Copper Steel Copper10 12 15 10 10 10 5 ±15 15 30 20 20 15 10 520 22 65 65 40 40 20 2025 28 120 135 75 85 35 4032 35 260 240 170 155 80 7540 42 400 410 260 265 125 12550 54 765 835 500 540 240 25565 67 1560 1500 1030 975 500 46080 76 2420 2130 1600 1380 780 655100 108 4920 5580 3260 3640 1590 1740. Gravity flow immediately following trap discharge where air and flash steam will bepresent in quantity. A drop in pressure ten times that due to water flow alone may beanticipated.For these three very different situations, Table 9.7 provides values for condensate flowin g/s based upon a pressure drop of 40 Pa per m run of condensate main. It will beappreciated that these values are not the result of a deeply theoretical analysis: the samecould be said, however, of the proven traditional approach which was to use condensatepipes one size smaller than the associated steam pipe! This somewhat intractable problemmay be summarised by advocating that a well designed system of condensate collectionwill provide for flow by gravity, using consistent grading, to an adequate number of pumpand receiver units. In no circumstances should a trap discharge be connected to the pumpdelivery pipe from such a unit.Provision for thermal expansionWhilst the coefficients of linear expansion for steel and copper are low in comparison withthose of other metals and only a tenth of those for pipeline plastics, this does not meanthat their effects may be ignored. Table 9.8 shows the extent of the growth in length whicharises, relative to temperature increase. When carrying out a design for thermal expansion,the temperature at which the piping is installed should always be taken intoconsideration, and this should be regarded as 0 C. Provision to accommodate thesechanges must be made in the physical layout of system and, as is obvious, the seriousnessof the matter increases for those which operate at higher temperatures or where piping isin straight runs and rigidly fixed between critical points.In all instances, short rigid connections between the various system components,boilers, pumps etc., should be avoided since situations may arise where a temperaturedifferential exists between piping and component, positive or negative as the case may be.Dependent upon the pipework configuration, the shape change of such a connection mayimpose a torsional movement upon materials not best suited to the resulting stress, even at
256 Piping design for indirect heating systemsTable 9.8 Expansion of pipework for temperature difference (K)Temperaturedifference(K)Expansion (mm/m)for the followingmaterialsTemperatureExpansion (mm/m)for the followingmaterialsdifferenceSteel Copper (K)Steel Copper50 0.567 0.846 110 1.247 1.86160 0.680 1.105 120 1.361 2.03070 0.794 1.184 130 1.474 2.20080 0.907 1.354 140 1.588 2.36990 1.021 1.523 150 1.701 2.538100 1.134 1.692 160 1.814 2.707temperatures below 100 C. Given a fair length and plenty of bends, a pipework systemcan often accommodate itself to cope with some movement but an expansion specialistshould be consulted.AnchorGuide(a)GuideAnchor(b)AnchorGuideGuideAnchorGlandFlexiblesteel bellowsRestrainingbolts(c)(d)Figure 9.15 Expansion offsets and loops: unrestrained axial bellows and telescopic joints
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Faber and Kell's Heating andAir-con
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Faber and Kell's Heating andAir-con
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viiiContentsOther systems 396Altern
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xiiPreface to the ninth editionadvi
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2 FundamentalsBefore any part of th
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4 FundamentalsSpecific heat capacit
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6 Fundamentalsas insulators have a
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8 FundamentalsTable 1.4 Examples of
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10 FundamentalsIt has been suggeste
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12 FundamentalsTable 1.7 Wind-chill
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14 Fundamentalsthermometer, used fo
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16 Fundamentalsmeasure them, applic
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18 FundamentalsInletventilationTher
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20 The building in wintercoincide a
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22 The building in winter20GlassTem
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24 The building in winterFor the in
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26 The building in winterTable 2.2
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28 The building in winter4.0Plan8.5
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30 The building in wintermost commo
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32 The building in winterExposed el
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34 The building in winterFigure 2.4
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38 The building in winterInsulation
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40 The building in winterSurfaceAre
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42 The building in winterFrom Table
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44 The building in winterTemperatur
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46 The building in winterThe import
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50 The building in winterIntermedia
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52 The building in winterInside tem
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54 The building in winterDesigntemp
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56 The building in winterFrom earli
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60 The building in winterTemperatur
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62 The building in winterfollowing
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64 The building in winterIt has bee
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Chapter 3The building in summerThe
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68 The building in summerfrom simpl
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18070 The building in summerinforma
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72 The building in summerIncidence
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74 The building in summertime of pe
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76 The building in summerTable 3.2
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84 The building in summerFigure 3.9
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86 The building in summerAB B C a1
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88 The building in summerConduction
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92 The building in summerLossesMoto
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94 The building in summer(a)(b)Figu
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Chapter 4Survey of heating methodsH
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98 Survey of heating methodsTable 4
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100 Survey of heating methodsIndust
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102 Survey of heating methodsRadian
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104 Survey of heating methodsHeatex
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106 Survey of heating methodsReturn
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108 Survey of heating methodsReflec
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110 Survey of heating methodsCerami
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112 Survey of heating methodsTubula
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114 Survey of heating methodsthey a
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116 Survey of heating methodsFactor
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118 Survey of heating methodsrelian
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Chapter 5Electrical storage heating
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122 Electrical storage heatingTable
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124 Electrical storage heatingR 3
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126 Electrical storage heatingAs wi
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128 Electrical storage heatingWet c
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130 Electrical storage heatingStora
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132 Electrical storage heatingCasin
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134 Electrical storage heatingFinis
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136 Electrical storage heatingTable
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138 Electrical storage heatingVentI
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140 Electrical storage heatingUtili
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142 Electrical storage heatingExpan
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Chapter 6Indirect heating systemsIt
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146 Indirect heating systemsTable 6
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148 Indirect heating systemsin cont
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150 Indirect heating systemsHGIDEAC
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152 Indirect heating systemsLow tem
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154 Indirect heating systemsColdwat
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156 Indirect heating systemsRadiato
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158 Indirect heating systemsRadiato
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160 Indirect heating systemsCondens
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162 Indirect heating systems200800T
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164 Indirect heating systemssuccinc
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166 Indirect heating systemsTable 6
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168 Indirect heating systemsHigh ve
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170 Indirect heating systemsAs will
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172 Indirect heating systems0.080.0
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174 Indirect heating systems(a)(b)(
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Chapter 7Heat emitting equipmentWit
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178 Heat emitting equipmentTable 7.
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180 Heat emitting equipmentRadiant
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182 Heat emitting equipmentHeated g
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184 Heat emitting equipmentHangerIn
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186 Heat emitting equipmentpipes: e
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188 Heat emitting equipmentOpen fro
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190 Heat emitting equipment(a)(b)(d
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192 Heat emitting equipmentTable 7.
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194 Heat emitting equipmentConvecti
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196 Heat emitting equipmentDamperOu
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198 Heat emitting equipmentFilterOu
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200 Heat emitting equipmentSwivelno
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202 Heat emitting equipmentcovered
Page 221 and 222: 204 Pumps and other auxiliary equip
Page 249 and 250: Chapter 9Piping design for indirect
Page 251 and 252: 234 Piping design for indirect heat
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Page 277 and 278: Chapter 10Boilers and firing equipm
Page 279 and 280: 262 Boilers and firing equipmentcom
Page 281 and 282: 264 Boilers and firing equipmentEss
Page 283 and 284: 266 Boilers and firing equipment100
Page 285 and 286: 268 Boilers and firing equipmentAs
Page 287 and 288: 270 Boilers and firing equipmentFlu
Page 289 and 290: 272 Boilers and firing equipmentFlo
Page 291 and 292: 274 Boilers and firing equipmentFig
Page 293 and 294: 276 Boilers and firing equipmentof
Page 295 and 296: 278 Boilers and firing equipment. a
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Page 299 and 300: 282 Boilers and firing equipmentFue
Page 301 and 302: 284 Boilers and firing equipmentNoz
Page 303 and 304: 286 Boilers and firing equipmentof
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Page 307 and 308: 290 Boilers and firing equipmentpor
Page 309 and 310: 292 Boilers and firing equipmentSaf
Page 311 and 312: 294 Boilers and firing equipmentIgn
Page 313 and 314: Chapter 11Fuels, storage and handli
Page 315 and 316: 298 Fuels, storage and handlingvehi
Page 317 and 318: 300 Fuels, storage and handlingRese
Page 319 and 320: 302 Fuels, storage and handlingtank
Page 321 and 322: 304 Fuels, storage and handlingTank
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306 Fuels, storage and handlingabcd
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308 Fuels, storage and handlingTabl
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314 Fuels, storage and handlingstor
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318 Combustion and chimneysTable 12
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320 Combustion and chimneysTable 12
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322 Combustion and chimneysHence, b
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324 Combustion and chimneys. The te
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326 Combustion and chimneys. Draugh
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328 Combustion and chimneysClean Ai
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330 Combustion and chimneysMechanic
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332 Combustion and chimneysFire bri
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334 Combustion and chimneysMaterial
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336 Combustion and chimneysCombusti
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338 Combustion and chimneysFlueterm
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Chapter 13VentilationThe act or art
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342 VentilationTable 13.1 Ventilati
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344 Ventilationnormal circumstance
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346 Ventilationof air which could b
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348 Ventilationsimilar plant. This
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350 VentilationFlueCrackleaksInduce
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352 VentilationCapSuction bandLouvr
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354 VentilationTable 13.6 Air volum
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356 VentilationCowlBelt driveHinged
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358 VentilationTo fans at roof leve
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360 Ventilationboiler plant in wint
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Dining hall362 VentilationCafeteria
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364 Ventilationthis arrangement, as
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366 Ventilationbe noted that, as a
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368 VentilationTable 13.9 Air veloc
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370 Ventilationvelocity. An increas
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372 VentilationLastly under this he
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374 Air-conditioningBecause refurbi
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376 Air-conditioningThe installatio
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378 Air-conditioningThe type of sys
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380 Air-conditioningAn extension of
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382 Air-conditioningZone unitsSuppl
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384 Air-conditioningSupply airOptio
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386 Air-conditioningoutput of the c
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388 Air-conditioningDischargeto spa
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390 Air-conditioningAirdischargeExt
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392 Air-conditioningin the wall in
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394 Air-conditioningPrimaryair2 Pip
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396 Air-conditioningThe induction s
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398 Air-conditioningsensor as an en
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400 Air-conditioningfan-coil system
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402 Air-conditioningVariable refrig
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404 Air-conditioningChilled water P
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406 Air-conditioningAir supply to h
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408 Air-conditioningTable 14.1 Fact
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410 Air distributionUpward systemTh
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412 Air distributionInlet at 50ºCm
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414 Air distributionExtract airSupp
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416 Air distributioninlet is at a h
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418 Air distribution(a)(b)Figure 15
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420 Air distributionconnections to
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422 Air distributionOpposed bladesD
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424 Air distributionVelocity profil
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426 Air distributionAir supplyPerfo
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428 Air distributionair temperature
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430 Air distributionTable 15.4 Typi
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432 Air distributionFrameSpring cli
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434 Air distributionenergy consumpt
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Chapter 16Ductwork designHaving dec
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438 Ductwork designthe duct with no
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440 Ductwork designFlat ovalStandar
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442 Ductwork designconstruction met
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444 Ductwork designDuctlengthDDRDDu
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446 Ductwork design6mm Plate damper
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448 Ductwork design+Pressure0Veloci
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450 Ductwork designatmospheric pres
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452 Ductwork designTable 16.2 Corre
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454 Ductwork design. Any allowances
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456 Ductwork designBy these means,
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458 Ductwork designTable 16.7 Minim
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460 Ductwork designxAmplitudeyFigur
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462 Ductwork designNoise criteriaIt
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464 Ductwork designL w ˆ 10 ‡ 10
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466 Ductwork design3 64Plant527 8 3
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468 Ductwork designwhereD ˆ perime
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470 Ductwork designArrows show dire
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472 Ductwork designALNORAJAFLOW(a)(
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Chapter 17Fans and air treatment eq
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476 Fans and air treatment equipmen
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PressurePowerPowerPressure482 Fans
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Chapter 18Calculations for air-cond
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Figure 18.1 Psychrometric chart (as
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518 Calculations for air-conditioni
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20mFoyer520 Calculations for air-co
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Chapter 19Refrigeration: water chil
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Absolute pressure MPa532 Refrigerat
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534 Refrigeration: water chillers a
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564 Hot water supply systemsObvious
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566 Hot water supply systemswith a
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568 Hot water supply systemswhich i
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600m m M in570 Hot water supply sys
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572 Hot water supply systemsThe meg
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574 Hot water supply systemsVentDra
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576 Hot water supply systemsPrimary
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578 Hot water supply systemsCistern
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580 Hot water supply systemsFor use
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582 Hot water supply systemsSteam-t
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584 Hot water supply systemsThe hea
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586 Hot water supply systemsTable 2
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588 Hot water supply systemsStorage
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590 Hot water supply systemsStorage
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592 Hot water supply systemsadequat
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594 Hot water supply systemsA compl
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596 Hot water supply systemsInsulat
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Chapter 21Piping design for central
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600 Piping design for central hot w
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Water flow rate in energy units kW/
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Chapter 22Automatic controls and bu
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622 Automatic controls and building
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660 Running costsPence per kWh4.03.
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662 Running costsAfter allowance ha
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664 Running costsTable 23.3 Part L
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666 Running costsTable 23.4 Degree-
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668 Running costsTable 23.5 Approxi
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670 Running costsaddition, consider
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672 Running costsRunning hours for
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674 Running costs20%. The variables
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Air temperature (ºC)Mass flow rate
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678 Running costsEnergy auditsAn en
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680 Running costs. Preventative. Pl
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682 Running costsTable 23.14 Econom
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3Oil consumption(litre / month x 10
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686 Running costsTable 23.15 Presen
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Chapter 24Combined heat and power (
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690 Combined heat and power (CHP)Fi
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698 Combined heat and power (CHP)to
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700 Combined heat and power (CHP)we
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Appendix ITemperature levelsDegrees
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Appendix IIIConversion factorsImper
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708 IndexAuxiliaryequipment (costs)
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710 Indexdegree-hour 676heat pumps
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712 Indexcleaning 489±93, 489±93d
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714 IndexIndirect hot water supplys
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716 IndexPharmaceuticalcleanrooms 4
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718 IndexSol-air temperatures 12sol
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720 Indexextract grilles 430±1indu
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