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Water systems ± applications 239Pipe section Total load Pipe sizeA 22kW 32mmB 44kW 40mmC 66kW 50mmD 88kW 50mmE 110 kW 65 mmIt will be noted that the loads on pipe sections B and D, 44 and 88 kW, are slightlyabove those listed in the last column of the first schedule for 40 and 50 mm pipesrespectively. By reference to Figure 9.1, however, it will be apparent that the unitpressure loss for these sections will be increased only slightly if these sizes are selected:the next pipe size up in each case would be much too large. The short connections tothe individual fan convectors would, continuing with the same approach, be 32 mm ineach case but, alternatively, might each be considered separately and used to balancethe system a little better. For example, since the total length related to the first itemserved is not much more than half that of the index circuit, 25 mm pipe might be usedfor the connections.Parallel single-pipe circuitsBy inspection of Figure 9.3(b), it will be apparent that each single-pipe circuit here may betreated as if the points of connection to pipework common to all circuits were flow andreturn connections to a boiler. The size of the single pipe may then be selected on thatbasis, as discussed previously. Thereafter, each single-pipe circuit may be considered as ifit were a compact heat emitting unit connected to a two-pipe circuit and sizes for thecommon pipework then selected accordingly.The pressure loss which is used to select the pump will be that of the longest or indexcircuit and the volume handled will be the sum of the individual requirements. If a singlevalue of unit pressure loss were to be used then those circuits which are shorter or carryless load than the index run will lose less pressure and it will be necessary to take accountof this when sizing the common pipework and, in all probability, also necessary to provideregulating valves to overcome out-of-balance conditions.As in the case of the example for a simple two-pipe arrangement, the process outlinedabove is approximate only but would serve also as a basis for making a preliminary costestimate.Calculations for final designMoving now from approximations to the calculation routine required to complete adesign, the system shown in Figure 9.5 will serve as a basis to illustrate the necessarysteps which are as follows:. The iterative process of allocating guessed preliminary pipe sizes to a system in order toestablish the amount of heat emitted by each section (guessed or estimated as apercentage in the previous examples), is tedious and use may be made of Figure 9.6as a short cut. From the curves included, a near approximation to heat emission from apipe may be read from one or other of the vertical scales for a chosen temperature dropt, flow to return, against the energy flow rate shown on the bottom scale. Thus, forthe system in Figure 9.5, a list may be made as follows for a 12 K temperature drop:
240 Piping design for indirect heating systems5m 5m 5m 5m 5mEF G H JD10mK L M NC10mO P R SB10mAAll heat emitters = 20 kWAll pipework assumed tobe uninsulatedFigure 9.5 Example of two-pipe sizing exerciseHeat emission from insulated steel pipe W/m (Hp)504030201-3 0.280.18 (tf+ tr - 2ta)Hp = Q0.28(tf- tr)Curves drawn fort f = 80K and t a = 20Kwith (t - t ) as notedfr10K12K15K20K2001901801701601501401301201101009080706050Heat emission from bare steel pipe W/m (Hp)10 3 4 5 6 7 8 9102 3 4 5 6 7 8 91002 3kW energy flowing in pipe (Q)40Figure 9.6 Piping heat emission related to energy flow
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Faber and Kell's Heating andAir-con
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Faber and Kell's Heating andAir-con
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viiiContentsOther systems 396Altern
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This Page Intentionally Left Blank
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xiiPreface to the ninth editionadvi
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2 FundamentalsBefore any part of th
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4 FundamentalsSpecific heat capacit
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6 Fundamentalsas insulators have a
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8 FundamentalsTable 1.4 Examples of
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10 FundamentalsIt has been suggeste
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12 FundamentalsTable 1.7 Wind-chill
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14 Fundamentalsthermometer, used fo
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16 Fundamentalsmeasure them, applic
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18 FundamentalsInletventilationTher
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20 The building in wintercoincide a
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22 The building in winter20GlassTem
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24 The building in winterFor the in
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26 The building in winterTable 2.2
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28 The building in winter4.0Plan8.5
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30 The building in wintermost commo
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32 The building in winterExposed el
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34 The building in winterFigure 2.4
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38 The building in winterInsulation
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40 The building in winterSurfaceAre
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42 The building in winterFrom Table
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44 The building in winterTemperatur
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46 The building in winterThe import
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50 The building in winterIntermedia
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52 The building in winterInside tem
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54 The building in winterDesigntemp
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56 The building in winterFrom earli
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60 The building in winterTemperatur
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62 The building in winterfollowing
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64 The building in winterIt has bee
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Chapter 3The building in summerThe
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68 The building in summerfrom simpl
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18070 The building in summerinforma
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72 The building in summerIncidence
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74 The building in summertime of pe
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76 The building in summerTable 3.2
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84 The building in summerFigure 3.9
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86 The building in summerAB B C a1
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88 The building in summerConduction
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92 The building in summerLossesMoto
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94 The building in summer(a)(b)Figu
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Chapter 4Survey of heating methodsH
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98 Survey of heating methodsTable 4
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100 Survey of heating methodsIndust
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102 Survey of heating methodsRadian
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104 Survey of heating methodsHeatex
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106 Survey of heating methodsReturn
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108 Survey of heating methodsReflec
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110 Survey of heating methodsCerami
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112 Survey of heating methodsTubula
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114 Survey of heating methodsthey a
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116 Survey of heating methodsFactor
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118 Survey of heating methodsrelian
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Chapter 5Electrical storage heating
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122 Electrical storage heatingTable
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124 Electrical storage heatingR 3
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126 Electrical storage heatingAs wi
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128 Electrical storage heatingWet c
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130 Electrical storage heatingStora
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132 Electrical storage heatingCasin
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134 Electrical storage heatingFinis
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136 Electrical storage heatingTable
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138 Electrical storage heatingVentI
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140 Electrical storage heatingUtili
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142 Electrical storage heatingExpan
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Chapter 6Indirect heating systemsIt
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146 Indirect heating systemsTable 6
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148 Indirect heating systemsin cont
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150 Indirect heating systemsHGIDEAC
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152 Indirect heating systemsLow tem
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154 Indirect heating systemsColdwat
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156 Indirect heating systemsRadiato
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158 Indirect heating systemsRadiato
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160 Indirect heating systemsCondens
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162 Indirect heating systems200800T
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164 Indirect heating systemssuccinc
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166 Indirect heating systemsTable 6
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168 Indirect heating systemsHigh ve
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170 Indirect heating systemsAs will
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172 Indirect heating systems0.080.0
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174 Indirect heating systems(a)(b)(
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Chapter 7Heat emitting equipmentWit
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178 Heat emitting equipmentTable 7.
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180 Heat emitting equipmentRadiant
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182 Heat emitting equipmentHeated g
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184 Heat emitting equipmentHangerIn
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186 Heat emitting equipmentpipes: e
Page 205 and 206: 188 Heat emitting equipmentOpen fro
Page 207 and 208: 190 Heat emitting equipment(a)(b)(d
Page 209 and 210: 192 Heat emitting equipmentTable 7.
Page 211 and 212: 194 Heat emitting equipmentConvecti
Page 213 and 214: 196 Heat emitting equipmentDamperOu
Page 215 and 216: 198 Heat emitting equipmentFilterOu
Page 217 and 218: 200 Heat emitting equipmentSwivelno
Page 219 and 220: 202 Heat emitting equipmentcovered
Page 221 and 222: 204 Pumps and other auxiliary equip
Page 249 and 250: Chapter 9Piping design for indirect
Page 251 and 252: 234 Piping design for indirect heat
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Page 277 and 278: Chapter 10Boilers and firing equipm
Page 279 and 280: 262 Boilers and firing equipmentcom
Page 281 and 282: 264 Boilers and firing equipmentEss
Page 283 and 284: 266 Boilers and firing equipment100
Page 285 and 286: 268 Boilers and firing equipmentAs
Page 287 and 288: 270 Boilers and firing equipmentFlu
Page 289 and 290: 272 Boilers and firing equipmentFlo
Page 291 and 292: 274 Boilers and firing equipmentFig
Page 293 and 294: 276 Boilers and firing equipmentof
Page 295 and 296: 278 Boilers and firing equipment. a
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Page 299 and 300: 282 Boilers and firing equipmentFue
Page 301 and 302: 284 Boilers and firing equipmentNoz
Page 303 and 304: 286 Boilers and firing equipmentof
Page 305 and 306: 288 Boilers and firing equipmentNea
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290 Boilers and firing equipmentpor
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292 Boilers and firing equipmentSaf
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294 Boilers and firing equipmentIgn
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Chapter 11Fuels, storage and handli
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298 Fuels, storage and handlingvehi
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300 Fuels, storage and handlingRese
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302 Fuels, storage and handlingtank
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304 Fuels, storage and handlingTank
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306 Fuels, storage and handlingabcd
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308 Fuels, storage and handlingTabl
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314 Fuels, storage and handlingstor
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318 Combustion and chimneysTable 12
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320 Combustion and chimneysTable 12
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322 Combustion and chimneysHence, b
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324 Combustion and chimneys. The te
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326 Combustion and chimneys. Draugh
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328 Combustion and chimneysClean Ai
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330 Combustion and chimneysMechanic
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332 Combustion and chimneysFire bri
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334 Combustion and chimneysMaterial
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336 Combustion and chimneysCombusti
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338 Combustion and chimneysFlueterm
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Chapter 13VentilationThe act or art
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342 VentilationTable 13.1 Ventilati
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344 Ventilationnormal circumstance
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346 Ventilationof air which could b
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348 Ventilationsimilar plant. This
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350 VentilationFlueCrackleaksInduce
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352 VentilationCapSuction bandLouvr
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354 VentilationTable 13.6 Air volum
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356 VentilationCowlBelt driveHinged
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358 VentilationTo fans at roof leve
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360 Ventilationboiler plant in wint
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Dining hall362 VentilationCafeteria
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364 Ventilationthis arrangement, as
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366 Ventilationbe noted that, as a
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368 VentilationTable 13.9 Air veloc
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370 Ventilationvelocity. An increas
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372 VentilationLastly under this he
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374 Air-conditioningBecause refurbi
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376 Air-conditioningThe installatio
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378 Air-conditioningThe type of sys
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380 Air-conditioningAn extension of
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382 Air-conditioningZone unitsSuppl
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384 Air-conditioningSupply airOptio
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386 Air-conditioningoutput of the c
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388 Air-conditioningDischargeto spa
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390 Air-conditioningAirdischargeExt
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392 Air-conditioningin the wall in
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394 Air-conditioningPrimaryair2 Pip
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396 Air-conditioningThe induction s
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398 Air-conditioningsensor as an en
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400 Air-conditioningfan-coil system
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402 Air-conditioningVariable refrig
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404 Air-conditioningChilled water P
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406 Air-conditioningAir supply to h
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408 Air-conditioningTable 14.1 Fact
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410 Air distributionUpward systemTh
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412 Air distributionInlet at 50ºCm
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414 Air distributionExtract airSupp
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416 Air distributioninlet is at a h
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418 Air distribution(a)(b)Figure 15
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420 Air distributionconnections to
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422 Air distributionOpposed bladesD
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424 Air distributionVelocity profil
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426 Air distributionAir supplyPerfo
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428 Air distributionair temperature
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430 Air distributionTable 15.4 Typi
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432 Air distributionFrameSpring cli
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434 Air distributionenergy consumpt
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Chapter 16Ductwork designHaving dec
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438 Ductwork designthe duct with no
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440 Ductwork designFlat ovalStandar
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442 Ductwork designconstruction met
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444 Ductwork designDuctlengthDDRDDu
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446 Ductwork design6mm Plate damper
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448 Ductwork design+Pressure0Veloci
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450 Ductwork designatmospheric pres
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452 Ductwork designTable 16.2 Corre
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454 Ductwork design. Any allowances
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456 Ductwork designBy these means,
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458 Ductwork designTable 16.7 Minim
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460 Ductwork designxAmplitudeyFigur
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462 Ductwork designNoise criteriaIt
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464 Ductwork designL w ˆ 10 ‡ 10
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466 Ductwork design3 64Plant527 8 3
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468 Ductwork designwhereD ˆ perime
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470 Ductwork designArrows show dire
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472 Ductwork designALNORAJAFLOW(a)(
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Chapter 17Fans and air treatment eq
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476 Fans and air treatment equipmen
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PressurePowerPowerPressure482 Fans
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Chapter 18Calculations for air-cond
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Figure 18.1 Psychrometric chart (as
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518 Calculations for air-conditioni
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20mFoyer520 Calculations for air-co
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Chapter 19Refrigeration: water chil
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Absolute pressure MPa532 Refrigerat
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534 Refrigeration: water chillers a
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564 Hot water supply systemsObvious
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566 Hot water supply systemswith a
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568 Hot water supply systemswhich i
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600m m M in570 Hot water supply sys
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572 Hot water supply systemsThe meg
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574 Hot water supply systemsVentDra
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576 Hot water supply systemsPrimary
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578 Hot water supply systemsCistern
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580 Hot water supply systemsFor use
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582 Hot water supply systemsSteam-t
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584 Hot water supply systemsThe hea
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586 Hot water supply systemsTable 2
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588 Hot water supply systemsStorage
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590 Hot water supply systemsStorage
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592 Hot water supply systemsadequat
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594 Hot water supply systemsA compl
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596 Hot water supply systemsInsulat
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Chapter 21Piping design for central
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600 Piping design for central hot w
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Water flow rate in energy units kW/
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Chapter 22Automatic controls and bu
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622 Automatic controls and building
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660 Running costsPence per kWh4.03.
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662 Running costsAfter allowance ha
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664 Running costsTable 23.3 Part L
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666 Running costsTable 23.4 Degree-
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668 Running costsTable 23.5 Approxi
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670 Running costsaddition, consider
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672 Running costsRunning hours for
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674 Running costs20%. The variables
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Air temperature (ºC)Mass flow rate
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678 Running costsEnergy auditsAn en
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680 Running costs. Preventative. Pl
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682 Running costsTable 23.14 Econom
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3Oil consumption(litre / month x 10
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686 Running costsTable 23.15 Presen
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Chapter 24Combined heat and power (
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690 Combined heat and power (CHP)Fi
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698 Combined heat and power (CHP)to
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700 Combined heat and power (CHP)we
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Appendix ITemperature levelsDegrees
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Appendix IIIConversion factorsImper
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708 IndexAuxiliaryequipment (costs)
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710 Indexdegree-hour 676heat pumps
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712 Indexcleaning 489±93, 489±93d
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714 IndexIndirect hot water supplys
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716 IndexPharmaceuticalcleanrooms 4
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718 IndexSol-air temperatures 12sol
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720 Indexextract grilles 430±1indu
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