PACKAGINGto commercial sterility) or aseptic packaging(introducing a sterile product—typically processed through high-temperature,short-time processing—into a sterilepackage in a sterile environment), ahermetic package is critical to foodsafety. Dried, fermented,natural andprocessed foods all requireappropriate packagecontainment andprotection.<strong>Food</strong> safety is typicallydefined in termsof food hazards thatresult in disease. Diseaseresulting from nutritionalinadequacy, ormore critically, starvation,is not typicallyconsidered in the foodhazard category. It isreasonable to extendthe definition of foodsafety to include adequacy.Packaging thatextends shelf life, helpsretain nutrients and allowsfood to be transportedto remote areasthen becomes an importantcomponent ofboth the food safety and adequacy componentsof food security. We can extendthe hazard list to include:• Chemical contamination: mostfeared by consumers• Physical abuse: most noticed byconsumers• Microbiological hazards: mostdangerous and already the majoremphasisWe can also include actions that reducethe food supply:• Biological attack (e.g., birds, rodents,insects)• Biological action of product (e.g.,senescence and sprouting)““A significantdevelopment in thepromotion of foodsafety was theconcept of processCan HACCP Incorporate All ofThese Hazards?I proposed a post-harvest HACCP(PHHACCP) plan in 2005 as an effectiveand rational means of ensuring foodprotection and delivery from harvestthrough consumption. The “Hazard”definition was extended to include anythingthat renders food unusable forhuman consumption, and therefore unableto sustain life.The <strong>Food</strong> <strong>Safety</strong> Alliancefor Packaging(FSAP; a technicalcommittee of the Instituteof Packaging Professionals)hasdeveloped HACCPmodels for a variety ofpackaging materials.These models are availableon www.foodsafetyallianceforpackaging.com andextend the HACCPprinciples to the manufactureof packagingmaterials.The post-harvestcomponent extendshazard concerns toother components ofthe distribution environment,includingstorage facilities, handling,transportationpackaging (in terms of protection fromexternal forces), transportation modesand environmental realities (includingweather and fauna).PHHACCP would add the followingto the HACCP principles:1. Include analysis for the entiredistribution chain2. Identify each mechanism of food loss(nutrition or quantity)3. Evaluate which mechanisms can becontrolled4. Evaluate which mechanisms shouldbe controlled5. Establish limits6. Continue with HACCP principlescontrol versus samplingof finished”product, that is,prevention ratherthan inspection.”Controlling <strong>Food</strong> LossesThere is a growing realization thathandling, processing, packaging, storageand transportation (collectively, post-harvest)have the potential to reduce globalhunger on par with increases in globalfood production. The <strong>Food</strong> and AgricultureOrganization of the United Nations(FAO) presented two significant reportsthat were prepared for the Save <strong>Food</strong>Congress held in association with Interpackin May 2011. The first report,“Global <strong>Food</strong> Losses and <strong>Food</strong> Waste”(www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ags/publications/GFL_web.pdf), estimatedworld food losses at 33 percent, or 1.3billion tons per year. The second report,“Appropriate <strong>Food</strong> Packaging Solutionsfor Developing Countries”(www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ags/publications/AFP_web.pdf), describedpackaging roles to reduce food losses.This was a significant change from theFAO stance at the World <strong>Food</strong> Summit:five years later (Rome, 2002) at whichmost efforts to address hunger werebased on improving agricultural production.The U.S. sponsored a symposiumat that summit in which presidents ofthree African countries presented reportsthat genetically modified seeds improvedharvest yields by up to 500 percent. Imet with the Ghana minister of agricultureafter this symposium, and he confirmedthat Ghana’s infrastructure wasincapable of handling all of this increaseand food losses had risen. The increasedproduction, therefore, did not yield aproportional increase in the food supply.Shelf life or usable life defines thelength of time that a product can be distributedand used after distribution. Bananasoffer a simple example. Bananaslast for months in the green state anddays in the ripe, yellow state. Scrubbingthe growth hormone that triggers senescence,ethylene, maintains bananas inthe more stable state until just prior topoint of sale. Bananas are then exposed(during storage) to approximately 1 ppmethylene to resume the ripening process.The result is that we have bananas availableall year and those in a specific supermarkettend to be close to the samedegree of ripeness. The shelf life is definednot by the primary packaging, butrather by the entire distribution chain.24 F O O D S A F E T Y M A G A Z I N E
PACKAGINGTransportation packaging is a criticalcomponent of food distribution. A studywas completed in Sri Lanka that demonstratedthat fresh produce packaged inthe traditional burlap (jute) bags experiencedbetween 22 and 28 percent loss enroute to the Colombo “green” market.This resulted from bottom bags beingcrushed, exacerbated by potholes andother road hazards. Crates restricted theforce of stacked produce and reducedthe loss to 5 percent. Programs that increasethe amount of already producedfood that reaches consumers can be costeffectiveand implemented more rapidlythan waiting for the next harvest.<strong>Food</strong> losses occur through manymechanisms and some cannot be partiallyor fully controlled. Losses will stilloccur when products (e.g., bananas) cannotbe sold after over-ripening, productis bruised and not salable, product is acceptablebut not salable due to overabundance(right after harvest) or even““Primary packaging,”that is, packaging indirect contact withthe product, is criticalto the success of anyfood processingeffort.”due to food regulations based on visual,size or shape attributes (discussed below)that are unrelated tohealth. Such fooditems cannot bebrought to market intheir existing state.<strong>Food</strong> safety can beachieved by alteringthe product from anunacceptable (buthealthy) state into anotherform. <strong>Food</strong> itemsmay be processed ormodified to improvetheir shelf life and/orvalue. This is outsidethe normal HACCPoptions, but theHACCP principlescould be applied to thepreparation of the new products.An innovative example of convertingfood otherwise wasted into viable productswas developed by Dr. Alastair Hicks,senior post-harvest officer for FAO at theSoutheast Asia regionalbranch. He developeda program on economicdevelopmentthrough village-levelfood processingthrough which ruralvillagers in less developedcountries weretrained in basic sanitationand food processingand offered basicequipment (e.g., dryingracks, netting, pressurecookers, fryers) to recoverfood that wouldnormally be lost anduse it as inputs forvalue-added food products(e.g., fried banana chips). Packagingthese products offers foods with extendedshelf life that provides more timeOur new Autoplate ® Spiral Plating System: the hot new lab accessory.Now you can spiral plate bacteria with blazing speed and performance that other platers can’t touch.Our new Autoplate delivers 35-second cycle times with three new spiral plating modes. Its innovativeauto-clean capability avoids cross-contamination. And it offers a quick learning curve plus state-of-the-artease of use via an intuitive Windows ® CE touchscreen. Get automated plating productivity from SpiralBiotech that’s so hot, it’s really cool!www.aicompanies.com +1 781.320.90001018002 Autoplate <strong>Food</strong> <strong>Safety</strong>.indd 1 1/15/10 5:28:55 PMF E B R U A R Y n M A R C H 2 0 1 2 25
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