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Steam systems ± characteristics 161Table 6.6 Properties of saturated steam (above 1 bar)Absolutepressure(kPa)Temperature( C)Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)In water Latent TotalSpecificvolume(m 3 /kg)Specific heatcapacity(kJ/kg K)100 99.6 417.5 2257.7 2675.2 1.694 2.01120 104.8 439.3 2244.0 2683.3 1.428 2.03140 109.3 458.4 2231.9 2690.3 1.237 2.05160 113.3 475.4 2221.0 2696.4 1.091 2.06180 116.9 490.7 2211.1 2701.8 0.977 2.07200 120.2 504.7 2201.9 2706.6 0.886 2.09220 123.3 517.6 2193.4 2711.0 0.810 2.11240 126.1 529.6 2185.4 2715.0 0.747 2.13260 128.7 540.9 2177.8 2718.7 0.693 2.14280 131.2 551.5 2170.7 2722.2 0.646 2.16300 133.5 561.4 2163.9 2725.3 0.606 2.17320 135.8 570.9 2157.4 2728.3 0.570 2.19340 137.9 579.9 2151.2 2731.1 0.539 2.20360 139.9 588.5 2145.2 2733.7 0.510 2.21380 141.8 596.8 2139.5 2736.3 0.485 2.22400 143.6 604.7 2133.9 2738.6 0.462 2.24420 145.4 612.3 2128.6 2740.9 0.442 2.25440 147.1 619.6 2123.4 2743.0 0.423 2.27460 148.7 626.7 2118.2 2744.9 0.405 2.28480 150.3 633.5 2113.4 2746.9 0.389 2.29500 151.9 640.1 2108.6 2748.7 0.375 2.31520 153.3 646.5 2104.0 2750.5 0.361 2.32540 154.8 652.8 2099.4 2752.2 0.349 2.33560 156.2 658.8 2095.0 2753.8 0.337 2.34580 157.5 664.7 2090.7 2755.4 0.326 2.35600 158.8 670.4 2086.4 2756.8 0.316 2.37620 160.1 676.0 2082.3 2758.3 0.306 2.38640 161.4 681.5 2078.2 2759.7 0.297 2.39660 162.6 686.8 2074.2 2761.0 0.288 2.40680 163.8 692.0 2070.3 2762.3 0.280 2.41700 164.9 697.1 2066.4 2763.5 0.273 2.43720 166.1 702.0 2062.7 2764.7 0.266 2.44740 167.2 706.9 2058.9 2765.8 0.259 2.45760 168.3 711.7 2055.3 2767.0 0.252 2.47780 169.4 716.4 2051.7 2768.1 0.246 2.48800 170.4 720.9 2048.2 2769.1 0.240 2.49820 171.4 725.4 2044.7 2770.1 0.235 2.51840 172.5 729.8 2041.2 2771.0 0.229 2.52860 173.4 734.2 2037.8 2772.0 0.224 2.53880 174.4 738.4 2034.5 2772.9 0.220 2.55900 175.4 742.6 2031.2 2773.8 0.215 2.56920 176.3 746.8 2028.0 2774.8 0.210 2.57940 177.2 750.8 2024.7 2775.5 0.206 2.58960 178.1 754.8 2021.6 2776.4 0.202 2.60980 179.0 758.7 2018.4 2777.2 0.198 2.61Removal of airThe presence of air and other incondensable gases is a problem in any steam systemwhatever the pressure. They exist as a result of aeration of condensate, decomposition of
162 Indirect heating systems200800Total heat82800Temperature saturation ºC18016014012010080604020Heat in water kJ/kg700600500400300200100Heat in waterTemperatureLatent heat of steamSpecific volume7654321Specific volume m /kg32700260025002400230022002100Heat in steam kJ/kg0000 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0Absolute pressure MPa2000Figure 6.17 Properties of steam. Graphical representationcalcium bicarbonate to form calcium carbonate and CO 2 and the inevitable inwardleakage through valve glands, etc., which follows any seasonal plant shut-down. Withinany heat exchanger, a stagnant air film at the steam-side surface will act as an insulant andprevent condensation and the desired surrender of latent heat. At low pressures this effectis particularly persistent.Flash steam recoveryUse may be made of Table 6.6 to determine the availability of flash steam, as bestillustrated by the examples which follow. If steam at an absolute pressure of 400 kPawere to be used in some item of process equipment, the condensate temperature would be144 C and the heat content would be 605 kJ/kg. If the discharge were to a vessel held atatmospheric pressure, the temperature could not then be more than 100 C, and thus heatmust be abstracted from the condensate until the content reaches the level appropriate tothe reduced pressure, i.e. 417 kJ/kg.The difference of 605 417 ˆ 188 kJ/kg would thus be available to evaporate a part ofthe remaining condensate and, since latent heat at atmospheric pressure is 2257 kJ/kg, thequantity of flash steam so produced would be 188/2257 ˆ 0:083 kg/kg (or 8.3%). It is ofcourse not necessary that the condensate be discharged to atmospheric pressure:flashsteam could be produced at, say, 170 kPa in which case the availability from 400 kPawould be reduced to 0.054 kJ/kg. Flash steam, if not recovered, represents a loss inefficiency and the magnitude of this may be seen from Table 6.7.Pressure reductionSince a steam plant may well supply a number of different needs, the use of pressurereducing valves as described in Chapter 8 will often be a desirable feature. The process of
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Faber and Kell's Heating andAir-con
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Faber and Kell's Heating andAir-con
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viiiContentsOther systems 396Altern
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xiiPreface to the ninth editionadvi
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2 FundamentalsBefore any part of th
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4 FundamentalsSpecific heat capacit
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6 Fundamentalsas insulators have a
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8 FundamentalsTable 1.4 Examples of
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10 FundamentalsIt has been suggeste
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12 FundamentalsTable 1.7 Wind-chill
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14 Fundamentalsthermometer, used fo
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16 Fundamentalsmeasure them, applic
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18 FundamentalsInletventilationTher
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20 The building in wintercoincide a
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22 The building in winter20GlassTem
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24 The building in winterFor the in
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26 The building in winterTable 2.2
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28 The building in winter4.0Plan8.5
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30 The building in wintermost commo
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32 The building in winterExposed el
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34 The building in winterFigure 2.4
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38 The building in winterInsulation
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40 The building in winterSurfaceAre
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42 The building in winterFrom Table
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44 The building in winterTemperatur
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46 The building in winterThe import
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50 The building in winterIntermedia
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52 The building in winterInside tem
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54 The building in winterDesigntemp
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56 The building in winterFrom earli
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60 The building in winterTemperatur
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62 The building in winterfollowing
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64 The building in winterIt has bee
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Chapter 3The building in summerThe
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68 The building in summerfrom simpl
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18070 The building in summerinforma
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72 The building in summerIncidence
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74 The building in summertime of pe
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76 The building in summerTable 3.2
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84 The building in summerFigure 3.9
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86 The building in summerAB B C a1
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88 The building in summerConduction
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92 The building in summerLossesMoto
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94 The building in summer(a)(b)Figu
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Chapter 4Survey of heating methodsH
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98 Survey of heating methodsTable 4
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100 Survey of heating methodsIndust
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102 Survey of heating methodsRadian
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104 Survey of heating methodsHeatex
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106 Survey of heating methodsReturn
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108 Survey of heating methodsReflec
Page 127 and 128: 110 Survey of heating methodsCerami
Page 129 and 130: 112 Survey of heating methodsTubula
Page 131 and 132: 114 Survey of heating methodsthey a
Page 133 and 134: 116 Survey of heating methodsFactor
Page 135 and 136: 118 Survey of heating methodsrelian
Page 137 and 138: Chapter 5Electrical storage heating
Page 139 and 140: 122 Electrical storage heatingTable
Page 141 and 142: 124 Electrical storage heatingR 3
Page 143 and 144: 126 Electrical storage heatingAs wi
Page 145 and 146: 128 Electrical storage heatingWet c
Page 147 and 148: 130 Electrical storage heatingStora
Page 149 and 150: 132 Electrical storage heatingCasin
Page 151 and 152: 134 Electrical storage heatingFinis
Page 153 and 154: 136 Electrical storage heatingTable
Page 155 and 156: 138 Electrical storage heatingVentI
Page 157 and 158: 140 Electrical storage heatingUtili
Page 159 and 160: 142 Electrical storage heatingExpan
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Page 163 and 164: 146 Indirect heating systemsTable 6
Page 165 and 166: 148 Indirect heating systemsin cont
Page 167 and 168: 150 Indirect heating systemsHGIDEAC
Page 169 and 170: 152 Indirect heating systemsLow tem
Page 171 and 172: 154 Indirect heating systemsColdwat
Page 173 and 174: 156 Indirect heating systemsRadiato
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Page 181 and 182: 164 Indirect heating systemssuccinc
Page 183 and 184: 166 Indirect heating systemsTable 6
Page 185 and 186: 168 Indirect heating systemsHigh ve
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Page 193 and 194: Chapter 7Heat emitting equipmentWit
Page 195 and 196: 178 Heat emitting equipmentTable 7.
Page 197 and 198: 180 Heat emitting equipmentRadiant
Page 199 and 200: 182 Heat emitting equipmentHeated g
Page 201 and 202: 184 Heat emitting equipmentHangerIn
Page 203 and 204: 186 Heat emitting equipmentpipes: e
Page 205 and 206: 188 Heat emitting equipmentOpen fro
Page 207 and 208: 190 Heat emitting equipment(a)(b)(d
Page 209 and 210: 192 Heat emitting equipmentTable 7.
Page 211 and 212: 194 Heat emitting equipmentConvecti
Page 213 and 214: 196 Heat emitting equipmentDamperOu
Page 215 and 216: 198 Heat emitting equipmentFilterOu
Page 217 and 218: 200 Heat emitting equipmentSwivelno
Page 219 and 220: 202 Heat emitting equipmentcovered
Page 221 and 222: 204 Pumps and other auxiliary equip
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212 Pumps and other auxiliary equip
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Chapter 9Piping design for indirect
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234 Piping design for indirect heat
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Chapter 10Boilers and firing equipm
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262 Boilers and firing equipmentcom
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264 Boilers and firing equipmentEss
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266 Boilers and firing equipment100
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268 Boilers and firing equipmentAs
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270 Boilers and firing equipmentFlu
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272 Boilers and firing equipmentFlo
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274 Boilers and firing equipmentFig
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276 Boilers and firing equipmentof
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278 Boilers and firing equipment. a
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280 Boilers and firing equipmentIt
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282 Boilers and firing equipmentFue
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284 Boilers and firing equipmentNoz
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286 Boilers and firing equipmentof
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288 Boilers and firing equipmentNea
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290 Boilers and firing equipmentpor
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292 Boilers and firing equipmentSaf
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294 Boilers and firing equipmentIgn
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Chapter 11Fuels, storage and handli
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298 Fuels, storage and handlingvehi
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300 Fuels, storage and handlingRese
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302 Fuels, storage and handlingtank
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304 Fuels, storage and handlingTank
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306 Fuels, storage and handlingabcd
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308 Fuels, storage and handlingTabl
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314 Fuels, storage and handlingstor
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318 Combustion and chimneysTable 12
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320 Combustion and chimneysTable 12
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322 Combustion and chimneysHence, b
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324 Combustion and chimneys. The te
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326 Combustion and chimneys. Draugh
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328 Combustion and chimneysClean Ai
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330 Combustion and chimneysMechanic
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332 Combustion and chimneysFire bri
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334 Combustion and chimneysMaterial
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336 Combustion and chimneysCombusti
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338 Combustion and chimneysFlueterm
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Chapter 13VentilationThe act or art
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342 VentilationTable 13.1 Ventilati
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344 Ventilationnormal circumstance
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346 Ventilationof air which could b
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348 Ventilationsimilar plant. This
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350 VentilationFlueCrackleaksInduce
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352 VentilationCapSuction bandLouvr
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354 VentilationTable 13.6 Air volum
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356 VentilationCowlBelt driveHinged
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358 VentilationTo fans at roof leve
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360 Ventilationboiler plant in wint
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Dining hall362 VentilationCafeteria
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364 Ventilationthis arrangement, as
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366 Ventilationbe noted that, as a
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368 VentilationTable 13.9 Air veloc
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370 Ventilationvelocity. An increas
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372 VentilationLastly under this he
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374 Air-conditioningBecause refurbi
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376 Air-conditioningThe installatio
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378 Air-conditioningThe type of sys
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380 Air-conditioningAn extension of
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382 Air-conditioningZone unitsSuppl
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384 Air-conditioningSupply airOptio
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386 Air-conditioningoutput of the c
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388 Air-conditioningDischargeto spa
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390 Air-conditioningAirdischargeExt
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392 Air-conditioningin the wall in
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394 Air-conditioningPrimaryair2 Pip
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396 Air-conditioningThe induction s
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398 Air-conditioningsensor as an en
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400 Air-conditioningfan-coil system
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402 Air-conditioningVariable refrig
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404 Air-conditioningChilled water P
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406 Air-conditioningAir supply to h
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408 Air-conditioningTable 14.1 Fact
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410 Air distributionUpward systemTh
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412 Air distributionInlet at 50ºCm
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414 Air distributionExtract airSupp
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416 Air distributioninlet is at a h
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418 Air distribution(a)(b)Figure 15
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420 Air distributionconnections to
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422 Air distributionOpposed bladesD
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424 Air distributionVelocity profil
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426 Air distributionAir supplyPerfo
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428 Air distributionair temperature
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430 Air distributionTable 15.4 Typi
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432 Air distributionFrameSpring cli
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434 Air distributionenergy consumpt
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Chapter 16Ductwork designHaving dec
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438 Ductwork designthe duct with no
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440 Ductwork designFlat ovalStandar
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442 Ductwork designconstruction met
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444 Ductwork designDuctlengthDDRDDu
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446 Ductwork design6mm Plate damper
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448 Ductwork design+Pressure0Veloci
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450 Ductwork designatmospheric pres
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452 Ductwork designTable 16.2 Corre
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454 Ductwork design. Any allowances
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456 Ductwork designBy these means,
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458 Ductwork designTable 16.7 Minim
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460 Ductwork designxAmplitudeyFigur
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462 Ductwork designNoise criteriaIt
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464 Ductwork designL w ˆ 10 ‡ 10
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466 Ductwork design3 64Plant527 8 3
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468 Ductwork designwhereD ˆ perime
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470 Ductwork designArrows show dire
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472 Ductwork designALNORAJAFLOW(a)(
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Chapter 17Fans and air treatment eq
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476 Fans and air treatment equipmen
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PressurePowerPowerPressure482 Fans
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Chapter 18Calculations for air-cond
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Figure 18.1 Psychrometric chart (as
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518 Calculations for air-conditioni
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20mFoyer520 Calculations for air-co
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Chapter 19Refrigeration: water chil
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Absolute pressure MPa532 Refrigerat
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534 Refrigeration: water chillers a
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564 Hot water supply systemsObvious
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566 Hot water supply systemswith a
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568 Hot water supply systemswhich i
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600m m M in570 Hot water supply sys
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572 Hot water supply systemsThe meg
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574 Hot water supply systemsVentDra
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576 Hot water supply systemsPrimary
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578 Hot water supply systemsCistern
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580 Hot water supply systemsFor use
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582 Hot water supply systemsSteam-t
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584 Hot water supply systemsThe hea
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586 Hot water supply systemsTable 2
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588 Hot water supply systemsStorage
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590 Hot water supply systemsStorage
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592 Hot water supply systemsadequat
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594 Hot water supply systemsA compl
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596 Hot water supply systemsInsulat
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Chapter 21Piping design for central
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600 Piping design for central hot w
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Water flow rate in energy units kW/
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Chapter 22Automatic controls and bu
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622 Automatic controls and building
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660 Running costsPence per kWh4.03.
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662 Running costsAfter allowance ha
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664 Running costsTable 23.3 Part L
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666 Running costsTable 23.4 Degree-
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668 Running costsTable 23.5 Approxi
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670 Running costsaddition, consider
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672 Running costsRunning hours for
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674 Running costs20%. The variables
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Air temperature (ºC)Mass flow rate
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678 Running costsEnergy auditsAn en
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680 Running costs. Preventative. Pl
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682 Running costsTable 23.14 Econom
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3Oil consumption(litre / month x 10
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686 Running costsTable 23.15 Presen
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Chapter 24Combined heat and power (
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690 Combined heat and power (CHP)Fi
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698 Combined heat and power (CHP)to
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700 Combined heat and power (CHP)we
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Appendix ITemperature levelsDegrees
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Appendix IIIConversion factorsImper
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708 IndexAuxiliaryequipment (costs)
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710 Indexdegree-hour 676heat pumps
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712 Indexcleaning 489±93, 489±93d
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714 IndexIndirect hot water supplys
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716 IndexPharmaceuticalcleanrooms 4
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718 IndexSol-air temperatures 12sol
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720 Indexextract grilles 430±1indu
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