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Direct systems ± electrical (primarily radiant) 109MountingbracketQuartz tubeelementReflectorFigure 4.12 Electrical quartz lamp heater (Dimplex±Quartzray)The heating elements used for ceiling heating, which consist of waterproofed conductorstrips protected by insulating plastic membranes, are installed immediately above and incontact with the ceiling finish, as shown in Figure 4.14. A layer of insulating material, asthick as possible (preferably 200 mm) is laid over the membrane. The heat emitting surface
110 Survey of heating methodsCeramicfaceplateFigure 4.13 Typical electrical high temperature panelFloor overHeatingelementsInsulationCeiling boardFigure 4.14 Typical electrical ceiling heatingis, of course, the ceiling itself and some paints and other finishes are unsuitable. Electricalloadings up to a maximum of about 200 W/m 2 of the treated area may be made available.Ceiling heating takes up no floor or wall space and the attributes of an evenly distributedheat output may well be appropriate as a `top-up' service, complementary to variousforms of storage system.Floor heatingAlthough the more common form of electrical floor heating is that which wasdesigned to use energy provided during off-peak hours, an alternative direct methodmay be used, superimposed upon a solid ground floor. For this application, avariant of the type of element applied to the manufacture of low temperature panelsis used, having a rating of up to about 150 W/m 2 , laid close to the finished floorsurface. Typically, the structural floor is covered with about 50 mm of insulatingmaterial and the heating elements follow prior to a final layer of chipboard withcarpet tiles or some similar finish. Such an arrangement is particularly suitable for
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Faber and Kell's Heating andAir-con
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Faber and Kell's Heating andAir-con
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viiiContentsOther systems 396Altern
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xiiPreface to the ninth editionadvi
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2 FundamentalsBefore any part of th
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4 FundamentalsSpecific heat capacit
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6 Fundamentalsas insulators have a
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8 FundamentalsTable 1.4 Examples of
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10 FundamentalsIt has been suggeste
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12 FundamentalsTable 1.7 Wind-chill
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14 Fundamentalsthermometer, used fo
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16 Fundamentalsmeasure them, applic
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18 FundamentalsInletventilationTher
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20 The building in wintercoincide a
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22 The building in winter20GlassTem
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24 The building in winterFor the in
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26 The building in winterTable 2.2
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28 The building in winter4.0Plan8.5
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30 The building in wintermost commo
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32 The building in winterExposed el
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34 The building in winterFigure 2.4
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38 The building in winterInsulation
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40 The building in winterSurfaceAre
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42 The building in winterFrom Table
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44 The building in winterTemperatur
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46 The building in winterThe import
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50 The building in winterIntermedia
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52 The building in winterInside tem
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54 The building in winterDesigntemp
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56 The building in winterFrom earli
Page 75 and 76: 58 The building in winterTable 2.14
Page 77 and 78: 60 The building in winterTemperatur
Page 79 and 80: 62 The building in winterfollowing
Page 81 and 82: 64 The building in winterIt has bee
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Page 87 and 88: 18070 The building in summerinforma
Page 89 and 90: 72 The building in summerIncidence
Page 91 and 92: 74 The building in summertime of pe
Page 93 and 94: 76 The building in summerTable 3.2
Page 101 and 102: 84 The building in summerFigure 3.9
Page 103 and 104: 86 The building in summerAB B C a1
Page 105 and 106: 88 The building in summerConduction
Page 109 and 110: 92 The building in summerLossesMoto
Page 111 and 112: 94 The building in summer(a)(b)Figu
Page 113 and 114: Chapter 4Survey of heating methodsH
Page 115 and 116: 98 Survey of heating methodsTable 4
Page 117 and 118: 100 Survey of heating methodsIndust
Page 119 and 120: 102 Survey of heating methodsRadian
Page 121 and 122: 104 Survey of heating methodsHeatex
Page 123 and 124: 106 Survey of heating methodsReturn
Page 125: 108 Survey of heating methodsReflec
Page 129 and 130: 112 Survey of heating methodsTubula
Page 131 and 132: 114 Survey of heating methodsthey a
Page 133 and 134: 116 Survey of heating methodsFactor
Page 135 and 136: 118 Survey of heating methodsrelian
Page 137 and 138: Chapter 5Electrical storage heating
Page 139 and 140: 122 Electrical storage heatingTable
Page 141 and 142: 124 Electrical storage heatingR 3
Page 143 and 144: 126 Electrical storage heatingAs wi
Page 145 and 146: 128 Electrical storage heatingWet c
Page 147 and 148: 130 Electrical storage heatingStora
Page 149 and 150: 132 Electrical storage heatingCasin
Page 151 and 152: 134 Electrical storage heatingFinis
Page 153 and 154: 136 Electrical storage heatingTable
Page 155 and 156: 138 Electrical storage heatingVentI
Page 157 and 158: 140 Electrical storage heatingUtili
Page 159 and 160: 142 Electrical storage heatingExpan
Page 161 and 162: Chapter 6Indirect heating systemsIt
Page 163 and 164: 146 Indirect heating systemsTable 6
Page 165 and 166: 148 Indirect heating systemsin cont
Page 167 and 168: 150 Indirect heating systemsHGIDEAC
Page 169 and 170: 152 Indirect heating systemsLow tem
Page 171 and 172: 154 Indirect heating systemsColdwat
Page 173 and 174: 156 Indirect heating systemsRadiato
Page 175 and 176: 158 Indirect heating systemsRadiato
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160 Indirect heating systemsCondens
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162 Indirect heating systems200800T
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164 Indirect heating systemssuccinc
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166 Indirect heating systemsTable 6
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168 Indirect heating systemsHigh ve
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170 Indirect heating systemsAs will
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172 Indirect heating systems0.080.0
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174 Indirect heating systems(a)(b)(
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Chapter 7Heat emitting equipmentWit
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178 Heat emitting equipmentTable 7.
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180 Heat emitting equipmentRadiant
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182 Heat emitting equipmentHeated g
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184 Heat emitting equipmentHangerIn
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186 Heat emitting equipmentpipes: e
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188 Heat emitting equipmentOpen fro
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190 Heat emitting equipment(a)(b)(d
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192 Heat emitting equipmentTable 7.
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194 Heat emitting equipmentConvecti
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196 Heat emitting equipmentDamperOu
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198 Heat emitting equipmentFilterOu
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200 Heat emitting equipmentSwivelno
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202 Heat emitting equipmentcovered
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204 Pumps and other auxiliary equip
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Chapter 9Piping design for indirect
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234 Piping design for indirect heat
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Chapter 10Boilers and firing equipm
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262 Boilers and firing equipmentcom
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264 Boilers and firing equipmentEss
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266 Boilers and firing equipment100
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268 Boilers and firing equipmentAs
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270 Boilers and firing equipmentFlu
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272 Boilers and firing equipmentFlo
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274 Boilers and firing equipmentFig
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276 Boilers and firing equipmentof
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278 Boilers and firing equipment. a
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280 Boilers and firing equipmentIt
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282 Boilers and firing equipmentFue
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284 Boilers and firing equipmentNoz
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286 Boilers and firing equipmentof
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288 Boilers and firing equipmentNea
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290 Boilers and firing equipmentpor
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292 Boilers and firing equipmentSaf
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294 Boilers and firing equipmentIgn
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Chapter 11Fuels, storage and handli
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298 Fuels, storage and handlingvehi
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300 Fuels, storage and handlingRese
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302 Fuels, storage and handlingtank
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304 Fuels, storage and handlingTank
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306 Fuels, storage and handlingabcd
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308 Fuels, storage and handlingTabl
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314 Fuels, storage and handlingstor
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318 Combustion and chimneysTable 12
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320 Combustion and chimneysTable 12
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322 Combustion and chimneysHence, b
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324 Combustion and chimneys. The te
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326 Combustion and chimneys. Draugh
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328 Combustion and chimneysClean Ai
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330 Combustion and chimneysMechanic
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332 Combustion and chimneysFire bri
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334 Combustion and chimneysMaterial
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336 Combustion and chimneysCombusti
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338 Combustion and chimneysFlueterm
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Chapter 13VentilationThe act or art
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342 VentilationTable 13.1 Ventilati
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344 Ventilationnormal circumstance
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346 Ventilationof air which could b
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348 Ventilationsimilar plant. This
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350 VentilationFlueCrackleaksInduce
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352 VentilationCapSuction bandLouvr
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354 VentilationTable 13.6 Air volum
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356 VentilationCowlBelt driveHinged
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358 VentilationTo fans at roof leve
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360 Ventilationboiler plant in wint
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Dining hall362 VentilationCafeteria
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364 Ventilationthis arrangement, as
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366 Ventilationbe noted that, as a
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368 VentilationTable 13.9 Air veloc
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370 Ventilationvelocity. An increas
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372 VentilationLastly under this he
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374 Air-conditioningBecause refurbi
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376 Air-conditioningThe installatio
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378 Air-conditioningThe type of sys
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380 Air-conditioningAn extension of
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382 Air-conditioningZone unitsSuppl
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384 Air-conditioningSupply airOptio
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386 Air-conditioningoutput of the c
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388 Air-conditioningDischargeto spa
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390 Air-conditioningAirdischargeExt
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392 Air-conditioningin the wall in
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394 Air-conditioningPrimaryair2 Pip
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396 Air-conditioningThe induction s
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398 Air-conditioningsensor as an en
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400 Air-conditioningfan-coil system
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402 Air-conditioningVariable refrig
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404 Air-conditioningChilled water P
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406 Air-conditioningAir supply to h
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408 Air-conditioningTable 14.1 Fact
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410 Air distributionUpward systemTh
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412 Air distributionInlet at 50ºCm
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414 Air distributionExtract airSupp
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416 Air distributioninlet is at a h
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418 Air distribution(a)(b)Figure 15
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420 Air distributionconnections to
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422 Air distributionOpposed bladesD
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424 Air distributionVelocity profil
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426 Air distributionAir supplyPerfo
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428 Air distributionair temperature
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430 Air distributionTable 15.4 Typi
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432 Air distributionFrameSpring cli
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434 Air distributionenergy consumpt
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Chapter 16Ductwork designHaving dec
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438 Ductwork designthe duct with no
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440 Ductwork designFlat ovalStandar
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442 Ductwork designconstruction met
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444 Ductwork designDuctlengthDDRDDu
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446 Ductwork design6mm Plate damper
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448 Ductwork design+Pressure0Veloci
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450 Ductwork designatmospheric pres
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452 Ductwork designTable 16.2 Corre
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454 Ductwork design. Any allowances
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456 Ductwork designBy these means,
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458 Ductwork designTable 16.7 Minim
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460 Ductwork designxAmplitudeyFigur
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462 Ductwork designNoise criteriaIt
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464 Ductwork designL w ˆ 10 ‡ 10
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466 Ductwork design3 64Plant527 8 3
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468 Ductwork designwhereD ˆ perime
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470 Ductwork designArrows show dire
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472 Ductwork designALNORAJAFLOW(a)(
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Chapter 17Fans and air treatment eq
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476 Fans and air treatment equipmen
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PressurePowerPowerPressure482 Fans
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Chapter 18Calculations for air-cond
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Figure 18.1 Psychrometric chart (as
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518 Calculations for air-conditioni
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20mFoyer520 Calculations for air-co
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Chapter 19Refrigeration: water chil
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Absolute pressure MPa532 Refrigerat
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534 Refrigeration: water chillers a
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564 Hot water supply systemsObvious
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566 Hot water supply systemswith a
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568 Hot water supply systemswhich i
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600m m M in570 Hot water supply sys
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572 Hot water supply systemsThe meg
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574 Hot water supply systemsVentDra
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576 Hot water supply systemsPrimary
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578 Hot water supply systemsCistern
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580 Hot water supply systemsFor use
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582 Hot water supply systemsSteam-t
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584 Hot water supply systemsThe hea
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586 Hot water supply systemsTable 2
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588 Hot water supply systemsStorage
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590 Hot water supply systemsStorage
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592 Hot water supply systemsadequat
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594 Hot water supply systemsA compl
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596 Hot water supply systemsInsulat
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Chapter 21Piping design for central
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600 Piping design for central hot w
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Water flow rate in energy units kW/
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Chapter 22Automatic controls and bu
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622 Automatic controls and building
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660 Running costsPence per kWh4.03.
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662 Running costsAfter allowance ha
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664 Running costsTable 23.3 Part L
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666 Running costsTable 23.4 Degree-
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668 Running costsTable 23.5 Approxi
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670 Running costsaddition, consider
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672 Running costsRunning hours for
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674 Running costs20%. The variables
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Air temperature (ºC)Mass flow rate
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678 Running costsEnergy auditsAn en
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680 Running costs. Preventative. Pl
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682 Running costsTable 23.14 Econom
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3Oil consumption(litre / month x 10
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686 Running costsTable 23.15 Presen
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Chapter 24Combined heat and power (
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690 Combined heat and power (CHP)Fi
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698 Combined heat and power (CHP)to
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700 Combined heat and power (CHP)we
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Appendix ITemperature levelsDegrees
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Appendix IIIConversion factorsImper
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708 IndexAuxiliaryequipment (costs)
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710 Indexdegree-hour 676heat pumps
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712 Indexcleaning 489±93, 489±93d
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714 IndexIndirect hot water supplys
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716 IndexPharmaceuticalcleanrooms 4
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718 IndexSol-air temperatures 12sol
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720 Indexextract grilles 430±1indu
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