Speculum : The Journal of the Melbourne Medical Students' Society ...

Speculum

.. ■ •••■MelbourneUniversityMedicalStudents'•

RamblingsTo be a doctor—what does it mean ?Individually we are drawn from that glorious brotherhood of idealists, opportunists,saints and rogues known as the average man. But doctors are undoubtedly an electbody of people!In some strange way when we become part of a great professional structure we tendto become like it and to absorb the accepted attributes of its greatness. We are the groupof men and women who, throughout the world, know the fewest barriers of race, creed,politics and language. This we owe largely to our education for we are taught that allmen are individuals and must be treated as such. Nothing in medicine can be delineatedin black and white.Thus we have great advantages but we have great responsibilities too, not onlytoward our patients but to society and the world as a whole. Just ponder over what itinvolves being a doctor or healer. In the Geneva Declaration (1948), a sort of updatedHippocratic Oath, the two principal clauses cry,"I solemnly pledge myself to consecrate my life to the service of humanity" and"The health of my patient shall be my first consideration."In a world like ours with so much to be done we must continue the tradition ofservice that characterizes our profession. In the light of such a principle it has beendistressing all this year to hear the squabbling over doctors' fees. The same newspapertells of postal workers, doctors, watersiders and clerks threatening industrial action iftheir demands are not met.My God ! Are not doctors different ?We are not nine-to-fivers, not government employees, nor bureaucratic officials.We are HEALERS, devoted to the cause of relieving pain and curing disease.But presently there is this trend towards the Welfare State, claiming that the Statemust care for all the sick. This would seem a noble concept and in many ways it is,because it is as free and as open-handed as the taxpayers' purse. But the eventual aimis nationalization of medicine.The initial financial rewards appear great; other inducements are strong. All youneed do is discard your freedom, drop your own sense of personal responsibility andallow your life to be governed by a system of bureaucratic control.You will have little to worry about and as time goes on you may find you haveless and less the capacity to worry. It will be difficult to voice your independence, toinsist that you treat your patients as you wish and to be rewarded by as little or as muchas you think just. In other words you have become another public servant!Even the best of us can be seduced by talk of security, superannuation and limitedresponsibility. It may well be that having accepted such a concept you will become justas ordinary as you were before you began the medical course, because you have becomepart of a medical system which is in itself ordinary.Nationalization will degrade our profession!John Pattison3

MACFARLANEBURNETTSPEAKS"As a sixth year student in 1921, I once wrote an article forSpeculum that bawdy and irreverent publication, but theeditor did not see fit to publish it."Autobiography p.29Ecology is very much an "in - wordtoday. We deplore the destruction ofthis or that ecosystem by pollution;we know what the men from CSIROare talking about when they say thatonly a full understanding of kangarooecology will allow us to know whetherthe main species are on the way toextinction. Broadly speaking, ecologyis the science concerned with howanimals make a living and in assessingthe various factors which determinetheir numbers and distribution. Myown interest in ecology goes backat least 36 years and I fancy that1 was the first to claim in a papergiven when the BMA met in Melbournein 1935 that infectious disease needsto be looked at ecologically as abalanced struggle for survival betweenhost and parasite. Without using theword the men who established between1900 and 1940 how malaria and yellowfever were spread by mosquitoes werevery much concerned with ecology.In different regions many differentspecies of mosquito are responsibleand if malaria is to be eliminated wemust know everything we can abouteach relevant species. What are itsbiting habits, where does it rest todigest a blood meal, how far and howfast can it fly? Where do its larvaelive? How long does the larval andpupal period last? And what is therange of temperature that allows itssurvival ? There are many more butthose 1 think will give you a sense ofthe sort of questions an ecologist asks.And they do perhaps indicate how suchstudies on primarily medical problemsdid more than anything else to makeecology a respectable science.In human ecology we are concernedonly with man as a mammal—in ourday a uniquely dominant mammal butstill one that needs food of the samegeneral quality, that reproduces in thesame fashion and that is subject to thesame sort of diseases as any othermammal. Just as in any given ecosystema certain species cannot forlong exceed an optimal populationlevel and is in serious danger ofextinction if it falls too far below thatlevel, so 1 believe that under any setof conditions one likes to postulatethere is a level of human populationfor the earth which cannot be exceeded.Man inhabits actually or potentiallythe whole surface of the earth andwhere we talk of a human ecosystemwe can consider only the world as awhole. Sooner rather than later wemust adopt and strive desperately toachieve the objective of a stable humanecosystem for the earth.I shall comment briefly on the storyof Mauritius as an example of whatproduces a population explosion andwhat are its effects. Up to 1945Mauritius, which is a small island oftl720 square miles in the Indian Ocean.was heavily malarious. Before theSecond World War the birth-rate Nwaaround 33, with deaths about 27 per1,000 per annum; there was a slol'increase in population. During thcwar period the capacity of DDT todeal with mosquito larvae was dis'icovered. A relatively small heavWmalarious island provided malariol' eogists with a magnificent opportunW eto achieve complete elimination, andbetween 1946 and 1948 both th' Iimportant carriers of malaria, twLAnopheles mosquitoes, were extermiPated. In 1952 the birth-rate had rise'to 47, the death-rate had fallen toDeaths in the first year of life hoverecaround 150 before the war and col'down to 60-70 in the 1950s. By 19 6the birth-rate had fallen to 35.5, whil'the death-rate had gone to 8.6. 1'broad terms, before the elimination o fmalaria, population increased abort'0.5 per cent per annum, doubling each150 years. After the malarial mos;quitoes had gone, the population 0 1 3Mauritius1945 to 750,000 in 1965, which israte approaching 3 per cent per annumMauritius is a beautiful and high') tFfertile volcanic island, but its peopl eproduct, sugar. Since 1967, howeve' i' things have improved; birth contral have only 720 square miles to suppore them and there is only one exportablbi

clinics have at last been establishedand the most recent report was thatthe annual rate of increase had fallenfrom 3.0 % to 1.9 %: still too high buta heartening improvement.The world on a larger scale is justa. s much an island in space as MauritiusIs in the Indian Ocean. The samefactors are at work in all tropicalc ountries and the post-war "babyboom" everywhere means that at thethe present time there is a far largerpopulation of young adults in there productive age than at any time inWorld history.We have been civilized for somethingless than 5,000 years. The best estimateis that the earth will probably be fitfor human occupation for another5,000 million years. You may well askwhY worry about what may happenMore than a dozen or two years ahead.MY answer would simply be BertrandK ussell's : that it is the mark of ac ivilized man to be able to feel deeplyabout things that may happen longafter he is dead.k My contention is that a stabilizedh uman population for the earth must'?,e reached with the least possible delay.Iceail be he birth-rate in all communities must: the ,° e brought as soon as possible intoe was7 perIlk with the death-rate to give ast abilized population—a steady stateslow s ystem as they say in physics.the Only long term considerations can)T to Play any part in that argument. In andis,attempt to give a clear reason why oneeavih wants to see population control and the[ariol' est ablishment of a stabilized globaltunW ec osystem the following 3 points may, and bi e relevant.i the 1 . We want the human species, estWespecially our own descendants, tormiir , survive.rise 11 '. We want to approach and eventuallyto 14 , maintain a situation by which every, vere° Person can enjoy optimal healthearl! Within his genetic limitations, and196 without harming others to havewhile o pportunity for achievement within6. II; the limit of his potentialities and toon 0 ' Win recognition for it. This is allabout I Mpossible without the amenities ofeach c ivilization, physical security, edurnos'cation and medical services par-DTI 01 , 3 ticularly.00 ifi ' We must see than non-recurringt is global resources are maintained forme future generations.light) thend the first requirement for all ofreoPl e elri is population control.ppott i The logic of population control isrtab 11 tille,s caPable, but men and women'sveve i 1: 11 aviour is not based on long term)ntr° It c. I think most of you will agreethat although the technical details ofcontraception are always importantwhat is needed is the desire to have 2children and 2 only. We need instinctualand emotionally based motivation aswell as logic. Most women would liketo have at least two children fairlysoon after their marriage and whenthose are "off their hands- engage inactivities which are, or seem, moregratifying than raising young children.Then there is the more responsibleand equally significant desire to beable to provide the best care andopportunity to one's children. A smallfamily, particularly a two child family,is the best way to achieve this."The birth rate in allcommunities must bebrought as soon as possibleinto line with the deathrate to give a stabilisedpopulation.""I advocate two - childfamilies."In Britain there is a strong trend tothe two-child family wherever thepeople concerned are intelligent andhave freed themselves from contraryindoctrination by church or family orthe general social environment. In thedays when two thirds of children borncould expect to die from infection ormishap before maturity it was rightfor tribal leaders to claim divinesanction for the call to be fruitful andmultiply and replenish the earth. Underthe conditions of today I fancy thatthe word of the Lord would be "Takeheed that he have no more than two"for equally good ecological reasons.The most important obstacle topopulation control is the ignorance andpoverty of a large fraction of theworld's population. There are many ofsubstandard intelligence and manymore careless and apathetic in theshanty towns' of the world includingmany both white and aboriginal inAustralia.But we must not underestimate thesecond major obstacle, the power of theaccepted cultural pattern, the socialand religious background in which aperson has developed. For intelligentpeople, ecology and personal conveniencemay be insufficient to breakthrough the indoctrination that sex isan equivocal activity and contraceptionsinful unless some equally potentcounter-attitude can be engendered.This brings me back to practicalmatters. 1 hold it as self-evident thatbirth control is as necessary in Australiaas anywhere else in the world.It is at least as essential to everyfamily as pasteurized milk, medicinesor holidays.In Victoria education in the use ofcontraceptives is almost limited to theadvertising literature of the manufacturersof contraceptive pills. Thereis an excellent little book on "ContraceptionWithout The Pill" publishedby Sun Books but I have never seen itadvertised and I doubt whether manyof the people it was designed for knowof the existence of it or any otherequivalent source of information.I am not as well up with the localsituation as I should be but I do knowthat family planning centres should beas widely spread as hospital maternitywards and baby health centres, andwherever possible closely associatedwith one or both. Only in a few placescan such an arrangement be found inVictoria. The answer of course is lackof money.1 am interested in a curious similaritybetween the two social problems whichI happen to have espoused—cigarettesmoking on the negative side, familyplanning and population control on thepositive. Australia is very behindin both but one can also feel that thegiant vested interests that are opposedto both of these logical and sociallyvaluable approaches are falling back.Every civilized country except Australiahas now banned TV advertisingof cigarettes and only a little furtherpressure should bring Australia intoline. Now is the time in both fields topress harder for what must inevitablycome. As I have said elsewhere, itgives me a lift to quote what J. M.Keynes said about vested interests."The power of vested interests isvastly exaggerated compared with thegradual encroachment of ideas".

Most research based pharmaceutical companies have their new products, butonly on rare occasions is a substance discovered which opens the doorway toa new field in medicine. One such product, discovered in The WellcomeResearch Laboratories, is Azathioprine ('lmuran') which, with its immunosuppressiveproperties has made successful renal allograft possible andincreased the probability of success in transplant surgery generally.This is a remarkable achievement in itself but is by no means the end of thestory. From experience gained since the discovery of 'Imuran' as well as withits parent substance 6 Mercaptopurine ('Purinethol') scientists are broadeningtheir understanding of autoimmune disease, a field with wide possibilities forthe future.We at B.W. & Co. finance the activities of our own Research Laboratories, and,in addition, all distributable profits of The Wellcome Group are given by TheWellcome Trust to institutions throughout the world for research into humanand veterinary medicine.Each time you prescribe a 'Wellcome' Product you are contributing to basicresearch—hopefully to open other as yet closed doorways.WellcomeBurroughs Wellcome Et Co. (Australia) Ltd.6 17F P9

'Heart Transplanationby Prof. C. Barnard, M.D., M.S., Ph.D., D.Sc., F.A.C.S.There is a story about an airline pilotw ho announced to his passengers overthe inter-corn that he had both bad andgood news for them, the bad newsb eing that they were lost, and the goodnews being that they were ahead ofsc hedule. That, in a nutshell, is thePresent state of affairs concerning° rgan transplants.There has been a good deal ofc riticism from lay as well as medicals ources regarding heart transplantsWhichithave been performed so far, andsuggested that the present lull in1 this field is further proof that the firstheart transplant was performed prematurely This is not so. There are.v rious aspects which are often losts ight of and I should like to deal withw ith them one by one.In the first instance we must clarify°I le point : the first heart transplantw as already a success, and those thatfollowed were even more so. Anybodyw ho maintains that these pioneer° Perations were failures is simply notfait with the facts, for anyone whos Pv Louis Washkansky or Dr. Philiplaiberg before their operations will behaWare of the almost unbelievable im-'r°vement in the conditions of bothTe se patients immediately afterwards.\\f e fact that they died subsequently,a shkansky very soon and Blaiberg:1,1.11 Y after 18 months, does not meant hat the transplants were failures, butM erely indicates that we have not yetarnt to control rejection. 1 will dealwith this point later, but let me firststr ess once more that a man who isfi able n to sit up in bed without assisttn ee and who requires oxygen afterhe slightest exertion—who then afterthe operation is able to get out of bedwithout any signs of dyspnoea—hasundergone a successful operation.Very often people make the statementthat these transplants can only beregarded as satisfactory if the patientcan thereafter lead a completely normallife. If this is the definition of successfultreatment then very few medical procedurescan be regarded as satisfactory.One would not regard a patient whohas had surgical treatment for aduodenal ulcer as leading a normallife; nor would this be the case for apatient receiving daily injections ofinsulin for the treatment of diabetes.Not even the extraction of teeth can beaccepted as a successful result totoothache, because a patient who hasdentures does not lead a normal life.We may hope for an ideal state ofaffairs in the distant future, but in themeantime we will have to be satisfiedwith less. Apart from a few exceptionsevery one of the heart transplantsperformed so far have left the patients,at least temporarily, in a much bettercondition after the operation thanbefore. This must be accepted as proofthat we are on the right track and thatwhat is needed is not a completely newapproach and unjustifiable sceptism,but a perfection of our technique andmore knowledge regarding the problemsof rejection.If one considers the moral aspectwhich is often mooted, and carefullylooks at the suggestion that there hasbeen so-called human experimentationbecause the time was not yet ripe toundertake such a serious procedure asa cardiac transplant, one loses sight ofthe obverse side of the picture. Ifresearch has progressed so far thatanimal experiments have proved thatsuch an operation is possible and thenew heart does function satisfactorily,is one morally justified in denying adying patient this possible chance ofsurvival, even if it might be for only afew days or weeks ? How often do wenot keep a patient alive day after dayknowing full well that he can never becured, yet this is the best we can dotoday. How can we then allow aheart patient to die merely because we donot wish to undertake a new operationwhich has only been done on animals?At some stage or other the first hearttransplant on a human being had to beperformed, and it would have beenincorrect to stand by and let desperatelyill patients die, knowing that an operationcould be done with a reasonablechance of success.The problem of rejection is oftenmis-understood. There is at this stageof our knowledge, no question ofpreventing rejection—we can merelyretard it and postpone the inevitableoutcome. There is from the moment aforeign organ is transplanted into thebody, a slow advance of the rejectionphenomenon, like a veld fire beingkept at bay, yet slowly gaining groundand driving the fighters further andfurther back. However, with improvedknowledge of the various immunosuppressivedrugs and their interactionswe can expect to control this insidiousadvance of rejection with more andmore efficiency—but it is unlikely thatwe will in the foreseeable futuremanage to prevent it entirely.Another problem is now developingdue to our increased knowledge of thevarious immune systems. Whereasformerly with imperfect serum-testingmethods we could find a suitable donoror one who appeared suitable, becausewe did not possess antisera toascertain all the reactions of which weare aware today, we are now faced withthe sad fact that our very much improvedknowledge has made it lesslikely that a compatible donor willbe discovered every time donor materialis urgently required. For thisreason it is imperative that we arrangean exchange system between the variouscentres engaged in transplantsurgery, in order to ensure that noavailable tissue goes waste.We have made a start with the firstheart transplants, and I now believe,more than ever before, that this operationhas a future. All that is needed isfurther perfection of the technique andof immunological knowledge. Whetherwe decide to use temporary artificialhearts or whether we use animalhearts as interim measures will dependon future research. The fact remains,though, that when I performed the firsthuman heart transplant we had reachedthe stage when not to do it would havebeen indefensible because it would havedenied a desperately ill patient theonly possible chance of survival anybodycould offer him.

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From time immemorial extra-maritalsexual intercourse has been regarded asanti social and those who practised itdid so secretly to avoid public condemnation.The fact that this attitudewas so closely related to religious beliefhas seemed to many to be one goodreason why it should be abandoned.Most young people of today are notreligious minded. Why then shouldthey exercise restraint ? Reasoning likethis has obvious deficiencies.At a British University during theyear ending 30/5/66, there were 38pregnancies among 1700 unmarriedfemale students. Signs of mental instabilitywere found in many of thepregnant girls. In 30 % of them therewas evidence of a neurotic wish to bepregnant, associated in some cases withresentment at the need for delay inmarriage and the establishment of ahome. Similarly some immature menfelt that parenthood would prove thatthey were adults and pregnancy wasthe ultimate weapon against those whopersisted in treating them as children.For girls, pregnancy was in some casesa means of punishing parents or boyfriend, or self.In spite of denials in some quarters,most people who stop to think about itagree that sexual promiscuity is debasingto the personalities of those whopractice it, fraught with serious dangers,especially to the girl, and damagingto the interests of society.The remedy advocated by somepeople—namely the provision of contraceptivesto the young on request—isnot without its own hazards. Theyreduce the risk of an unwantedpregnancy and relieve anxiety on thisscore, but it may also increase theinner conflicts that can arise from aguilty conscience and do a real disserviceto the student. The widespreaduse of contraceptives also favours thespread of venereal disease."Sexual promiscuity Among Students"British Medical JournalLeading Article 4/8/66Although there is a revolution inattitudes toward sex, accompanied bya refreshing frankness of discussion,there is nevertheless little evidence thatthe actual rate of pre-marital intercoursehas radically increased. It maybe true that more and more youngpeople are engaging in heavy pettingbefore marriage. But the physical stateof virginity still seems to be thenorm. Kinsey, studying volunteers,found that from 1910 to the 1950sthere was no appreciable increase inthe proportion of girls having premaritalintercourse. More recent interviewand questionnaire studies I haveundertaken of randomly selected populationsat major American Universitiessuggest that 4/5 of undergraduategirls have not had coitalexperience. But only 55 % of such girlswere adamant that a girl must be avirgin when she marries. We mustassume that some day the actualbehaviour of students will more closelyapproximate their expressed attitudes.For a girl believing that sexualrelations should follow on the basis ofmutual affection and love, she must stilldefine the strength of their commitment.Inevitably she must struggle withthe question of how close two peoplecan be when not bound to one anotherby the responsibilities of a maritalcontract. Any relationship out ofwedlock is plagued with certain ambiguities.The girl must struggle withquestions such as "Will the firstargument or sign or incompatibilitylead to a dissolution of the relationshipand a search for a new partner ?" Ifthis does happen, will she simplydeceive herself into promiscuity underthe rationalization that each new relationshipis meaningful? Will shelid herself into believing that she isin love when in actuality she is onlysuccumbing to social and sexual pressures?For some students such stresseshave been critical factors in precipitatingsevere emotional disorders. In arecent survey of 24 Madison psychiatristswho were treating Universityof Wisconsin students, 86 % of their107 unmarried female patients had hadsexual relationships with at least oneperson, and 72 % had had relationswith more than one person.Promiscuity seems to be determinedby primitive neurotic needs : these girlsseek multiple sexual experiences becausethey have despaired of findingany other means of obtaining nurturanceand affection.Now, to leave the problems of thepromiscuous girl and consider the girlwho believes that intercourse beforemarriage is morally justified only if itis always associated with love andcommitment. On these girls especiallyit is clear that the new sexual attitudes

are having a profound effect, More girlsmay not be indulging in pre-maritalintercourse, but more girls feel pressuredto do so.The mass communication mediahave a tendency to emphasize the mostextreme forms of social behaviour andto present them as the norm. Most girlsbelieve that there is more sexualactivity taking place than is actuallythe case. If they do not participate theysee themselves as atypical and strange.The students receive a heavy bombardmentof "Playboy" philosophieswhich argue for the enjoyment of sexfor the sake of physical pleasure alone.There are few social forces counteractingthese philosophies.Promiscuous girls are often seen asrepresenting the vanguard of a newand better morality. Newspapers, periodicalsand television describe themas the 'new breed', and the 'now people'and impressionable youngsters takethese images seriously. In such aclimate, pre-marital intercourse canbe enforced upon a girl in a manner nottoo dissimilar from that in whichchastity was enforced upon a girl in anearlier generation.For boys there are many sourcestelling them that girls are morepromiscuous than ever. They feel undermore pressure than ever before toprove themselves through the sex act.Many experience difficulty simply becausethey are more interested in thestatusful than in the tender aspects oflovemaking. Efforts to prove masculinitythrough multiple conquests arestill common.For the student to lead the mostgratifying and most useful life withoutinflicting pain upon himself or others,it now seems that the best guide is forhim to ask himself 'Am I being honestwith myself and will this behaviourhurt anyone ?'Sex and Mental Health on theCampus: Seymour Halleck M.D.Journal of American Medical Association22/5/67.Most sexually experienced boysattribute their first experience tosexual desire and most girls believethey were in love. Girls tend to seek amore permanent relationship whereassome boys desire to be thought experiencedand to prove their masculinity.Thus in the British SchofieldReport (1965), the sexually experiencedgirl had had an average of 2.3 partners16whereas the experienced boy had anaverage of 6.2 partners.The most reliable recent evidencesuggests that the sexually-experiencedteenager may have had parents wholacked interest in their children andwere unable or unwilling to establishdiscipline within the family. This oftenled to circumstances which producedopportunities for teenage sexualactivity.The social and economic pressureson young people today are differentand are probably stronger and morecompelling than ever before. Teenagersmust adjust themselves to fargreater independence, to a weakeningand breakdown of family bonds, tocommercial pressures from exploitationof the growing teenage market,to earlier physical maturity and to thedevelopment of powerful sexual drivesand impulses.Despite these and other factorstending to produce a heightened eroticatmosphere in their lives, sexual experiencebefore marriage is still farfrom universal.Dr. R. Catterall, Dept. of Venereology,Middlesex Hospital: The PractitionerJournal, November, 1965.The Schofield ReportMeasuring the stages of sexual experienceof the 934 single boys and939 single girls aged 15 to 19 involvedin the research, the following informationwas obtained :Boys % Girls %1. Little or no contact withopposite sex 16 72. Limited experience ofsexual activities 35 463. Sexual intimacies whichwhich fall short ofintercourse 29 354. Sexual intercourse withonly one partner 5 75. Sexual intercourse withmore than onepartner 15 5The first sexual experience was oftenunpremeditated. Only 14 % of theboys and 15 % of the girls said it wasplanned, compared with 84 % of theboys and 82 % of the girls who said itwas unpremeditated.The boys were most likely to claimthat they were impelled by sexualdesire (46 %), whereas the girls weremore likely to say they were in love.Less than half the boys (48 %) aless than a third of the girls (30 °said they liked it when they wewere asked for their reaction to thfirst experience of sexual intercourseGirls prefer a more permanent tyof relationship in their sexualhaviour. The experienced girls ajust as sexually active as the expeienced boys, but there is a dirassociation between the type oflationship a girl has achieved and tdegree of intimacy she will permit.Nearly half the boys appear toin favour of premarital intercoursewhereas less than a quarter of girlihold this view.Over half (51 %) of the boys woul‘like to have sex experience, but tothirds (64 %) want to marry virgins.A third of the girls stated definite!'that they wanted their boyfriend tihave sexual experience, and anothequarter (26 %) were undecided ; onl38 % were against their boyfriePhaving sexual experience.stepconfidentlyinto thefuturewithE.C.(TED) WOODWARDrepresentingNational Mutual,Tel. Home: 232 4381Office: 62 0411RetirementPartnershProtectionTax Saving;InvestmentINCREASABLEASSURANCE

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KURDJohn Mathews, B.Sc., M.B.B.S., (Melb. 1964)Kuru is a fatal neurological disorderthat, over the past decade, has posed afascinating and tragic problem to themedical world The disease occurs withhigh frequency among the Fore peoplewho live in a circumscribed area of theEastern Highlands of Australian NewGuinea. Before contact by Australianadministration patrols in the early1950s the highland peoples lived in astone-age, horticultural society dependenton the sweet potato; intervillagefighting and allegations of sorcery werecommon, especially among the Fore.Some of the Eastern Highland peoplespractised cannibalism, although theFore usually consumed only theirdeceased relatives.The unique features of kuru, firstreported in 1957 by Dr. Vincent Zigasand Dr. D. C. Gajdusek, are theclinical picture, the familial aggregationand high incidence in a geographicallyisolated population, the peculiarsex age and sex incidence, and theabsence of the usual characteristics ofinfectious disease.Ataxia of cerebellar typeClinically, the disease is a progressivedisorder of motor function. Patientswith early kuru may complain of headacheor leg pains. The early signs are ofan ataxia of cerebellar type, but themotor deficit progresses rapidly and amarked weakness develops. Emotionallability, which is pronounced in only aminority of patients, led to the adoptionof the term "laughing sickness" bythe newspapers. Other indications ofdementia are seen in some patients.Dysarthria, dysphagia, and incontin-18ence are invariable during the terminalillness.Although the clinical course may beas short as three months or as long astwo or three years, most patients aredead within nine to 12 months of theonset of the disease.Kuru mostly attacks adult women,although before 1960 a considerablenumber of children of both sexes diedfrom the disease. The early accountsemphasized a division between "lateonset" kuru in adult women and "earlyonset" kuru in children. Few adultmen were affected. More recently,however, the incidence of the diseasehas changed to include teenagers andyoung adult men as well as adultwomen; young children are no longeraffected.Kuru has had a devastating effect inthe South Fore. Since 1957 there havebeen more than 1,100 deaths out of atotal population of less than 8,000.About 900 of the victims have beenfemales, mainly adult women. In someSouth Fore villages, up to 10 % of theadult female population have diedfrom kuru in a single year. With such ahigh mortality rate and with a consequentlow birth rate, the South Forepopulation was in danger of extinctionuntil about 1961; since then kuru hasbeen on the decline and the populationis again increasing. The impact ofkuru on adult women has naturally hadmarked social effects. In the traditionallypolygamous society, most oldermen have had one, two, three, or evenfour wives who have died from kuru;younger men have often been unable tofind a woman to marry. The loss ofadult women has also meant that bet'South Fore men have been forced to (1 13,t1assume maternal roles in child care • isand in the cultivation of gardens. nueNative belief in the Fore are° 1e,c.alattributes kuru to the effect of 0 especific sorcery ritual performed by ° raperson in an unfriendly village. The, i ,111-1to cure the disease has done nothini 1:3wto convince the village people other; NaJwise, although administration and e ,atmission influence have almost cony ths`*pletely suppressed the reprisal inteOZ.village fighting and ritual murders that -" Inwere once common sequels to the feat laticof kuru and to allegations of kuril Victisuecsorcery.chi nIn "euDisappearance of childhood kuruThe first research workers, impressed, abo 1l satliaggregation of kuru and by the siintl'arities of the disease to the heredital) ° etataxias, suggested that kuru was ail aninherited disorder. Within a few year 54'isshowever, it had become apparent tha t jakckuru was too common (and too fatal ) c nalto be in any sort of equilibrium, genetic tior otherwise. Then, in 1963, Dr. R.Glasse and Shirley Glasse (now Mr s , th Fi lLindebaum) reported impressive O A' 0,!,thropoligical evidence that kuru ha utv .v-s ispread slowly through Fore village` actuYbetween 1920 and 1950. Together withthe disappearance of childhood ktir" Q i'sce„as°0 ifigtethat kuru was behaving as an epidenl ii cane canndisease.As early as 1959 W. J. Hadlow cor°,\ y() tlrumented on the striking similar' tin

Death carne ...within hours.within weeks.between the pathology of kuru and theltair Pathology of scrapie, a neurologicale d isorder of sheep that, in the experutientalsituation, develops months or.e Years after inoculation of tissue susstPensions containing the presumptivescrapie agent. Scrapie and several11¢ rmed te animal diseases have been[ t erMed "slow virus infections". Hadni`'Nv s lead was followed up by Dr.er eaidusek and his co-workers at the11J ' N ational Institutes of Health at Bethn•eusda in the USA who, in 1965, reportedel t..0 successful transmission of kuru tolac ultuPanzees after intracerebral inocu-• t1On of brain tissue from human[0 victims su of kuru. By 1967 they hadeceeded in passaging the disease injellunPanzees, with a shortening of theile ubation period from two years toel 13°I.lt 12 months. More recently, the,"a!lle workers have reported the transt'Iss ion of Jakob-Creutzfeldt diseaseif) chimpanzees and there has also beenar an unconfirmed report of the transrs'tnU i tai ssion of kuru to mice. Kuru andakub- Creutzfeldt disease may thus1 ,,14,1ifY as the first slow-virus infectionsti` b e identified in man.ana ibalism: a key to the problemr 5 tilellcmv was kuru transmitted throughPore area? Why has it not spreadadiCtside the immediate Fore area?4 hY has kuru been so uncommon init thd ult men ? A key to the solution ofqgiese problems was provided by Dr.s,,lasse and Shirley Glasse who preco)evidence that kuru had spread11( through e . the Fore area as a result of thekatinnibalism of the dead bodies ofYoh ru Patients by Fore women and'flg children.The theory that the disease spreadafter an epidemic of cannibalism ofkuru victims is both intriguing andpowerful. It can account for the slowspread of kuru from village to village,the rarity of kuru in older males, thefamilial aggregation of cases, and thelimitation of kuru to the Fore area.From a study of genealogies and fromhistorical inquiry in Fore villages it hasbeen possible to deduce that theincubation period of kuru in individualsexposed simultaneously may rangefrom four years up to 20 or more years.Thus the disappearance of childhoodkuru, the increasing average age ofkuru patients, and the recently observeddecline in incidence of thedisease may all be delayed effects ofthe suppression of cannibalism duringthe 1950s.How did kuru come into beingamong the Fore? Why have othercannibal peoples in New Guinea andelsewhere not been affected by diseasessuch as kuru ? Did a unique slow virusevolve locally as a consequence of thecannibalistic passage of human tissues?Or are the Fore uniquely susceptibleto an otherwise harmless slow virus ?I have been able to show that the riskof kuru is almost as high in womenrelated by marriage as it is in womenrelated genetically to kuru index cases,even in areas where kuru is uncommon.This finding suggested that the environmentalfactor (probably kurucannibalism) was more important thanany genetic factors in determiningindividual liability to kuru within theFore area.Cannibalism thus seems to be asufficient explanation for the familialaggregation of kuru and there is noneed to postulate any geneticallydetermined susceptibility to the kuruagent. I have therefore suggested thatthe localization of kuru to the Forearea is not due to a unique geneticconstitution among the Fore peoples,but rather to the local evolution of aunique transmissible agent spread bycannibalism.Possible patterns of behaviourKuru is still the greatest social andpublic health problem faced by theFore people. If the kuru agent isunable to spread in the absence ofcannibalism, the incidence of kuru willcontinue to decline rapidly and thedisease should disappear within thenext decade or so. A possible alternativeis that, in the absence of cannibalism,the kuru agent could be transmittedvertically (from mother tooffspring) or horizontally to give kuruafter a longer incubation period. Thedisease would then become endemicamong adult men and women.Hitherto, progress in understandingthe pathogenesis of the slow virusinfections such as kuru has been tardyand the hope that the disease is burningitself out may well represent the bestprospect for the Fore people. a

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A Statement of ConscienceAlan ClaytonYour Worship I amappearing before you todaybecause of notice given by theCommonwealth of Australia,Form 8, National Service Act,that my presence should be sorequired at 10 o'clock in the

forenoon. This is to hear my applicationfor registration as a conscientiousobjector. I find this anannoying procedure because I don'tregard my position so unusual as towarrant examination in a legal menagerie.I find it somewhat ironical that Ishould find myself in the same dock,for objecting to be part of an institutionthat trains to kill, as others find themselvesfor the act of killing. I am remindedof Camus' comment that "Orithe day when crime puts on the apparelof innocence, through a curious reversalpeculiar to our age, it is innocencethat is called on to justifyitself'. It seems strange to me thatthose who believe in the immoralityand futility of armed force should besubject to pressing scrutiny, as thoughsome type of moral prostitute, whereasthe prevailing belief, or possibly moreaccurately, the prevailing myth ofthe sanctity of armed force, remains asacred cow to which all should bow inunquestioned allegiance.I am not apologetic about my stand.While it may not present itself tosociety as a self-evident truth, I believethat it is the only stand consistent withany notion of humanity. Indeed I don'tconsider this so much a hearing forregistration as a conscientious objectoras a hearing for registration as a humanbeing. I insist on this latter designationbecause I do not see anything particularlyspecial about my attitude. Myattitude to war is not an ad hocappendage to my personality but anintegral part of my own Weltanschaung.I take my stand by man. I believe thatthe classic liberal statements reflectingthe dignity of man are something morethan mere rhetoric, but goals for whichwe should aim.What relation does this have to myappearance before you today? I donot deny the existence of the state.Man is not an island. He is a part ofsociety and as such has duties as wellas privileges. He has a private realmand a public role. The line betweenthese two states is a difficult one todraw. However I have no difficulty indelimiting an absolute datum linebeyond which the individual is supremeand into which the state cannotencroach. It is that the state can haveno claim to an individual's life. Theindividual's life is his own affair. Thestate cannot demand that a person givehis life for it or kill in its name.The recognition of this principleentails a respect for an individual's lifeboth by other individuals and by theState. It means that every individual22must affirm the right to life of everyother individual. Similarly it meansthat we must oppose intrusions by theState into this area whether in the formof the legalised barbarism of capitalpunishment or the coerced patriotismand sacrifice of war. Thus in appearingbefore you today, Your Worship, I amaccusing the State of trespassing in anarea from which it is absolutely prohibited.I am reaffirming the fact thatthe individual's life is his own businessand not a pawn in the game of internationalpolitics.However, the concept of the sanctityof life is only one side of the coin.The other is the brotherhood of man.This is the recognition that despite theirobvious differences all men are membersof the one world community. Ithas found expression in Article 1 of"I find it somewhat ironicalthat I should find myselfin the same dock, forobjecting to be part of aninstitution that trains tokill, as others find themselvesfor the act ofkilling."the Universal Declaration of HumanRights that "all human beings areborn free and equal in dignity andrights. They are endowed with reasonand confidence and should act towardsone another in a spirit ofbrotherhood."This is not a concept which shouldbe construed narrowly. In its negativeform it is a re-expression of the conceptof the sanctity of life. Thus to try toend someone's existence by the mostsophisticated means at one's disposalmerely because his government disagreeswith mine is obviously not actingin accordance with any spirit ofbrotherhood.The positive and wider expressioninvolves lifting ourselves beyond theconstricting atmosphere of the nationstate to view the world as a whole. Itinvolves a questioning of the presentselfish situation of an affluent western {,`" ttaation of the Third World. Unfortutv reately, the usual response to these is,propositions is that they are all right irlorimust be guided by realism and prat cItmatism.I would reassert vigorously that ro) 41'position is first and foremost one 01 apprinciple based on the sanctity of life wi130because the achievement of a lastirliand meaningful peace will only bi t,made on the basis of principle aneconscience and not on the shiftini 1311AP1I think it was John Kenneth Gal' abO'COpower as an idea whose time has comeThus I feel a certain confidence inentering the arena where militarism haheld sway for so long because I helieve that I represent an idea whose Thtime is dawning. I think that the resodto armed force as a sane policy optiOilhas been cannabalized by its ovif reis, I take it, defence. That is it is aimed 117.4However today it promises only des' autttruction and potential annihilation )The defence establishment now realist sal thlthat instead of an obedient child the) i fhave reared a Frankenstein monsteomeThere is the continual danger that outmodern day Paltonic Guardians nos' h 11resident in the Pentagon and "eKremlin have fully internalized theilrhetoric of kill and overkill and wi lbcarry their Dr. Strangelove role to dological conclusion.The horror of nuclear war tends t o -make people think that a return to aJr`good old conventional warfare' would, pvntths'thevents like these would be worse 0 w (any future conventional war. The In°praconventional war. It is merely rippini 6`csc7!of metal, burning his wife and childr_.i erwith the searing fat of napalm, maims exting his relatives in a spray of pellet thfrom anti-personnel weapons, starvilli tr, ehis friends through defoliating thel , "itl' pi,„41 ib 'to believe that this is an honouralr cr te e .and gentlemanly course of action? v lireason for the prevalence of this MY' el

•en' „was most clearly grasped by Alberterri Ca mus when he attributed it to theou , fact that many people are "unable toun,Les really imagine other people's death. Ite is," he said, "a freak of the times. Weghl make love by telephone, we work notnid on matter but on machines, and we killies and are killed by proxy. We gain inag, c leanliness but lose in understanding."My description of the nature of warmy may have seemed emotive. I offer no01 apology. The obscenity of war and itslife Whole barbarous nature must be ex-„osi Posed and must be exposed constantlypee and not allow itself to be reduced to thevini cold impersonality of strategic doctrine.be We are dealing with people, their lives,Inc their futures, their defects, their as-Pirations. That is why I find it strangeWhen I am accused of dealing withiai a bstractions and not realities. For asud Evan Thomas has said, the genuineate co nscientious objector "is not runningio away from the facts nor indifferent tohay them. In war he sees for millions ofbe , People, lies, waste, hunger, starvationost and death. These are verifiable facts.;oil The theorists are those who tell us weto, kill for some abstraction like,v l Jr freedom, edom, patriotism or democracy.”iicy Your Worship you may say thisnet play be so but that I have been purelyity the in approach dealing only withles the obscenity of war without makinganY positive suggestions. Firstly I wouldiis( say that I do not agree. In fact I thinkhe) that it would be a momentous advanceter+ if everyone clearly faced the issue of0 0 Modern war. I feel sure that when the00 aura t of legitimacy and chivalry iso Pierced people will see war for what it isleV naked brutality. However YourWorship, you may agree but insist thati0 I be more specific. What, you may ask(I , .0 You do in a Hitler-type situation ?to MY first reaction is why did a HitlertotYPe situation develop ? This is notold a voiding the question but merelylet Putting it in context. For how was itco that such a puny demented individualio :.-13ne warped man—could throw theno world into such terror? People as amass are extremely cautious and notin) pronenasto extremist postures, a fact thatit led more than one politicalter sbcientist to call them the anchor of the2c1Y politic. Thus in our societylet' mist candidates are snubbed atini the ballot box, in favour of the calmi ei tranquility of the two party system.ine In times of crisis people are not soint' i n and Germany in 1933 wasit a state of crisis. Not only had shebye been settled with the humiliation and1 11' e riPPling • reparations of the Treaty ofyl! Versailles but of all the Europeancountries she was hardest hit by theGreat Depression. Hitler was able toappeal to the national guilt of theGerman people by promising to restoreGermany's greatness. Thus responsibilityfor Hitler's rise can in large partbe levied at the vindictive treatment ofGermany by the victorious.The rise to power of fanatics likeHitler and Mussolini is a symptom ofa far deeper malaise in the internationalsystem. It is like opening almonds witha sledge hammer. The sacrifice ofmillions of lives leaves the actualdisease untouched. It means that wemust look beyond the nation state andfocus on a world perspective. Onlywhen there is an equitable distributionof resources and true international cooperationto prevent situations wherefanaticism can flourish will we expunge"That though fearing war,men have never truly andardently desired peace.Peace is not obtained byfighting but by actingpeaceably."the conditions which maintain thevirus of the war.Your Worship, you may interrupt tosay that this may well be so, but thisis not very helpful in a Hitler-typesituation. Very well let us suppose thatAustralia is attacked by country X.What are we to do? You may say thatwe should resist with armed forcewhich may result in either one or aseries of encounters with troops fromcountry X. Now with the presentdevelopment of armed technology, theresult of such clashes will hardly leavean edifying landscape. The results willbe so devastating that the outcome ofany such encounter is unlikely to beother than inconclusive. Thus even ifwe could claim on some scale that wewere victorious I believe that thelosses which would be sustained wouldrender any such victory Pyrrhic. ThusI think that the only realistic alternativethat we have is that of civilian resistance.This does not mean acting as adoor mat over which the invadingforces wipe their feet. Quite to thecontrary it involves active efforts tomake the country ungovernable, todeny or at least frustrate the invadingcountry's control.One of the great strengths of such astrategy is that it involves personalcontact, It is much easier to be uninhibitedabout bombing a city fromthe detached position of a B52 thanfiring on a demonstration in thestreets of a city at which you have livedfor some time as a garrison soldier.Russian tank commanders chose executionrather than obey an order todrive over Czech students lying in frontof their tanks in 1968. It should beremembered that it was the GermanShipping Attache in Copenhagen whoforewarned Danish political leaders ofplans to arrest Denmark's Jews. Thismade possible the escape of nearly thewhole Jewish population into Sweden.I don't believe that anyone of sanedisposition, not even the generals andadmirals, blatantly enjoys the prospectof war. However when we look at therecord of the human race the periodsof real peace have been few and ofshort duration. To explain this situationI think we have to agree withHenry Miller, "that though fearingwar, men have never truly and ardentlydesired peace. I do earnestly desirepeace and what intelligence I have tellsme than peace is not obtained byfighting but by acting peaceably."Only by keeping the peace and thebuilding of a humane global societyconstantly in mind, will we render thequestion of war obsolete. If we couldsomehow only be prepared to expendas much energy in peaceful directionsas we presently do toward militaryactivities.Your worship, I do not claim thatcivilian resistance offers a magicalsolution. There are uncertainties. HoweverI think that the positive resultswhich have flowed from its haphazardoperation to date are likely to bemagnified if it were implemented on asystematic basis. There may be risks inabandoning conventional means andnotions of defence. I believe it is worthtaking the gamble. In the traditionalsituation there is much more than risksas history so blatantly shows. Thereare certainties. Certainties of recurrentwarfare and strong possibilities ofglobal annihilation.23

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WOMEN'SLIBERATIONby Liz Elliott. Honours medical student, FormerMiss Medicine and Miss University 1969, Artist,photographic model, political thinker and doer,cartoonist, editor of student magazines, founderof Medical Socialists, boundless energy, etc. etc.►Sex, like psychology before it becamea science, is a difficult subject toPose in any sort of academic way. Formatters of sex, we are all, of course,e xperts, qualified to assert withoutu nderstanding.Relationships between the sexes are; 11 fact immensely complex. By andl arge women are subjugated in thisProcess in that she effaces herself forpurposes not defined by herself., Yet in all history no subjugate classh as been so integrated into the oppressingclass. Most women identify witht he concerns that act to suppress them.heir aims, let alone the stunted selfd efinition, limits their horizons andre inforces the rationale of continuingsu bservience. The sexual identity thats ociety imposes on men also serves tore inforce the suppression of women, anespecially attractive proposition to mena society built on hierarchy andcompetition.„ Over the last hundred years womenhave had a long history of struggle. But`° quote Beverly Lehman,One of the mistakes which kept the'omen's rights movement from developing more revolutionary goals andt actics was not only the single issue ofthe vote: rather it was their definitionof women as mothers, rather thanhuman beings which led them awayfrom challenging the roots of theiroppression and into the quagmire ofreformist idealogy, social work andcharity roles. Or to bring present understandingto this question theirdefinition of women perpetrated sextyping".It is this question of self-definitionwhich is crucial. Women as a marginalgroup accept the standards of thedominant group. As a female studentyou are seen by the community asfemale first, student second. But withmale students it's the other way round.The reason for this is the notion of'individual' is male. "Masc. and Feminineare used symmetrically as amatter of form. In actuality . . . manrepresents both positive and neutral,as indicated by the use of Man todesignate human beings in general,whereas woman represents only thenegative. Thus, humanity is male andwoman is not herself but relative toman. She is the supernummery boneof Adam; an abberation of thesubject Man".Women are trained to live vicariouslyand to seek her identity in terms ofthe man she gets. She is 'a doctor'swife', John's bird, Sir Archibald'sLady (but a Dame's husband is ahusband) and mother of three lovelychildren. A woman who seeks fulfilmentoutside these roles is an "oldmaid" or "frustrated bitch", and thereare more epithets if she is successfule.g."domineering", "lesbian".This is extended into her attitude toherself as a worker. It is not considereda woman's right to work, it is for pinmoney, 'to get out of the home'. Awoman who has worked for thirtyyears still does not consider herself a'real' worker, her job is incidental toher 'real' occupation and as such itsnature is unimportant to her. This isthe basis for the lack of even a tradeunion consciousness among womenworkers, and the basis of the employer'sarguments to deny her right tofight for better conditions.The most insidious weapon used tokeep women in subservient social andpersonal roles is that complex set ofbehavioural modes known as "femininity". beeply embedded into thefemale consciousness are well learntrestrictions and expectations boundup with her self identification as aperson. Feelings of physical and emotionalweakness, concern for detail

ather than totalities, and the desire topresent a face to the world rather thanto act on and interact with it, arecommon feminine "traits".Edna O'Brien in her recent visit toAustralia said :"It is biological, I feel sure. It hasalways been the man who has said "1will shoot a bird, I will build a boat,I will marry this woman" and: "Youknow, there is an unfairness betweenthe sexes and it's primarily biologicaland psychological. Women grow oldersooner than do men. Giving birth andall that is a fulfillment but its also aduration of quietness and pain, butabove all, of disparity. No matter howliberated, a woman has to confine herobsessions to the cause of love, sex,and perhaps, motherhood. A man distributeshis and channels it in manyother ways.""It's not that a woman wouldn'tbut she can't. if 1 were given a magicwish I'd ask for a greater liberationfrom my needs and they are love, sex,and emotional circumferencing—a needto feel wanted. And there are otherthings. One is vulnerable to one's ownpersonality. There are times when Ishould be ruthless but I am not becauseI cannot be, it is not in me."These words represent a tragedy.And it is not the trivial suffering ofthe middle-class woman concernedwith her own honky privileges. It isthe tragedy of women of all classes,the tragedy that Edna O'Brien's novelsare really about . . . the unliberatedwoman who sees her sex as a disaster,the woman who feels condemned byher own biology.Yet this condition is cultural, notinnate. American anthropologistMargaret Mead has shown in hervarious studies the greater importanceof culture rather than biology. " . . . theArapesh, where both men and womenwere 'feminine' and 'maternal' inpersonality and passively sexual, becauseboth were trained to be cooperative,unaggressive, responsive tothe needs and demands of others; theMundugumor, where both husbandand wife were violent, aggressive,positively sexed, 'masculine', and theTohambuli, where the woman was thedominant, impersonal managing partner,and the man the less responsibleand emotionally dependant person."Women are exploited in their role ashousewives and mothers. Essentiallythey reduce the cost of maintaining thework force.Women provide an enormousamount of socially necessary and26economically valuable labour withoutfinancial reward. This labour is essentiallypre-exchange type of production—it is kinship based, without preciseexchange value, serving multiple functionsand is reduplicated throughout thesociety.Any renumeration for the hoursspent in housework would mean amassive distribution of wealth and asthis is unacceptable in a capitalistsociety, women continue to labour asunpaid workers.Most people admit that the Australianworker has in a strictly materialsense a passable standard of living.Yet a worker is harassed in other waysthan his pay envelope. Made into arobot at the job, he is denied securityand is forced to pay for insurance orcan rarely save enough to protect"the unliberated womanwho sees her sex as adisaster, the woman whofeels condemned by herown biology."himself against sudden loss or emergency.The medical care he receives isskimpy and expensive, his environmentis polluted and ugly, his educationand that of his children is stultifying,competitive and frustrating . . . it preparesthem for a narrow slot, or for thevast majority, for nothing. Socialoutlets are usually minimal.The prospect of his impoverishedold age is frightening. For Aboriginalsand non-English speaking migrants,institutionalized and personal discriminationcauses fear and resentment.Many Australians live a day to dayexistence their only outlet being thebooze.In all these areas it is the womanwho makes up for the failures of thesystem. In countless working classfamilies the women's wages bridge thegap between subsistence and a reason-able way of life. It is her function to a treceive each night children disgruntled. fowith their whole personalities progres' fosively becoming more brutalized by thei mmschool system, and a husband and thworking children alienated and aggress' toive; to pacify them, to salvage their Aldamaged personalities, to bear the wIbrunt of the viscissitudes of this trysociety. It is the women who must w(struggle daily against inflation, makeiends meet to the extent of filling her w(mind with supermarket specials, doe' se;tor's bills and endless lists of trivial Fl;necessities. Her ability as a person is thejudged by the success of her family and thindirectly, her success at helping themembers of her family to adjust t 0 huharsh realities. She therefore transmits' atthe values of hard work and conformity dato successive generations. It is she wild jugforces her children to stay in sc hool stiand behave and who urges her husbandnot to risk his job by standing up t° methe boss or going on strike.anIn upper middle class homes, the Ca:woman must again provide emotiona ldosustenance for a husband overloaded ihwith responsibilities and caught in the t ofhard competitive world of businesswhere a front must be maintained at hoall times.arc"Thus the role of wife and mother is Prione of social mediator and pacifier airShe shields her family from the directedimpact of class oppression. She is the detrue opiate of the masses."1And through all this strain, the grea;litomajority of working class marita' anrelationships degenerate to antagonisti cfo(conflicts of needs. The woman takingthe part of defender of the children sofe needs against the holder of the incom retand property.ex ]Few University women know theworst of the working class girl s Juge condition. To quote from McAffe rnaand Wood again :ter"They do not understand the anxiou s Yetstruggle of an uneducated girl to fin en(3.51the best of the available men be("The Man" for financial security an',he rfor escape from a crowded and re,'d, Piapressive home. They have not suffere ma; for years in fear and ignorance and Pr(helplessness about the probability ° abiunwanted pregnancy. Few have ertwoperienced constant violence and drunk'Wileness of a brutalized father. They ci0not know the day to day reality ° ad,418being chained to a house with littlemoney and lots of bills, with no divers"! ualions but the T.V. Few universitywomen have to experience 9 hourswoday of hard labour, carrying hea'l urtitrays for rude customers who may leav e the

toed.theiend;ss•heirthehisusiikeher[ridthetotits'tit),hoDo!Ltidtothenalledheesstatrer,eel:bebe-Isfeeasndre' ,edridofdooftler5)Veg ,a tip, but leave a feeling of degradationfor their sexual remarks and all thisfor $30 a week. Most University womenhave not learned to blank outtheir minds for 7 hours a day in orderto type faster or file endless numbers.All whilst watching their school-peers,who happen to be male and were nottrained for typing, move on to brainWork and creative jobs."Women have low status because theWork most of them do is outside thescale of value accepted in this society.Half the human race irrespective ofthe talents of the individuals withinthat half, is assigned to the houseduties. Ever heard of a "househusband?" Imagine if most young menat 20 were expected to stay home allday, week after week with onlyJuvenile minds and excrement forst imulation."In most cases, housework is theMost unproductive, the most savage,and the most arduous work a womancan do. It is exceptionally petty anddoes not include anything that wouldIn any way promote the developmentof the woman."For most women the early years ofh ousework with small children area rduous. Having spent her youthPriming herself for this role, she hasalready missed out on much of thee ducation, formal or otherwise, whichdevelops an adult sexual being. Sincea girl loses nothing by not contributingt ° "difficult situations" and debatesand loses very heavily for putting herfoot in it, embarrassing her current'hale owner and breaking the crystalOfher complete sexual image, sheretires from many potentially valuableex periences. The boys forge on. Theears of mind killing baby rearingJu xtaposed with the necessity to remainleave her far, far behind int erms of adult development. When theYears of urgent housework come to anend, at the age of 30-38 many womenbecome conscious of a great uselessrless.Since the jobs available arePoorly paying and degrading, themajority of wives who can afford to,Proceed to compensate for their inabilities by making a fetish of house-Work and sanctifying the holy mother-W ife family respect etc. mores.This is the woman advertisinga dores. Unpractised in critical think-111 g, eager to add to her waning sexualityand totally dependant on theesteem of others, especially her man'sW oman is also the central consumption11,1_11t. 'Creative' housework—YOU addthe goodness of one fresh egg and`phenomenal' housework not justwhite but whiter than white are aimedat deluding the woman into centeringher life in the home. In her book`The Feminine Mystique' Betty Friedanreveals stated policy of advertisingconventions and companies of the1950's being to stem the exodus fromthe homes in the 30's and 40's and toturn women into passive productdependant creatures. Enormous campaignsalong these lines were successful—and for the first time in historywomen other than aristrocrats consideredit natural to spend all daydoing, essentially, nothing. There wasan absolute decline in numbers ofwomen working, especially in moreresponsible jobs. The numbers ofAmerican women receiving higherdegrees declined below those of the"Imagine if most youngmen at 20 were expectedto stay home all day, weekafter week with only juvenileminds and excrementfor stimulation."30's. We are still recovering from theonslaught of consumer industry in the50's women are slowly waking up.The satisfaction in fact afforded bythese sublimated role-games is dubious.One of the greatest drug problems inAustralia at the moment, is the largeproportion of housewives addicted tosedatives of various types.Women psychiatric patients far outnumbermale patients, especially for`neurotic disorders'.Women, of course, are also exploitedsexually. Magazines like Playboy,Male, King's Cross Whisper, Girlsand Gags, and advertisements forevery conceivable product portraywomen as simply sex objects ratherthan human beings. Capitalism perpetratesthis concept, of a female as asex object, demeaning sex to a one-waytit-ogling compulsion, co-opting thesex drive for profits. Women as wellas men accept this sexual role andespecially as working class girls spendenormous amounts of energy and timeeroticizing themselves and simultaneouslymen and women strive for afrigid self-seeking sex.Girls especially of migrant parentsare denied information about birthcontrol and sex and at school thesubject is shrouded in morality. All ourliterature etc. designed for youngpeople mystifies the marriage conceptand places the sexes in stereotype roles.Women's Liberation Movement believesthat for total emancipation ofmen and women a revolution inthought, life style and means of productionis necessary. Only in a trulysocialist society can sexual and parentalrelations be free and non-neurotic.That is, the bonds between people mustbe of affection and mutual use-value,without neurotic adherence to formalitiesand tradition. Such bondswould be enriched by equality of thesexes, an end to alienating worksituations and by community facilitiesfor recreation and education. Fullstate support for children and incapacitatedpersons must be assured :so that experiments in various formsof social-sexual relationships can involvepeople of different inclinations.Lastly, community activities for thecommunal care of young and provisionof cheap meals, available to allfamily groupings would allow bothsexes to choose careers and livingstyles based on individual capacity. Atall stages community activities must bedemocratically controlled by the participants.In other words, I would not want tolay down a prescription for liberatedlife-patterns. But for these to be noncoerciveand free, State support for alland community-wise living will haveto be available at all times.The transformation of the presentfamily based society to a sexuallyunrestrainedcommunity-caring societywill not be automatic with revolution.It is dependant on the revolution andthe proceeding period of heightenedconsciousness but even after the revolutionold prejudices will be slow indisappearing and likely to reassertthemselves in new organizations andlegislation. I believe the nature ofState Care will be as an underwriting,an insurance and an alternative forseveral generations, before the peoplenaturally choose life styles based onrevolutionary praxis.27

OurMedical Centre**,—Architecturally speakingIn the design of the new MedicalCentre, the Architects—Mockridge,Stahle and Mitchell have evolved aplan shape which continues the regularbuilding pattern along Royal Parade,presents an elegant facade to GrattanStreet and sweeps close to the HowardFlorey Building so that the Departmentof Physiology has close connection toit. The Architects have also consideredit necessary in such a crowded campus,to be 'architecturally well mannered' tothe neighbours and therefore a numberof subtle details and architecturalfeatures such as the rounded tops tothe columns, the colour of windowframes and glass are similar to theHoward Florey Building which is theclosest and most handsome neighbour.The tri-radiate plan shape with itsjunction of lifts, stairs and toiletsdivide the disciplines into three blocks;Physiology to the north, Anatomy tothe East and Pathology & ExperimentalNeurology to the West.The formal entrance to the buildingis the symmetric centre of the GrattanStreet facade and gives direct access toMedical Administration, the lifts andstairs and the Main Lecture Theatre.Generally, students teaching facilitiesand laboratories have been kept to thelower levels and double stairs to thesefloors in the central core give easytraffic flow. Research and Staff officesand Laboratories occupy the upperfloors. The ceilings of the lower floorsare 14 ft. high as they contain largeareas such as Museums, DissectingRoom, minor Lecture Theatres, studentteaching Laboratories etc. Upperfloors have 10 ft. ceilings.28There are two electron microscopesuites in the building and specialstructural measures have had to betaken to eliminate vibration. A sophisticatedsystem of air-conditioning hasbeen necessary in these suites and insome other special areas of the building.Shielded rooms, hot rooms andcold rooms, isotope rooms and twooperating theatres, provision for closedcircuit T.V. throughout, have alladded to the complexity of this mostcomplicated building.The two main Lecture Theatresopen from the central core to thenorth/east and are planned one abovethe other. The lower Theatre, atground level will mainly be used byAnatomy and Pathology and will seat325. The upper Theatre will seat 275,and will be used mainly by Physiology.Both Theatres have been treatedacoustically, are wired for closed circuittelevision which may be connected toany part of the building or the adjacentMelbourne Hospital or DentalHospital, and are equipped with bioboxesand screens for showing normalfilms or slides and also comparativeprojection. Motorized chalk boardsand well equipped demonstrationbenches with adjoining Preparationrooms will make these theatres equalto any in the world. All Theatres inthe building have padded seats andfolding writing slabs.There are three fast passenger liftsin the centre of the Building and shaftshave been provided for two more.Separate service lifts are also provided.The building which has six floorsplus a basement is of reinforced con-crete frame construction with tworows of central columns. Columns)are at 15 ft. centres. The structure hasbeen designed to take two extra floors.The building which is heated bysteam brought under Royal Paradcfrom the Royal Melbourne Hospital•is a maze of pipe ducts. Vertical ductsoccur at 15 ft. centres on external wallsand centrally throughout all wingsHorizontal ducts are below windowsills and centrally where they oftenform false ceilings to the corridors.Compressed air, vacuum, gas WO'hot and cold water is piped throughou tare the Centre and some isolated areassupplied with oxygen. There is a greatamount of plastic piping and all fumecupboards are plastic with glass fronts.Special areas are air conditioned andother parts of the building such asTheatres etc. are mechanically vent&ated.In order to produce this complebuilding, the Architects have had °Ilarge team of assistants constant 0engaged on detail drawings over thepast three years. They have producedin excess of 4000 drawings. In additionto this, the various Consultants haveproduced many hundreds of supplementary drawings. Constant supervision has been necessary to ensurethat the users requirements have beenmet. The building which commence °,construction in November, 1965, wool''be higher than Princes Gate We s, ,:Tower if built on the same area. Pused 1,440,240 bricks, has 1126 do orsand a half a mile of corridors.J. P. Mockridge

CAGEIwoinsias,rs•ide %itsillsgs.As I wander through the dark and lonely streets,long shadows fall.Cast only by the pale dim lights of the street lamps.The light glints on the tram lines,and the black stained trees that line the street.How I long for my hill,where the spires of man's glory are far in the distance,stop signs, tall buildings, petrol pumpsSo many things to hate.The world can be a lonely place,when they take away the beauty.B. E. Cole 5th Year) ANrnd)111ire;atlieto.ndas;i1'e%heonsicire,ened;stIt1f5HOECHSTDIABETICSERVICEForemost in the field of diabetes researchand service to the medical profession,Hoechst Australia Limited proudly announcethe availability of their new oral antidiabetic agent.Dao ml• minimum dosage• maximum efficacy• optimal tolerance• the new keyto the release ofi g hbenciam,de ) endogenous insulinDAONIL, the result of testing some 8,000 compounds,is a further extension of the Diabetic Service of Hoechst.trial kits: freely available for the stabilization of patientsclinical notes: covering all facets of diabetes and its treatmentpatient service: including instructive books and diet servicefilms: a wide variety of medical and general films are availabletechnical assistance: the Hoechst Medical Department will assistin any problem encountered.All the above are available on request toThe Diabetic SectionHoeschst Australia Limited,P.O. Box 4300 G.P.O., Melbourne, Vic., 3001.H01664/FPC

"We expect too much of the student, and try toteach him too much. Give him good methods anda proper point of view, and all other things will beadded as his experience grows."Sir William Osier."It's about bloody time you jokers realised thatyou're here to learn things, not to frig about."Dr. Norman Beischer (ex R.W.H.)LECTURE THEATRE I,...11101,4t1.9

Don't be led around by the nose.MUMUS Co-operative supplies medical students anddoctors with all their academic needs. Medical texts,reference books and paperbacks, as well as stethoscopesand ophthalmoscopes are available. They are the firstbook and instrument suppliers to extend the 10%students' discount to all instruments as well as books.Telephone, write or call for all your book and instrumentreq uirements.MUMUS Co-operative Limited,Monash Medical School,Commercial Road,Prahran. Vic. 3181'.Telephone 51 0281 ext. 2792TMUMUSCO-OPERATIVE LTD.Telephone: 89 63816 LinesAUSTRALIAN LOCUM MEDICAL SERVICEA.L.M.S. PTY. LTD."THE LOCUM SERVICE"1B Hamilton Street,Mont Albert, 3127SURGICAL MANUFACTURING CO. PTY. LTD.MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERSSURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, HOSPITAL & INVALID FURNITUREDRUGS, CHEMICALS & PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTSINSTRUMENTS FOR CLINICAL EXAMINATION191 LYGON STREET, CARLTON, VICTORIA, 305331

PANSYOur Medical Faculty has recentlylost from the staff one of its mostcolorful and controversial members.He is Professor R. D. (Pansy) Wright,Professor of Physiology until his recentappointment as Medical Director ofthe Peter McCallum Institute.Over a period of 45 years, Prof.Wright's highly individual approach tohis work has generated a wealth ofanecdote, true and apocryphal.Born to a farming family in Tasmania,"Pansy" (as in chimp) Wrightbegan the study of medicine there, andcame to Melbourne University in 1925.He completed his undergraduate coursein 1929, gaining many honours andprizes on the way. Two years aftergraduation he assisted Dr. ThomasCherry who, with a long background ofagricultural experience, was workingon problems of cancer.From 1932-36 he worked in theDepartment of Pathology as Steward,then Senior Lecturer, under ProfessorSir Peter McCallum: at the same timehe was surgeon to outpatients at RoyalMelbourne Hospital.During this period he helped foundthe Victorian Society for Pathology andExperimental Medicine, and guidedresearch which, on publication, receivedthe Syme Prize (1937). For twoyears before the war, he continued hiswork at the Howard Florey laboratoriesof Oxford, leaving Britain toassume the Chair of Physiology here in1939.His association with government andarmed services led to the appointmentof Professor Wright as a foundingcouncillor of the Australian NationalUniversity, a council on which he stillserves. He was a founding member ofthe Cancer Institute in 1947, and in1968, founding director of the AustralianKidney Foundation. Dean ofthe medicine, science and veterinaryscience faculties, he counselled andsupported the faculty of dental science,as well as developing his own department.His publications encompassanatomy, physiology, pathology, surgery,radiology and radiotherapy.On resignation from the Universitythis year, he became Medical Directorof the Peter McCallum Institute, wherehe continues his work."Socrates"A "man with fire in his belly aboutthe university", he was for many yearsa member of the University Council.Variously described as a "gadfly", "themost conservative revolutionary","Socrates", "the power behind appointmentof university officials", healways exposed issues to debate.Whether or not on the right track",he always did his homework, read thepapers, and clarified any obscuritieswith an embarrassing question.Professor Wright, however, describedhis attitude as one of compromise,of "blending the best aestheticswith practical life". This has also beenthe policy of the council. ProfessorWright praised "an overall good job"in providing buildings, staff, unionand club facilities.But Professor Wright's achievementextend beyond the campus. Althougtin his own words, "a very confirrnibloke", he believes "liberty of t1 1individual is sacred"—and will fig1for his principles.In 1951 he challenged the FedeilAnti-Communism Referendum as alattack on civil liberties. At a time 0right politics, he was one of the fe'academics to protest, and lost thfriendship of several colleagues.More recently, he worked extreme!hard to clear Sydney Sparkes Orr,first supporting the issue rather din'the man. Eventually he became Oillegal adviser for the case, and alsused his own resources to support 11Iand his familyFarrago 7-5-SIR LANCELOTOn December 17, 1912 a Mrs.Townsend from Geelong gave birth toa bouncing baby boy called SydneyLancelot. Obviously this was not astudent delivery because young Lancesurvived the ordeal without any injuryto his neurons.Then came his education at BairnsdaleHigh and Melbourne University'sTrinity College. Honours all the wayespecially in Obs. and Gynae. Inaddition Lance played rugby for theUniversity and was awarded a "Blue"for rifle shooting.After collecting assorted degrees andfellowships he enlisted in the Royal32Navy from 1940-46, received theKing's Commendation for Bravery andwas demobilised with the rank ofSurgeon Commander. Get him speakingat a students' sherry party and hewill gladly recount his experiences atsea.As our Professor at the Women'sand the new Dean of the Faculty he hasrecently been created a Knight Bachelor.Professor Sir Lancelot Townsendis married and has four children. Hespends three weeks each year with theRoyal Australian Navy and on therecreational side enjoys sailing, rifleshooting and telling anecdotes.

The Great No-Escape GameYou're Invited toCruise the Worldwith HOPE.nent)tigtrn-WthfigtdeftIs a'rtefe'th!me'rr,th0,011alst hitThis is not a travelogue. This is afactual report on the S.S. HOPE and hertravels. You're invited to come along onone of the greatest adventures of moderntimes.Step aboard. The 520-foot S.S. HOPEis, like many great ships, a self-sufficientfloating city. But, unlike any other ship,HOPE is a complete medical center. No,not just a hospital ship, although thereare 108 beds in her wards—but a medicaluniversity as well.There's bustling activity on HOPE atall times. Not just the treatment of thesick, the neglected and the impoverished—but training, learning, education. Andthat's one of HOPE's major missions—the function of teacher. In HOPE's labo-ratories, classrooms and lecture rooms,vital medical skills are being taught tothose who hunger for information, tothose who are willing to practice self-help.Meet HOPE's crew: doctors, nurses,technicians, medical professionals—mostof whom are volunteers giving of theirtime, donating a portion of their careersto alleviate the suffering in the world.These are practical people. They are nottilting at windmills. They are simplysharing their knowledge. One of the nicestthings about HOPE is that it's a peopleto-peopleventure, a non-profit institutionthat goes only where it's needed,wanted and invited.Read HOPE's log. Since her maidenvoyage in 1960 she has journeyed todeveloping nations on four continents.She has given training to more than 5,100physicians, surgeons, dentists, nurses andmedical technologists. She has giventreatment and comfort to over 129,000men, women and children. She has performedmore than 13,000 major operations.She has benefited more than2,000,000 through immunization. She hascarried over 1,400 volunteers.Take the very next cruise. You'll findit's not a matter of world-hopping. HOPEwill remain in a single port for ten monthsor more. When HOPE finally hoistsanchor, she leaves behind a residue ofgoodwill and knowledge. In fact, a cadreof HOPE volunteers remains to continuetraining programs.A glamour cruise? Far from it. But welike to think that the world needs HOPE.The logistics are these: HOPE sailswith the help of people like you. It takesmoney. Your contribution will help sponsorthe training, residency or internshipof local doctors. It will help train nursesand laboratory technicians in the latestmedical techniques. It will help bring aidand training to the sick, the crippled, andthe neglected and will provide self-helpto those who wish to rise above theirdespair. Send your donation now. Takepart in the next cruise. Your help willgive you a vacation; some real relief fromthe inescapable truth that mankind needsyou.PROJECT HOPE, DEPT. A,WASHINGTON, D.C. 20007.

Below, a little article concerning theadventures and otherwise of certainonce chaste medical students when theytake a pleasant, hormone-stirring,WALK THRU MYERSMyers expensive bazaar, departmentstore come abortion, is easily the bestplace in town for the plebs to spendtheir money. Pretty glass beads andcoloured cloth must surely account forover 95 % of merchandise sold to themesmerised mums, wives of the workers."So what's new ?", a would-beYankee executive retorted. "It takesall types!" Certainly. We could notagree more, but we could not help butfeel as we innocently explored thestore, (in quest of that ever elusivesize 30D bra) that one type predominates.And this type is none otherthan the oft admired, oft abused, andalways fascinating, Kamp.So! Everyone knows that Myers haslong been a haven for homos but wenoticed a very disturbing thing, namely,that the funny little guys are spreadingfrom their natural habitat of thewindows to strategic positions inrooms, lifts, cosy corners, and evenquite exposed areas all over the store.Without consulting Charlie Darwin onthe evolutional significance of this, weimmediately decided it was dangerous.It is now no longer safe to try on apair of pants alone, even though allthose mirrors in the fitting roomsvirtually rule out the possibility of asurprise rear attack. The clothes buyerfaces a dilemma without parallel inman's history. Does he go in alone andrisk it ? Does he take his girl friend inand risk embarrassment? Or does hetake a male friend in for protection,and risk a funny reputation in any case.We cannot begin to supply the answersto these questions, although we didnotice that the presence of a couple offemale writers kept the flits at bay,like soap repels Arabs. Indeed, if ithad not been for the girls, I wouldprobably still be having my inside legmeasured.As our guide we had a former traineeexecutive, and now Humanities studentHe got to know the ins and outs ofMyer life last year, but even he wasastounded at the rapid spread of thecult. Before we went too far, hestopped to give us the real word on thebottom-boys.34"The average poof you see aroundhere is probably not genuine at all. Infact you could quite easily divide theminto three categories. First there is thenaturally femmie guy, who is generallyperfectly normal except he has flittymannerisms. There's a fair few of thesearound and they're not bad blokes. Secondthere are the pseudo-queers. whoare not real biological bummers. Theycultivate a Kamp image because thereal Kamps are normally talentedcreative guys; members of the `in' set.These guys, however, have no talent,and they are easy to pick because theyoverplay it so much. There are hundredsof these guys around and they'repoor buggers. Last, we have the sincereCyrils. These guys need not be feminineat all, and some of them are impossibleto pick. They are intelligent, wittyguys, but are given a bad name by thephony-flits. There are a few of theseguys around, and they're normallygreat blokes."Really? Everyone had a sudden urgeto find a pseudo-poof and rubbish himto death. Our little group surgedthrough the crowd. "There's one!!"One of the girls had spotted him dressinga female dummy. The helplesscreature was instantly surrounded byseven intrepid Kamp-watchers. Hetwitched nervously."Stuff, what a fairy!""Look at his plucked eyebrows"."Bet he wishes it was a male dummy !""What a squirmy little mouth!""A Richard Hudnut boy, obviously !"He was so fabricated that he almosttranscended reality, which could accountfor these objective little gemsbeing dropped no more than three feetfrom his little ear drums. We werejerked back to reality when the poorthing turned a most delicate shade ofpetticoat pink, and we reluctantlymoved away, realising that even quasiqueershave some feelings.Nevertheless, we were gripped by flitfever, and leaving our first fairy in atrembling heap we set off in search ofa King Kink. The thick crowd made ithard to pinpoint the poofs, but we perseveredand cornered several, and evenwent so far as to interview one. Hisfunny little answers were quite amusirlibut quite unprintable, not because the)were obscene but because they were sevague. (Mind you, he thought we wellfrom "Farrago"). He did come toearth once though, when asked what h'thought of the Queen."Exquisite creature," he sighed, witt ia far-off look behind his eyeshadow.Nirvana!!!Fair enough, we thought, and de'cided to call it a day, But then rhappened. We turned a corner, anesaw him before us, rapturously arrang'ing jockettes in the undie display. Hesurely was the perfect pseudo-poofFaultless from the top of his Gossamersprayed bouffant flaxen hair, to thibottom of his form fitting lemon gree0,suit. Complete to the last flutter of ar -eyelash. He was, to we Kamp watcherswhat Kent is to a smoker. We stooespeechless, drinking in every frilldetail. It was he who made the firsmove. His lip curled when he sa v"Groucho" holding hands with orieof the girls. We continued to stareHe arranged some more jockettes, theyhe spoke: "You're really frightfull yrude, you know". Nirvanna! His voidcontained just the right bitchy not eHere was unquestionably the pseud° Mepoof of a lifetime.MBreathlessly I tried to focus 1 -Prcamera, but my hands were shaking 0 p'a emuch with excitement. The others wed rstill in raptures. Then the publi, ( no°1I, it vChandler, urgent telephone call; PhY' ;lis Chandler". Immediately our fai f/ ■\, ,01wardesk, picked up the receiver and begat. t e r'chatting. We were dumbfounded all( halfconfused. One of the girls began to crySlowly we turned towards the door 0 6 c,,filed out in solemn silence. Not a word fro tcampus. Everyone was thinking abolJ,Phyllis. Our ideals were shattere ddoubt filled our minds. Probablywill never know what exactly it MasVi, 3But one thing is sure. Next time ;1 114:go alone into the fitting rooms l e l g, sFRO 4111

zsinEthe)re scwerttiatWltlw.HENRYde''n i l ,01allFle 11■oofmeruEztl# Sreed,er,.:00('rill!'firssa,by Chris Oatesori‘tarethe71,111)o0iote ,,,ide m You have probably never heard ofMarches McCallum's book "Romem'-'arehes On". This volume, whichto‘ pre sented a detailed expose of theve0 ka Pisr Plot to re-establish the Holybli 4 "Ian Empire in Tasmania, wasylII t tev er put on sale. On the night beforehYI 4 wasair) due for release a petrol-soakedVIY Wafer was used to set fire to theail war ehouse in which copies of the bookgat : there stored. McCallum himself wasant 4 e41f victim of a near-fatal attack by aCr) -crazed Jesuit.a0 cif The he above is meant to be illustrative,or‘ ir the danger which Australia facestill1.4 .°11-1 well organized, world-wide bodiesroad tilling to subvert her role as the haven°f A'e Such nglo-Saxon people and culture.vi NI q nefarious groups as the WorldI Thas nnic Brethren, the United Nations,N World Criminal League, and the10'1, ster Bankers of Zurich have alreadyi lac,iiled wide influence in Australia, an0,) , 44tience which is increasing rapidly,ri 11„ ci alarminglyThe war in Vietnam is a primeexample of the dangers we face. Thissupposed conflict is actually a deliberatelyorganized attempt to lure loyalAustralian troops out of the country tofight a supposed Communist threatwhile persons of dubious ethnic originand political beliefs are left behind tounder-mine our glorious way of life.The fact that the Returned Servicemen'sLeague supports the Vietnamwar clearly proves that this supposedlypatriotic organization is in fact a hotbed of subversion. We have all beentold of the fighting in Vietnam by thethe press, but, as anyone knows, thepress in Australia is run by a cohortof Tel Aviv bankers, with the solepurpose of deluding the Australianwith false propaganda. In fact verylittle which is reported in the press everactually happens. I have it on excellentauthority that the recent Israeli-Arabwar in fact never occured, and that thewhole affair was created by the press inorder to cover up for the Socialist-Masonic plot to fill the Suez Canalwith sulphuric acid and so destroy oneof the main lines of communicationbetween Australia and the rest of theAnglo-Saxon world. The British Navyand her armed forces are the greatestbarrier to the plans of the secret worldgovernment in their plans to destroythis country, and had the British Navybeen destroyed in the Suez Canal,Australia would have been doomed.But the subversionists are at work inAustralian domestic fields. The recentanti-hanging campaign had been provokedby a Federation of WorldCriminal Syndicates financed by Swissbanks. They wished to destroy theAustralian rope industry and createeconomic havoc by causing widespreadunemployment among hangmen. Thissame group controls the AmericanSupreme Court, M.I.5, General deGaulle, N.A.T.O., the Jesuits, A.A.P.Reuters and the United Nations securitycouncil. I have information from asecret source that they plan to fieldcandidates in the 1972 Federal Election. . . They already own a half-share inJim Cairns.The recent Federal Referendum waslikewise an example of the infiltrationof alien elements. The Aboriginalquestion was one of major importanceto these elements, and even now theyare still toasting their successes inGeneva.The Aborigines are a proud andunique race (although I wouldn't wantmy daughter to marry one) and intransferring their control from Stateto Federal authorities, the subversionistswished to bring them under thepoisonous influence of the UnitedNations and so use them as a propagandaweapon against us. They wereresoundingly successful and so Australia'speril increases. If the aboriginalpopulation continues growing at itspresent rate (and our population stopsgrowing), by the year 7002 they willoutnumber us. It is indeed a soberingthought.

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What every future doctor should know' about Life InsuranceOccidental and Transamerica LifeUnderwritersun Pty. Limited, GeneralA gents in Australia for Occidental LifeIn surance Company of California, whowrote over $3,800 million of business in1970 and is currently occupying 9thPlace among more than 1,800 life1n surance companies in North America, is promoting the sale of term4. ss urance—the lowest cost form of lifeinsurance. Where other insurance comlargelyshied away from such business,■ a rgely because it isn't as profitable as°ther forms of coverage, Occidentala, re recognised as the pioneers of thistYpe of coverage and have earned thegrudging respect of the industry, and,91ore important the everlasting grat-`i rude of thousands of widows and,orphans for having made term in-'a rance a product that is easy to understandand easy to buy.,, It was in the 1930's that the Corn-E' danY first discovered that properlyt to e s igned—and realistically priced—rrn assurance plans filled a real needIII the market place, and they thenPr oceeded to fill that need.I, C, onipany salesmen began show in gpolicy holders how they could buypro or three times as much purero tection per premium dollar as they1couldage get from cash-value life assur-(.Wh T o overcome the reluctance ofleen to recommend term coverage,the generally offers low commissionsoil Company was among the first toit'er increased financial incentives to\, sales staff. In the process it made the/ 'tat discovery that $200 of annualpremium on term assurance was"almost as profitable" as the sameamount on cash-value insurance.Obviously, cash-value insurance ismore expensive than term assurancebecause a policy holder can borrow onit at current rates of interest. Termassurance carries no borrowing right—it pays off only at death.The present promotion calls for anintelligent use of term assurance. It iscertain that for the average fatherin his 20's or early 30's, trying to raise"For $20 per month hecan buy $100,000 decreasingterm insurance."a family on a tight budget, termassurance is the "only way" he canafford to guarantee his family enoughmoney in the event he dies.At age 27, for example, assuming hecan afford only $18 or $20 per month,he can buy $90,000 to $100,000decreasing term assurance. For thesame money, all he could get in cashvalueinsurance would be $15,000 toto $20,000 worth.Recognizing that term assuranceisn't the answer for everyone, theCompany has designed its policies forconversion to insurance with cash andloan values when the policy holder canafford it.This enables a family man toestablish high cover at a low cost,whilst he is young and healthy, withthe guarantee that he can contributemore later in life, irrespective of hisstate of health at that time.Occidental's insurance sales in theirthree years of operations in Australiahave proven the enthusiastic acceptanceof their new approach to lifeinsurance needs in this country. All lifeassurance and term assurance premiumsup to $1200 per year are anallowable rebate from taxation.Insurance can mean big savings ontax, if you know how to use it. Thehigher the man's salary the moreattention he should pay to insurance.The old days of swallowing cumbersomeWhole of Life policies, paying upand forgetting them as a lifelong debtare going. Insurance now is much moresophisticated than paying on thenever-never for a high sounding sumthe breadwinner will never see andwhich is chopped by tax when he dies.Different people need different typesof insurance.For tax purposes the best payinginsurance is the 10 Year Endowmenttype backed by separate term insuranceon the breadwinner's life.Insurance can pay as much as 23 percent on your investment, counting thetax savings. It depends on your taxscale. A man should take out as muchas he can afford of the $1200 allowedas a taxation deduction.

BLACK POWERFOR AUSTRALIA?Geoff DebelleraPoliticians talk . of assimilation andthe Minister for Immigration wants to"maintain the homogeneity of theAustralian people." Dr. Pittock saysthat we are already a multi-racialsociety but enforce conformity uponourselves by restrictive policies towardsnon-Europeans. And CharlesPerkins has mentioned "Black Power".We don't trouble our heads aboutthis distasteful suggestion. Anyway,we did our bit at the 1967 referendum.Let the Government toy with policyuntil the Aboriginal can learn to liveand think like us.Meanwhile, the Aborigine remains acuriosity in his own country. He isdepicted in pamphlets and on postersas he once was, carrying a kangaroolike a worn toy and his spear alert.To the tourist, his dress and banter arequaintly pompous.The poet's eye is more discerning:In the dozing settlement, half andquarter cast toddlersWith dirt in their hair crouch underhouses, playing,Building toy roads, while off in the bush,in a secretSweltering hollow, a muttering circle ofyoung men,Out of work once more, drink port andcheat at cards.(Les Murray)And Russell Drysdale revealed theirdignity and painted their distant eyes.We are faced with a human problem.The Aborigines may see that theirfuture holds nothing for them. Theirbackground is, at most times, notconsidered very much and so all theyhave to think about is the present.There are socio-economic problemstoo; dual standards of justice, wagediscrimination, unemployment, poverty,lack of opportunity, poor healthand a denial of land rights.Frank Stevens has estimated that3850 % of the Aboriginal work force inthe Northern Territory are unemployedor underemployed. This situationwould be intolerable if it applied to asimilar white community. In coldterms, we are maintaining an economicliability.Professor C. D. Rowley studiedfringe dwellers in N.S.W. 51 % of theirdwellings did not contain enough bedsfor the number of people living in them,49 % had no laundry, 46 % had noseparate kitchen, 38 % had no waterand 41 % no garbage disposal.The Northern Territory Aboriginalinfant mortality rate (per 1000 livebirths) lags behind Basutoland andIndia (Moodie 1969).N.T. (full-blood) (1965-1967) 131Australia (excluding full-bloodAborigines) (1958-1960) .. 20.7U.S. Indian (1959) .. 47.0Philippines (1959) .. .. 93.4India (rural sample) (1958-1959) 145.9Basutoland (1955-1960) .. 181These are sad statistics but cite theextent of the problem.There was also prohibition, but thathas been removed. There is still thecontinuing loss and denial of rights totheir traditional land.Discrimination in the administrationof justice is common. The words ofone Walgett Aborigine are graphicenough: "The law is like a wrestlingmatch in this town," he said, "it's allpre-arranged." (Nation, June, 1969).Illiteracy, legal jargon and lack ofinterpreters and legal representationmakes effective discrimination easy.Individual racism' still exists—it isforbidden by law—and it usuallyconcerns discrimination in hotels andhousing of Aborigines in built upareas. The Mayor of Moree said therewas no colour bar there, only discriminationon the grounds of hygiene.Discrimination Si! Colour Bar No! Ari,dstrange hypocrisy well expressed 11) 1 tltiAlas, our Aboriginal folk—Of course through no fault of their On 4—are lacking in that civic pride , . 8Which gives this town its special tone. 11 tiNo Persil-whiteness meets the eye,a' v WSporting that care-free look that conies A-IFrom close acquaintance with Morteig' SiMany of the problems are thos el. ,. tfacing any depressed racial or cultura' aminority. Without being too pessimis'tic, the Aborigine can fit into a stYl e, 1',of life called the "culture of poverty. 'This is a reaction of the poor to then r .of l mlack of effective participation an c, :integration in the basic institutions o i !the dominant society (Oscar Lewis 81 bt tie; vpdiscrimination, historical legacies 0; 'brutality and extermination, instil' r (11/ , 11have left the Aborigine's cultural and A,economic reserves depleted. "Aheadwe see, less than 200 years after Cocsighted Australia, the fruit of the whi te: 11man's coming : he successfully 119` p;beaten the black man into submission St;taken away his culture and land, mad e ai;him wear clothes, turned him into t;beggar and forced him into becoming i tha,bhandouts, even to the present daY•, A(R. Maza in "The Australian", 3/6/69) 13-1All this has a disastrous effect on ti l' ,,developing Aboriginal child whos' "elders no longer provide the necessa) 40f, isl eh,identify. Instead, they identify with tib,' 04rebetween tribal life and assimilatiThe culture of proverty moves on f 101 9/ 1Egeneration to generation.A great proportion of Aborigin e' of ]have great difficulty in articulat ini

ktheir needs. Some accept lowereds tandards as normal. There is no socialOr political organisation. There isfrustration, lack of motivation, sullenness,resentment and apathy.Drink may only be a symptom. Andthe problem of offences arising fromthe consumption of liquor by Aborigineswill not be solved by prosecutionof those guilty of that offence.Government policy perpetuates thealready intolerable situation.First of all, we thought they weredoomed whatever might be done forth. eni. But the 'passing of the Aborigines'did not occur; instead numbersi ncreased and the protection perioddid not stop exploitation and harshby) tr eatment in many places.A second alternative was based onthe conviction that the Aborigines010 need not die out. Now the officialgovernment policy is one of "assim-elation". n As stated in 1965, it seeksthat, "all persons of Aboriginal descentWill choose to attain a similar mannermeS and standard of living to that of otherrem. A ustralians and live as members of thelose single Australian community—enjoyural%ing the same rights and privileges,Eris' accepting the same responsibilities,tyle and influenced by the same hopes andty ' loYalities as other Australians."heir . Most people believe that the Abo-,y 1.1gine had to modernise. But operationaye ot„ the policy so far has revealed somes ti. 11;wis1; ition.fortunate aspects of such a defin-The idea of absorption has notlice ov n discarded; it is just hidden in theerbiage. Dr. Pittock sees the presentstiV policy ins as "the most subtle form ofPe titutional racism, and the most allrvasive”; the assimilation of thei ;acl, :borigine not only into modern lifebut into our own culture./bite' We demand conformity to the'r!tish-Australian way of life as thelo p price for equal opportunity. Ourereotype Aborigine drinks, stinksto tan wouldn't work in a fit. He must beng a tLa ught to get into the mainstream ofof dominant white society and thinkay.' and act like the stereotyped white169) Au s tralian. And education in manyParts of Australia isg eared to this[los' °Ile goal.sail % There must be tuition before rights;it° deviation will be accepted. Theretb esh the case of the Gurindji people whosub :°se to develop their own communityruff ;1 their own land. The GovernmentJO) re garded this as 'separation and seg-0(1'1 9e,gation', (Minister for the Interior,/ 8/68)orModernisation and the preservation;0 heritage are not hostile forces. Butthe fear of a group of people who wishto live according to different traditionsexists in Australia. It is not restrictedto Aboriginals.This fear must be broken. For thereare many Aborigines who are disenchantedwith urbanised, competitiveand individualistic white Australia.Articulate spokesmen who are betterinformed are emerging; they are moreradical and less polite in contradictinghalf truths and accepting double talkfrom politicians. "Let us not be toohasty in rushing into a society that isat present floundering, where pursestrings govern the outcome, where theworkers must hold down two or threejobs to exist, where the leaders of thecountry smear each other's names fortheir own selfish gains and requirearmed guards to protect them fromtheir people." (The Australian 3/6/69).Not enough blacks are gettingthrough to our level of society. Thosewho make it appear like deserters oftheir own people, just as a ghetto populationregards a successful Negro lawyerwith a black Cadillac in an integreatedneighbourhood.And Aboriginal leaders are hearingthe words of Stokely Carmichael andCharles Hamilton. The "Black PowerMovement", regardless of what theAustralian press says, want to achieveracial equality through self-determinationof the black community. It seeksto destroy the negative social image ofthe Negro imposed by white racismand make him a 'black American'.It's catching in Australia. If you'reblack and don't like the term blackAustralian and you prefer to be calledAustralian, "try moving into Toorakand see how long you're just Australian".It is our duty to continue thework that the elders of the tribe usedto do, giving the young attitudes andideals which sustained a culture forthousands of years.Instead of attempting to merge intoour society, with all its psychologicaland practical consequences, the Aboriginalleaders are trying to re-introducetheir people to their lost dignity andheritage. Government willing or not,cultural genocide and enforced conformitymust give way to a 'free andplural society' based on equality andmutual respect.I believe this a valid concept.Genocide, segregation and apartheidare immoral. We have no other alternative.

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ThirdYearTormentLee GreenbergThe luxury of having time to pursue complete studyOf a subject is a thing of the past. Now it must beSufficient to grasp the blueprint of thought palaces,In the conscious day's hands, only to feed it on, downTo the under-conscious, trusting in time and sensible habit,And in the plasticity of twenty-year old neuronal patterns,Already solidified in past by prejudice and years.When I am asleep, the unconscious world is a scaffoldingOf concepts, a wearing of trodden synaptic pathsBy pseudopodia of protoplasmic development,Characteristically untidy in progression.When I am asleep, when I am asleep(And the deep circumflex iliac arteryIs passing forever in intimate relationWith the hypothalamic control of glucocorticoid release,And the river flows silently along the canal of SchlemmAnd tyramine flickers in the medullary reticular formationLike plastic lights, and the sigmoid sinus forever insinuates,And the facial nerve genuflects, inferiorTo the base of the skull, superior to the first year students,At the level of C6, or at T4, whereEverything which is anything happens . . .).When I am asleep (and the subconscious synthesesEmit projectiles into the periaqueductal grey matter of dreams,Posing unanswerable problems, binding uncohesive ideasTo each other, to Lavarack and unrecognised theory and the dissectionOf the dead cat, to the lifeless hundred minutesWhile the incubation mixture incubates, to the daysOf five minute emptiness preceding a lecture, lateralTo the medial geniculate body and medial to awareness . . .).When I am asleep, the concepts must grow. ThenThere must be responses to sensory information,And time for their meaningful assembly.

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SPECULUM 10 YEARS AGOLou Lou judges Miss Medicine, 1961On Thursday, May 17th a vanguard ofmotor scooters excorted Lou Richards andMiss Diane Paarman (Miss Meds 1960)riding together in John O'Sullivan's Bentley.Lou Richards gave his inaugral addressto 500 Medical Students—"I was a Vaticanfootballer, and fought in the porphyrin andGraffenburg rings".Med North was packed for the occasion.When questioned about his associations witha prominent radio announcer Lou saidthat he would like to declare publicly thatallegations about his homosexuality weredefinitely untrue and he'd be prepared toback himself against anyone.Miss Med was hoisted up on to thebench for everyone to see, but had to getdown because of interference. When askedabout his enlarged prostrate, Lou said,"There is hardly enough blood for both ofus."Some members of the Engineering Schoolquestioned Lulu about self abuse. His commentwas "if there are any more questionslike that I'll eject you". The engineers werethe first to volunteer for a hand to handencounter, but Lulu said they were onlybeating about the bush.Snaky King asked Lulu whether he wasin favour of Chinese Labour on thewharves—he replied that he was all forcoloured seamen.A pair of bared gluteals apearedsuddenly through the skylight. Lulu lookedup and commented "I hope it's not a stoolpigeon".Lulu became showered in flour or somethingand could be seen above leaving MedNorth with Best, King and O'Sullivan undercover.Proceeds for the day were £39 butdamages to the Physiology school and toLou Richards amounted to £1700 so wejust broke even.Lulu received an honorary membership,a tie, a badge, and song book and a freecopy of Jack Best's amended constitution.He was delighted with the constitutionbecause he said that it was printed onabsorbent paper, and ordered a year's supply.

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o•- *""'41‹,l/ A +• ■0• VS *---.1LCALWIL.THE LIVING AND THE DEADJ. T. Rowley, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.S.The mummy of a Priest of Amen, XXIst Dynasty. Diagnosis: Pott's Disease.ijo be ill in ancient Egypt was one"Ing, and to die of your illness wasmother, but life for the Egyptian didt stop by the mere incident of death.As a pre-requisite to survival he had° be mummified, and as a further aidWas buried with a copy of the Book` the Dead, which might be regardedi s an archetype of guide books, andt e 'ritained incantations and advice forfi verY difficulty or danger that the soullight encounter.--ualmentThetechnique of mummificationhied widely throughout Egyptianff li story. In p reynastic d times bodieswere buried in the dry sand on the1`.`ge of the Western desert, just beyondi'Le fertile strip along the Nile bank.is rapid dehydration by the sandpr oduced an astonishing degree offt/re servation, and it has been possibleget histological specimens fromT hese bodies, and even to identify foodthe stomach. In the Old Kingdom acrude form of mummificationwas 44s used, but this was confined to thei`eYal House and Nobles. This wasifillproved in the Middle Kingdom, but(„‘vas not until the New Empire period‘I'out 1580 B.C.) that mummificationbecame almost universal and of a veryhigh standard. After this the techniquedeteriorated, the bodies being preservedin crude asphalt in Ptolemaictimes, and finally simple salt in Copticburials.We have practically no informationabout the technique of mummificationfrom Egyptian sources. The scribeswere more concerned with the spirit ofthe dead to write about the crudeprocess of embalming, and althoughthe papyri are full of magical andritualistic texts there are no "how todo it" Papyri. However, there are clueshere and there and the Rhind papyriand the reliefs on the tomb of Amenemopegive us some help. Both Herodotusand Diodorus Siculus give lateaccounts, written as travellers toEgypt, and, taking all the evidence, wecan get a fairly shrewd idea of theprocess.The process of mummification tookforty days, and thirty more days weredevoted to wrapping the body andritual, burial being always on theseventieth day. "And Joseph commandedhis servants the physicians toembalm his father; and the physiciansembalmed lsreal. And forty days werefulfilled for him, for so are fulfilled thedays for those that are embalmed. Andthe Egyptians mourned for him threescore and ten days".The embalming chambers wereknown as "the Good House", or "theHouse of Purification of the GoodHouse", and the embalmers were heldin great esteem.The incision was always made on theleft side of the abdomen,—the sinisterside—and sometimes approximated toa paramedian incision and sometimesto a Rutherford Morison. The viscerawere removed leaving the kidneys.The diaphragm was incised and bothlungs were removed, leaving the heartundisturbed. This was no mean feat,in spite of a well relaxed patient, andon occasions the heart was removedaccidentally, but in these cases it wasalways replaced. Four parcels weremade up containing the stomach, thelungs, the intestine and the liver. Thesewere under the care of four gods—theChildren of Horus—and a small imageof each god was placed in the parcelsor the viscera were placed in stoneCanopic jars, the stoppers being formedwith the heads of a man, a jackal,an ape or a falcon according to theappropriate god. The brain was thenremoved through the left nostril, a49

hole being made into the middlecranial fossa after the manner of amodern hypophysectomist. The skullwas packed with linen or resin. Thechest and abdominal cavities werefilled with a variety of substances. Mudfrom the Nile, as the source of life,Cedar wood sawdust, linen, resin andeven lichen on occasion. The incisionwas sometimes crudely sutured withlinen thread, but was more commonlysealed with wax and overlaid with awax or gold plate engraved with theEye of Horus.The body itself was treated withnatron, a naturally occuring mineralconsisting mainly of Sodium carbonate,bicarbonate and chloride,(giving our abbreviation Na forSodium). There is some doubt as towhether this was in the form of a bathof natron solution or as dry natron.After this the body was rubbed withoil and spices, chiefly myrrh, cinnamonand cloves. The eyes were not removedbut small artificial stone eyes weresometimes placed in the orbits. In themummy of Ramesses IV two smallonions were used. (The onion was ofsome significance and nearly all mummieshad a small onion included somewherein the body or wrappings). Inthe XXIst dynasty packing incisionswere made in the skin of the limbs torestore their outline.The immense amount of troubletaken over mummification was for thebenefit of the dead and not for theliving. The body was wrapped completelylong before burial and noneexcept the embalmers and priests sawthe result of their labours. The importanceto the embalmers of restoring thebody is illustrated in the strange caseof the mummy of Nesi Tet Nab Taxis,an elderly priestess of the XXIstDynasty. She sustained a fracture ofthe neck of the left femur and haddeveloped extensive bedsores over theshoulders and buttocks. These hadbeen covered with gazelle skin beforewrapping the body, representing thefirst recorded heterograft. It is likelythat in the Egyptian Elysium even sucha heterograft may have taken. Thereis also the case of a mummy in Newcastlewhere the left wrist and handwere replaced by a prosthesis in thehope that so grave a loss would not beperpetuated in the hereafter!Disease in EgyptWe have evidence of disease, firstlyfrom the eight medical papyri whichare the only Egyptian Textbooks whichhave come down to us, and secondlyfrom examination of mummies. It is50self evident that every mummy diedfrom a fatal disease, but it is onlyrarely that its nature can be demonstrated.However, the general patternof disease is clear enough.Malignant disease was rare. Thereare references to "tumours of the godKhonsu" with the injunction that theyare not to be treated and this mayrefer to carcinoma. This may be relatedto a low life expectancy. Variousestimates of this have been made, butif we take the Royal Mummies fromthe XVIIth to the XXIst Dynastiesand date their ages at death as accuratelyas we can, we find an averagelife expectancy of 40 years. There weremany exceptions, Pepi Il reignedninety four years, and the inscriptionof Bekenhonsu ranges from 1320 B.C.to 1202 B.C. It was common to wisha friend a life of one hundred and tenyears although it was improper to livelonger. But for all this, death cameearly for most Egyptians, forestallingthe onset of malignant disease.Arterial degeneration was common,with its attendent deaths from coronarythrombosis and cerebral vascular disasters.A strange finding in a land ofpeace and farinaceous foods! Themortuary inscription of Weshptahgives a graphic account of his deathwhich is compatible with a diagnosisof cerebral haemorrhage. The papyrusEbers mentions the feeling of impendingdeath associated with coronarythrombosis. The aorta of the PharoahMeneptah was grossly atheromatousand was demonstrated before theRoyal Society of Medicine by Shattockin 1909. Ramesses II had calcifiedarteries, and many other mummiesshow atheromatous changes.Herniae were probably neithermore nor less common than they areto-day. Many reliefs show both inguinaland umbilical herniae, and thePapyrus Ebers gives an easily recognisabledescription of inguinal hernia."Thou shalt heat it, in order to shut itup in his belly; thou shalt treat it asthe Priest of the Goddess Sekhmenttreats it."The Priests of the Goddess Sekhmetwere the surgeons, and the writer ofthe papyrus, doubtless a physician,does not commit himself as to theoperation. Whether this really consistedof cauterisation or not seemsvery doubtful.Both biliary and renal calculi areknown from mummies, but not describedin the papyri.Gouty tophi are known from anexcellent Coptic mummy, These wereStela of Roma—showing poliomyelitis (left lekliC s,Ankylosing Spondylitis.

kj jleg j t s, from the mummy of Khnuna Nekht,bYnasty.Obalming wound of a XXIst DynastyY.analysed in Sheffield by Dr. Jordan, andthe feet X-rayed by Dr. Lodge, bothinvestigations confirming the diagnosis.A form of Ankylosing Spondylitisseems to have been particularly commonin Egypt at all periods, and manyspecimens showing exuberant newbone formation are known. The conditiondoes not entirely correspond tothe modern disease, and there aresome grounds for suspecting that itwas a condition peculiar to theEgyptians.Fractures of all types are common inmummies. They were splinted with thecentral fibres of palm leaves. Thepapyri suggest the use of what seemsto be a type of plaster of Paris, (althoughthe translation is doubtful),but this is not seen in mummies. ThePharoah Siptah had the misfortune tohave his tomb robbed, and in removingsome ornaments the tomb robbersbroke the arm of his mummy. Therestoring priests of the XX 1 st dynastysplinted the arm with palm leaves asthough he were alive. It is sad torecord that the fracture was still notconsolidated some two thousand sevenhundred years later when the mummywas unwrapped by Elliot Smith. Delayedunion of fractures seems to havebeen as trouble-some then as now.Tuberculosis was relatively common.Tuberculous abscess secondary tocervical nodes is described in thepapyrus Ebers, and one mummy of apriest of Amen of the XXIst Dynastyshows unmistakable Potts disease witha psoas abcess. (Tubercle bacilli havenever been demonstrated in mummies,although Egyptian coliform bacilli areeasily seen.) Urethritis is described inthe papyri, and Schistosomiasis wasprobably very common.There is no evidence that Syphiliswas known in Egypt and neithermummies nor papyri give any supportto the idea that the disease existedthere.Surgery in EgyptBefore the time of the Old Kingdom(about 2,800 B.C.) medicine had becomespecialised, and eventually threemain classes of specialists treateddisease. The physicians, then as nowbeing the most learned, were responsiblefor most of the medical papyri,and treated disease on a largelyempirical basis by every drug available.Over two thousand drugs are specifiedin the papyri and amongst them a fewproved genuinely useful. Disease withouta rational or observable cause wasregarded as being due to "the spirit ofa god or goddess, or spirit of a deadman or dead woman . . These weretreated by the magicians who co-operatedwith the physicians and surgeonsmuch as the psychiatrists do to-day.The available evidence suggests thatsurgery was developed and practisedin the Old Kingdom—at the time thepyramids were built—but was honouredin name only by later generationswho respected the surgeons of thepast but knew very little about surgeryitself. The surgeons were known as thePriests of the Goddess Sekhmet. Thetitle is accurate but unflattering, Sekhmetbeing the goddess of death, bloodand destruction. The pyramid textsrelate that when Ra decreed that mankindshould be destroyed Sekhmet wasdelegated to carry this out.The reason for the failure of surgeryto develop was probably a religiousone. The Egyptians had a great dislikeof injury to the body, and even theembalmer who made the abdominalincision in the body was ceremoniouslyreviled by the onlookers. The surgeonwas therefore deterred, and no mummyis known where there is evidence of asurgical scar or operation. Similarly,amputation of the limbs was probablywell within the capabilities of the OldKingdom surgeons, but no mummy isknown where deliberate surgical amputationhas been carried out. In latetimes the Egyptians were burdenedwith a form of National Health Service,with its inevitable destruction ofall initiative. Diodorus Siculus recordsthat "the physicians have a publicstipend, and make use of Receiptsprescribed by the law, made up by theAncient Physicians; and if they cannotcure the patient by them they are neverblamed, but if they use other medicinethey are to suffer death . . ." Aristotlealso says: "In Egypt the physician isallowed to alter his treatment on thefourth day, but sooner if he takes therisk". The danger of clinical control byadministrators is a truly ancient one.But for all their shortcomings therewere surgeons in Egypt before Agamemnonsailed for Troy, before Hippocratestaught in Cos, and beforeRomulus and Remus were thought of.We have only to read the Edwin Smithsurgical papyrus to appreciate thewriter as a man of great intellect andcalm authority who knew what he wasdoing and did it well, to the benefit ofhis patients. He was of the founders ofthe great tradition of surgery which wefollow and to which we contributetoday.51

ProfessionalSecrecyG. C. FickIt was Hippocrates, the father ofmedicine, who first penned the words:"Whatsoever in the course of practice 1see or hear (or even outside my practicein social intercourse) that aught neverto be published abroad, 1 will notdivulge, but consider such things tobe holy secrets".These sentiments were later modifiedand appeared in the famous Declarationof Geneva as follows : "I will respectthe secrets which are confided in me .. .1 will not permit considerations ofreligion, nationality, race, party politicsor social standing to hinder me inperforming my duty to my patients".Here, then, is the historical andsomewhat romantic foundation uponwhich professional secrecy as we knowit today has been built.Since those ancient times the scienceof medicine has expanded and developedbeyond even the wildestdreams and most passionate longingsof those much-revered physicians. Butthe art of medicine remains essentiallythe same today as in the days ofHippocrates, for human beings havenot out-grown their need for a sympatheticear or a tender word ofcomfort, and "the milk of humankindness" is still as nourishing to thosewho suffer today, as it was in daysgone by.The Doctor and His Patient—A UniqueRelationshipIn the course of his daily duties52every doctor becomes familiar with thesight of half-clad or unclad patients,and he usually thinks very little of it.To the patient, however, a routineinterrogation and physical examinationis often an embarrassing and humiliatingexperience. He or she realises,however, that the examination isnecessary, and that the doctor is theperson best trained to do it, and sothe patient is prepared to suffer amoment's embarrassment so as not tohinder the physician in his task.Furthermore, the family doctor cannotavoid becoming familiar with muchinformation concerning his patientsand their problems, and he soonrealises the need for absolute secrecyon his part.Patients, when consulting their medicaladvisers, do not usually ask for apromise of secrecy, because it isunderstood that medical practitionersare, in any case, pledged to keepsecret what comes to their knowledgethrough the practice of their profession.Thus it can be seen that, ideally, thedoctor-patient relationship is essentiallyone of mutual understanding andtrust, as well as being an extremelyintimate relationship.Because the doctor exerts someinfluence or control over the lives ofhis patients, his responsibility is madeall the greater, and his obligation tomaintain professional secrecy is absolute.The Medical Student's first encounIkwith Professional Secrecy anyOn entering the hospital wards R itthe first time, the student soon dihlcovers that his position is a difficifitaone, especially with regard to pr (()ffessional secrecy.safHe is not yet qualified to assurf .`full responsibility for ill patients, Oathis therefore not expected to discActhe patient's condition with him can(with anxious relatives. At the saitt ḷtime, however, he is often in f 1 1possession of the facts concerning ttihrpatient's illness. Then, to add to tlitetstudents difficulties, patients frequentlanestablish a close relationship with hill° 11 1and are often not able to enjoy Isimilar relationship with busy hoOnIEsurgeons and registrars. It is a veknatural thing, then, for a patient riPcenquire of a student concerning Ohaillness, and the expected prognosis. IU1times such as these it is a difficult thiOgrindeed for the student to give a satftfactory answer to the patient, for if lalwavoids a direct answer the patiel, •ibecomes filled with anxiety, while oNathe other hand an honest and dird sienexplanation, if given by the studeficould be erroneous, and in any cg i3fstudents are not normally permitted 010t Si discuss the patienProfessional Secrecy must begin at lintik!ldThe vast majority of medical pro;,s1211titioners engage in at least the oca'n ,when at home, perhaps in the louor at the dinner table. Doctors' wiand children soon become accustoto "talking shop" at home.°JigThe wives of doctors have bo thheknown to impart certain information befriends which was told them in cohfidence by a tired and harassed Ivo eband at the end of a long day.results have often been disastrous 1 rboth patient and doctor. Of course, t hedamage was unintentional, but 11i tdid not in any way prevent the disastr A3r1A general practitioner of many yestanding remarked to me withsomewhat wry smile, that he considethe size of any doctor's practice toinversely proportional to the amountgossiping and interference indulgedby his wife !Professional Secrecy and PublicCuriosityThe Press: The press is capabledoing more damage to more peoplea very short time than almost any ofknown organisation. Most reportabide by high professional standa.,JcPr(but unfortunately a few do trUsually the harm done is the result ealhdeaifieerAhe11(()elahefets

ountiail error, but sometimes it is intentional41.1d quite malicious. For these reasonsJs foi l behoves the medical man to treadn &very carefully when making public[fficifitatements to the press. In fact, a policypreof silence or near silence is probablysafest of all.ssuill With the advent of organ transplant-3, this problem has become enorlisciAous.The public are hungry for news,im end pressmen swarm about the hossarilPilials like bees round a honeycomb.1 finch harm has already been doneig iiii irough the press as names and otherto tletails of organ donors and theiruenti aMilies have been made public with-1 hikit the consent of the next-of-kin.joy It is my belief that details concerninghoiAatters such as organ transplantationL veft hould only be released by one hospitalnt 11.1)0 kesman, and then only on conditionig ililtat the relatives and the medical;is.. /411 Perintendent of the hospital arethlOgreed that these details should besatIade public. Such agreement shouldr if Always be given in writing.Latie Employers, Relatives and Friends:ile .any are the occasions when a doctordire': confronted with an employer whoudel'erhands information about the healthY calf an employee. Frequently the emteciM oyer has paid the doctor's fee. Suchh ►0 s ituation may be very delicate indeed,t holl !nd the rule of professional secrecy ispits Pecially applicable in these cases.oca'hder no circumstances should theltietktor give any information to theoult iliPloyer, unless he has the permissionwi liAlr eferably in writing) of his patient.tom' should rather discuss the illnesski th the patient, and then leave it tobe`le Patient to speak to his employer iftiollbe so desires. The patient should alsocoh e handed a medical certificate whichi h,iif kritay then pass on to his employer/. ir he wishes.us ipwki the story has been told of a mistressse, ti ho brought her maid to the doctor fort tl medical "check-up". The doctoriasiVtiversed afterwards with the mistressYe a litilci implied that the maid's illness wasith result of her "loose living". TheideiVid then lost her job, and was theretotiiier completely disillusioned aboutunt"er doctor.ged IN Another account is given of a manIto consulted his doctor about a heardefect.Many days later at a socialnotion, a good friend of both theblei,°cior and the patient enquired tender-,ple4 after the health of the patient, andot lirepe doctor unwittingly made casualorte A'erence to the patient's hearing defect.Jar vi: a result of subsequent gossip, theIlticininent marriage of the patient to ae althy heiress was cancelled, and thepatient commenced legal proceedingsagainst the doctor.The medical superintendent of alarge hospital recently related one ofhis experiences to me. On this occasionhe was confronted in his office with anextremely irate husband who demandedto know the nature of an illness forwhich his wife had been treated, whilehe was away on a business trip. Themedical superintendent refused to divulgethe nature of the wife's illness,whereupon her husband threatened themedical superintendent with legal proceedingsand then made his stormyexit. The medical superintendent sentfor the woman's hospital record, andnoted that she had in fact been treatedfor the after-effects of a criminalabortion. Thus it became apparent thatthe woman had fallen pregnant as aresult of her unfaithfulness to her"The doctor-patient relationshipis essentially oneof mutual understandingand trust as well as beingextremely intimate."husband. Had the medical superintendentdivulged such information,this would have given rise to a situationof the utmost gravity for the patient,and possibly for the medical superintendenttoo, for he would certainlyhave been guilty of a breach of professionalsecrecy.Similar stories could be told by mostdoctors in private practice today, andthese incidents serve only to sound aloud warning to doctors concerningprofessional secrecy.Solicitors, Lawyers and InsuranceCompanies: Most doctors are familiarwith the sort of correspondence fromthe above-mentioned people, requestingand sometimes demanding informationabout certain patients. Frequentlythe doctor is offered a sum ofmoney in return for certain information.In these cases, the principles ofsecrecy remain the same, and thedoctor has no right to give any informationaway to a third personwithout the written permission of thepatient. (Least of all should he do sofor financial gain !)The patient is issued with a certificatebearing the details of the medicalfindings, and it is then his responsibilityto decide who shall see the certificate.Professional Secrecy andSocial ResponsibilityFrom time to time the doctor isfaced with a real problem over thequestion of secrecy, for although thenature of the patient's illness maydemand that the authorities or anemployer be informed about thepatient, the doctor realises that suchaction could create an unpleasant situationfor his patient. The doctormust then decide whether his socialresponsibility outweighs his responsibilitytowards his patient.A case was reported recently inwhich a doctor diagnosed epilepsy inone of his patients who happened to bethe driver of an express passengertrain. The doctor's attempts to persuadehis patient to take a different jobfailed, and the engine driver decided tocontinue in his job, despite the distinctpossibility of a major catastrophewhich could mean death to hundredsof passengers on the train. Theproblem was set in print, and sent to30 general practitioners, 30 consultantsand 30 medical officers of health fortheir opinion and probable managementof the case.84% replied : "The authorities mustbe notified."12.5 % replied: "Secrecy should bemaintained."3.5 % replied : "I am uncertain."In fact, the authorities were notifiedin this case, and the man lost his job.He then found himself in grave difficultyas he was not qualified to do anyother sort of work. In this case I feelthat the correct decision was made, fora doctor cannot turn a blind eye on asituation where hundreds of lives maybe lost. He should rather weigh up hissocial responsibility against his responsibilityto his patient, and then make adecision. Ideally, the patient shouldtake the initiative in reporting hisillness to the authorities if necessary,but if he does not do so the socialresponsibility then falls on to theshoulders of the doctor.There are many similar cases, however,where after careful considerationthe doctor may decide to maintainsecrecy concerning his patient, be-

cause the social responsibility is notso great.Venereal Disease: This is anotherthorny problem, especially when encounteredin .a married person, for themarriage partner must receive treatmenttoo, and may not have beenresponsible for the infection of thepatient. If secrecy is not maintained adivorce could result, while on theother hand effective treatment is impossibleunless both persons are treated.Perhaps the best way of dealing withthe problem is to explain the difficultyto the patient, treat his illness, andthen leave it to him to see that hismarriage partner comes for treatment.It is therefore true to say that no"rule of thumb" can be followed insuch circumstances, but that the doctormust, in each individual case, carefullyweigh up his responsibility to hispatient, against his social responsibility,before deciding what action to take.It should also be borne in mind thatif a doctor diagnoses venereal disease,abortion, or any other condition with asocial stigma attached, and this diagnosisis later shown to be doubtful,there may be serious legal repercussions.This is especially so if professionalsecrecy has not been strictlyadhered to.Criminal Abortion: The question ofcriminal abortion frequently raises itsugly head. The doctor's first duty is tohis patient, and he must not divulgewhat his patient has told him in confidence.The doctor is not a policeman,and it is not his business to trackdown criminals. The patient should,however, be warned not to let thesituation repeat itself with futurepregnancies, and the dangers should befully explained to her.If, however, the doctor feels thathuman lives could be protected andsickness prevented as a result of interventionby the law, he should have nohesitation in requesting that the policeintervene. But patients must never bemade to feel that they can no longertrust their doctor with details of theabortion, for such details are often veryhelpful in the treatment of the patientwho becomes critically ill.Criminal Conduct: Criminal conducton the part of the patient may besuspected. If the doctor is mistaken,and reports the patient to the police,legal action will almost certainly betaken against the doctor. For thisreason, it is extremely dangerous to acton the assumption that the patient hasbeen guilty of criminal conduct.It follows from this that the onlyinstance in which a doctor is advised toinform the police is when he is surethat by doing so he can prevent a crimeoccurring. Even in this situation,however, the patient should always bewarned by the doctor before any actionis taken.Professional Secrecy and the LawThe Police: When questioned by thepolice about a patient, the doctorshould take great care not to divulgeinformation which, in his opinion,"ought not to be divulged". It may,however, be to the patient's advantagefor the doctor to give information tothe police. For instance, a patient mayhave been falsely accused of committinga crime on a particular occasion,despite the patient's pleadings thathis illness had confined him to bedduring the time of the alleged crime.His doctor should then be willing togive evidence in court to the effect"The size of any doctor'spractice is inversely proportionalto the amount ofgossiping and interferenceindulged in by his wife."tnat the patient was indeed confined tobed at the time and could not thereforehave been involved in the allegedoffence.The police, too, are expected toexercise courtesy, and to acknowledgethe doctor's right to maintain secrecyconcerning details of his patients'illnesses. In addition it is generallyunderstood that patients who areundergoing treatment will not normallybe interrogated by the police unless thedoctor gives his consent.Great care is needed when a doctorgives evidence concerning his patients,as in the case of alleged "drunkendriving". If the doctor makes a statementto the police to the effect that hispatient was indeed in a drunken state,and later this cannot be proved, thedoctor may be sued for "defamation ofcharacter". When in doubt about anyparticular case, the doctor is stronglyadvised to consult one of the defentsocieties.In the Witness Box: In a court Ilaw the doctor is not privileged 1maintain secrecy, although such pri'ilege is granted to lawyers. If ordereto do so by a Judge, he has no alterative but to make known the details Ihis patient's illness to the court.Professional Secrecy and the DyingPatientSir William Jenner once laid do'the provision that it might oftenproper for the doctor to communicalthat of which he is certain, but seldofor never that of which he is uncertainThe doctor should always remembethat a grave prognosis may prove ifcorrect, and is always distressing 1both the patient and his relatives.If a diagnosis is proven beyondoubt, and the prognosis known witcertainty, then a frank discussion witsome patients may be helpful. Incases the doctor should make a rulediscussing his findings with the nearsresponsible relative, so that the patientaffairs can be set in order.An ill-timed or inaccurate statemelissued by the doctor concerning 11patient may result in much social erbarrassment, and even perhapsfinancial loss for the patient. Su'loss, in the hands of shrewd lawyer 'could be used as a lever against t 1'doctor in the law courts.Summary and ConclusionThe concept of professional secrehas been traced from the timeHippocrates to the modern dayshuman organ transplantation, and 11important applications of professionsecrecy have been outlined.Our modern society is thirstymedical knowledge, but unfortunatehas lost much of its respect for pf,fessional secrecy, and also for Vsanctity of human life and relatioships, and because of this may .times be quite ruthless in seekinformation about patients fordgratification of vulgar curiosity.Doctors, too, have clearly demo (strated that they need to be nOdisciplined about professional secrecfor it seems probable that most doctorwhen off their guard, talk too freelyall and sundry about their patien tThe safeguard of habitual reticencethe part of the doctor is to be recomended. "There is a time to lcsilence, and a time to speak," saidPreacher; and there is no callingwhich a prompt recognition ofthese times is more important thamay often be in medicine.

temelngal eripsSnewyerist th;ecre'me 'aysnd ti;siOlefenc)urtged Ih pri'irderealtartails (t.ingdo"tenieldoriembe)ve iting,s.)eyorn witwitInrule-wareitientE CAL STU I HITS!MelbourneUniversity Bookroomprovides the besttext book serviceTelephone 347-4164Parkville, 3052..tymate,r yr,)r tlatiolay)rmar!crec)ctor!elYfiatice decorlkeid t1ing IboIhanPLANNEDPARENTHOOD?RENDELLS PESSARIES are recommended with confidenceto people who prefer to plan their families by simple, harmless,and well tried contraceptives.RENDELLS may be purchased from chemists throughoutAustralia without prescription. Full instructions with each box.Samples, brochures and literature are available to readers ofthis publication.Send this cutting or write to the Sole Agents for RENDELLSPESSARIES:—Ward & Ward (Aust.) Pty. Ltd.,P.O. Box 5, Dulwich Hill, N.S.W. 2203.55

DRUGSDr. Ainslie Mears,A talk given to Freshersat Melb. Univ. this year.ofbe,WitUSlve,dirYou are critical young men an' aswomen, and you are trying to asses l iltthe validity of various ideas which an isoffered to you. I think it might be falhelp to you in this if I explain my ov bebackground. I am a psychiatrist, tho re5-come to my conclusions in response ti :Sobservation of subtleties of behaviour 'Ivnot from any statistical analysis edata. In fact it has been my experiene Incthat the pseudo scientific statistic Ofanalysis of human behaviour ofteleads to quite erroneous results. So Poshall just talk my thoughts as the rse .wish.First there is one basic matter whicto me seems very important. It is thi' noPot gives you a sense of euphoria an' stawell being, and at times other strani ;ssensations. This of course results froldisordered action of nerve cells. NO tiltthe point to me which is very importat iatis that anything which produces di` tn tordered action of nerve cells does ac addo them any good. Nerve cells almore sensitive to injury than otN calcells of the body. If killed they are II( Irkreplaced. We have a great numberspare nerve cells, many millions r se/them. So I would expect that loss' thtnerve cells would be difficult to demo! e0strate.People frequently tell us that the' fa)is no proof that taking pot leads Pataking hard drugs. But as a clinician hodisregard these statements, as I ha' sal;seen several students make the trai cli csition from pot to L.S.D. One lad s,w,t Ystarted on pot after matric last ye rilcdis now trying to get himself off herd eiwith intravenous pethidine. As tiltclinician I believe what I see, not 141I am toI have seen several young peo1#mainly students, who have beco 01; 'Ifcertifiably insane after taking L.S•; tricI have seen two distinct types ( artinsanity result from taking L.S.D. Otis a toxic psychosis from poisoning t hethe nerve cells by the drug. The otli' etcis a matter of precipitating schiP °t1pr 001disposed in that direction. I 0 . 1fs°rlation develop schizophrenia and abd10% of the population have the tyr Potse/56

of mental make up that they couldbecome schizophrenic if confrontedWith the appropriate stress. It isusually people who are a little introvertedand thus predisposed in thisdirection who experiment with drugs.shall make another clinical observation.The smoking of pot isad associated with a falling off of some ofsses the subtle capacities of the mind. There1 at is a decline of morale. It is shown in abe falling off both in standards ofoWi behaviour and the quality of emotionaltho response. This falling off is usuallyist. glibly rationalized so that the individualse ti is rarely aware that the quality of hisicalf living has deteriorated.is e Now let us make a clinical assessienemeet of the psychological motivationstie of those who advocate the use of pot.ofte There are those who say, "1 smokeSo pot and I am O.K." This is foolishthe reasoning. People have said that aboutyo smoking tobacco for years.vhiethyi atfrofNdrtatSome academics become preoccupiedWith the scientific approach and willnot express an opinion until they havestatistical proof. They say that thereis no real evidence that pot is harmful.In the past this attitude has impededthe introduction of anti-tobacco legislation.Both heroin and pethidine werei ntroduced into medicine as safe, nonaddictivedrugs. As a clinician 1 say,s ncat 'Why wait for positive proof when weotN can see on basic principles that it ise nt likely to be harmful."er I shall make another clinical obissie_rvation about those who advocatess the use of pot. Many people are unmdco nsciously influenced to advocate the,se of pot in an attempt to currythe 'a-your with students. This appliesjs Particularly to university staff. There is;i0 110 point in my coming here unless Iho' talk frankly. Free and unfettered dis-tra 1 ,, eIlssion is the function of a university.WI' YOU will soon become aware that manyye M embers of university staff are acaeroldeMically quite brilliant, but as peopleeY are extremely immature. Thesewi mmature, lonely, awkward people are1, unconsciously drawn to try to make!oP 1` ,riends through pot which they findcod `dfficult to make by more natural and11.1°re mature approaches. Because they;s are on the staff they have status so canpf easily influence you. Listen to whatng tueY have to say in their field of competence.But be chary of their advice in°ther areas. They may be simply acting- pt' their immaturity.slO Just for a moment let me refer tosome common arguments which areIto Frequently used by those who smoketyi Pot.They say that Indians and otherAsiatics have taken hashish for centuries,and they are none the worse forit. This is just not true. In actual factthey are functioning at a very lowintellectual level, and live in a kind ofdaze, well below their potential capacity.They say that pot is no worse thanalcohol. Continued drinking reducesintellectual capacity. Surely this is noreason to introduce another means ofdoing the same thing.Young people have sometimes saidto me, "You don't take drugs ; youdon't know anything about it." No, Idon't take drugs. But you don't haveto be a smoker to know that smokingcauses lung cancer."Experimentation in eitherdrug-taking or homosexualitycan be disastrous.""As a psychiatrist I recommendmeditative practiceto improve one's mindin preference to drugs."Now let us make a clinical assessmentof those on the campus here whodo in fact smoke pot.Some get sucked into taking potbecause they cannot withstand thesocial pressures and gibes of thosearound them. These are just immatureyoung people who are so insecure thatthey lack the moral courage, the guts,to act independently from those aroundthem.Some take pot for kicks! These arepeople who cannot perceive that theworld around them is in fact an intenselyinteresting and stimulating placefull of life and colour. If they lookedaround a bit more, this group wouldno longer feel the need for artificial`kicks'.Some take pot to try to relievethemselves of nervous symptoms.These are just silly, foolish people.The self administration of drugs almostinvariably leads to greater problemsbecause the individual loses thenecessary objectivity to assess progress.Some people take pot on the basisthat it is good to live life to the full,to experience as much as we can andto learn by that experience. In generalI go along with this way of thinking.But there are some areas of life inwhich experimentation can be disastrous.I know this from clinicalexperience. Drug taking is one sucharea. Another is experimentation inhomosexuality.Some people take pot in a thoughtfuland deliberate attempt to expand thecapacities of the mind. I am all infavour of the idea behind this. I amsure that we do not use the fullpotential of our minds. I would urgeyou to do what you can to increaseyour range of perception, to sharpenthe clarity of your thought, to freeyour emotions. But we have seen thatpot is likely to have other effects whichquite overshadow the good that itmight do.You may well ask, "Is there anyalternative way of expanding thecapacities of our mind ?"I believe that there is. We can greatlyenhance the capacity of our mind inmeditative experience. It works thisway. The main factor, perhaps the onlyfactor, which prevents us using thefull capacity of our mind is anxiety.Anxiety inhibits clear thought andanxiety inhibits the free flow ofemotion. It is not hard to reduce one'sanxiety by meditative practice and wethus expand the capacities of our mind.There is not only the freeing of thoughtand emotion, but there is also a greatlyincreased capacity to do the things ofeveryday life. This comes about becausewe no longer have to use ourmental energy in controlling ouranxiety and nervous tension. As aresult we do things more freely andmore easily. The evidence for this isin the improved capacity of manypeople whom I have initiated intomeditative practice. The principles ofit are set out in my book Relief WithoutDrugs. If the individual wishes, he cango further than the reduction ofanxiety, and can use his meditativepractice to develop mystical experience.Many people have told me how theyhave gained new insights and understandingin this state. Surely thisnatural approach is the better way ofexpanding the boundaries of our mind.57

SOMEBODY CARES ABOUT METogether Russia and America have the nuclear equivalentof 10 tons of T.N.T. for every man, woman and childon earth.For the world's' starving millions, NOT tons of foodNOR tons of medicineBUT TONS OF DEATHHiroshima 6th August'58

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Thethedi se ,\,A/11'ANILIndIt'■\/11The,he aWOULD THE NEXT PRIME MINISTERPLEASE COME FORWARD.dus whatansatt.Peiftej60The people in power aren't always going what's going on. Honestly and factually.to be in power. Someday it's going to be your It's up to you what you make of these events.turn. But before you start changing the And what you ultimately do about them.world there are a few things you should know.Like what's happening at home and abroad.And, more importantly, why.The Herald will keep you in touch withP NtitUri rI . ridRbeeah !,D ixro .Si0.c) i, aTIS eAtI velh131L

The art of medicine consists of amusingthe patient until nature cures thedisease. Voltaire.E ducation is an admirable thing, but itis well to remember from time to timethat nothing that is worth knowingcan be taught.—Oscar Wilde.k surgeon is one with no faith inn ature's capacity to heal before the° Peration, and an infinite faith in itaf terwards.mysiiirE111Drinking SongW hat' s the use of drinking tea,dulging in sobrietyA nd teetotal perversity?P's healthier to booze.f i tat's the use of milk and water,Be are drinks that never oughtas' allowed in any quarterCome on, lose your blues.b Put an end to all frustrationrinking will be your salvationE nd it all in dissipation,Rotten to the core.b errations metabolic,iseilings that are hyperbolic,' 1,ese are for the alcoholicging on the floor.lvt ; ,6"( Yourself a shandy!re'wn yourself in brandySherry sweet1) (1)r Whisky neatr ally kind of liquor that is handy.There'sno blinkingTSense in drinkingnYthing that doesn't make you stinking,here's no happiness like sinkingBlotto to the floor!

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S, HI -1 I c.1-1AMY HASc sTEN) os ?`4H0 AI LEI, I—t1-0? fiL of LAnaUte7. 'Ow° WAS tilsi-ofty sS. v4HICA-1HADMOT+IEek, JvST"MAIQUALI‘EA10 kl ?63

Soth,m.CatinC(lladode;PamFre Ewhist:OfOfCo lPr(dogmetheANYONE FOR G.P.?H. N. Merrington, M.B., C.H.B., F.R.A.C.G.P.evSt,aasThe time when medical training inthe Universities was directed to producingall-purpose doctors is less thana generation back. Students were taughtby this kind of doctor, most of whomhad developed particular ability alongcertain lines, but still against thebackground of practising the medicineof the peoples' needs. It is a truism nowto refer to the advent of specialism inmedical practice and its inevitablereflection in medical teaching, but it isless of a truism to refer to the questionableconsequences of this trend. Medicalstudents say again and again: "Weare taught only by specialists"; "Wehear nothing about general practiceexcept in derisive terms"; "We aregiven the impression that generalpractice is the refuge of the not-sobright";"The G.P. doesn't do anythingexcept choose the right specialistfor his patient", and so on.There is no doubt that these notionsare widely absorbed by students intraining and it is only a little reassuringthat a number of students arestill perceptive enough to recognizethat this educational conditioning isone-sided.The factual situation is, of course,that a vast turnover of medical serviceis going on throughout the communityin patients' homes, in doctors' rooms,64and yes, even in hospitals, carried outby the doctor in the field. The caseworkof the teaching hospitals is indeeddrawn from this field, but it isless than a caricature of the conditionsthat actually bring people to theirdoctor. It is argued that the teachingmaterial of the medical schools is theimportant material; here you find thegrossest pathology, the major accidentsand the killing diseases. Perhapsthis is the A.B.C. of medical science,but you can't spell many words withthose three letters. If this representsa highly selected fraction of humandisorders, what remains ?People go to their doctors for aninfinitely fascinating variety of reasons.Just what proportion of these have nosignificant organ-tissue pathology isvariously estimated at between onethirdand two-thirds, and of these onlya small fraction require specialistservice, more here, less there, dependingon the versatility, competence andconfidence of the doctor.During the past couple of decadesthe achievements of research andexperimentation in medical sciencehave indeed been such as to capture theimagination. Publicity in the popularmedia and exposition in the medicalschools have turned the spotlight on thespectacular and the sensational. It iseasy to confuse the means with the ell Paiand to forget that scientific achievement finds validity only in its app ccation to patients' needs. If our mediservices are to be geared to our comunity needs, it is quite necessary ththe doctor have at least the followiqualities:He must rank his patient as mo"interesting" than the pathologigymnastics of the disorder.By corollary he must see the rand exotic in disease as less importsthan the common and widespread.As the doctor of first contactmust be scrupulous in his initial assement of his patient's disorder and rneeds, for a wrong direction here illindeed be as harmful as none at allHe must see his repertory of dia.,noses in perspective among the prob'processes of human behaviour wiveare brought to him in preference tanyone else by the anxious, thepressed, the deprived and the defeatHe must face the challenge of recdnizing that patients are not isolatin vacuo but dynamic reactorsspouse, family, friends and enegilwork associates and all the peoplewell as circumstances in their lives.Similarly, he is obliged to see tepisodes of disability that come tocare, not in isolation, but as a logi■v(hxtPrcitiotenir01Pcotoptli1,hotenistheray1111'P1ve

event in a sequence of cause and effectstretching into the mists of both pastand future. So he must be quick toask: "How did this come about, andwhat will the consequences be ?"These are just some of the moresophisticated skills and attitudes whichthe family doctor requires more thanmost of his colleagues. To what extentcan u they be taught and learned in thendergraduate years ?In many countries of the worldColleges of General Practice and similarorganizations have been formed bydoctors of experience who see adesperate need to keep alive and fosterPatient-centred medicine in the age ofmedical mechanization. There is areal danger of a cleavage here betweenwhat may crudely be called the scientistsand the humanists. There is a task°f bridging to be done and it could wellhe a task for the general practitionersOf the future to demonstrate the reconciliation of this apparent conflict.The Royal Australian College ofGeneral Practitioners is committed topreserving and developing the kind ofd octoring that takes place wherem edicine primarily meets its consumer,the undifferentiated ailing, perhapseven before one can speak of theell Patient.sieve A five-year training programme isLpPliteeorrimended after graduation; first,'d 1c3tWO years of hospital residency inco! \vhick both tutoring and responsiblet n' ekPerience are necessary in the basic,wi llI PI:ocedural skills of doctoring, trad-, ittlenally described in departmentalertns of psychological and physicalstn edicine, obstetrics and child health,raatIrgery and the smaller specialties.r doctors planning to go to theOh °untry, where responsibilities andJ. 1,i Portunities are greater, competence:t FItfe-saving emergencies is fundamentsse^al this residency term two yearsI reUllo tild be spent working in active111 g eneral practice with an approved111• principal as tutor. This period may beding I ributed among several practices.he fifth year may be used for anyvhic d vanced training bearing on future:e ractice.de ik "e successful candidate is awardedcti%i ud membership with the registrable0M'Plorna of M.R.A.C.G.P.)1at e,,e General practice is by no meansS l, fv erY medical trainee's cup of tea, butmie" °I' those who retain throughout the.le aeoUrse a feeling for people at leasts. hts Parable with the feeling for "intertlAtIng cases", it offers a range of new0 "1 13rizons.GFETISTROCROWNWHITE COATSStudents White Coats,Ladies UniformsCROWN WHITE COATS3rd Floor, Howey Court234 Collins Street,Melbourne, 3000Telephone : 63 6818Receives the Speculum Awardfor a tremendous place to take your bird.Delicious. continental food and an intimateatmosphere, with dancing, and a wide selectionof Australian and imported wines, all at areasonable price.A special room, "The Tavern" is availablefor all functions.Ring Ferdi's Bistro, 347 2759Our Address is 118-120 Elgin St., Carlton.1TM -EMT,WOMENAND• • •Are required to AppearA? VIZTHE EASTERN HILLHOTELRELAXATIONST. AUGUSTINE'S WARDA VERMILION EDICT!65

BOB SANTAMARIAThe Situation in VietnamA1-3(May I supply a corrective to theslanted reports continually appearingconcerning the military situation inIndo-China.It is the military, political andeconomic condition of CommunistNorth Vietnam, not South Vietnam,which has become critical.Based on its own estimate, NorthVietnam has sacrificed probably 700,000of its own young manhood killed, aneven larger number wounded, in itsquest for a victory over the Southwhich is further away than ever.In retrospect, we can see that theturning point in Indo-China came withthe Tet offensive in February, 1968.It was misrepresented by the mediaas a final defeat for South Vietnam.The reaction in the United States ledto the retirement of President Johnson.The truth was the opposite. It wasthe North Vietnamese who sustainedover-whelming losses. Their mainforceunits were forced to withdraw tothe borders or beyond the frontiers ofSouth Vietnam.Inside South Vietnam, this left onlythe Vietcong's badly depleted regionaland local forces, without main-forceprotection.They are and are still being slowlycleaned up, as was much of theVietcong's civilian infra-structure, onwhich their whole military effortdepends.CambodiaTo get back into South Vietnam, theNorth Vietnamese widened the southernroute through Cambodia, whoseborder at one point is only 60 milesfrom Saigon.Prince Sihanouk allowed them touse the port of Sihanoukville, and theSihanouk trail. Throughout 1969, theybuilt up their vast base areas, and armsstockpiles in the Cambodian sanctuariesfor future attacks on Vietnam.On March 18, 1970, the alarmedCambodians overthrew Sihanouk. TheVietnamese Communists desperatelytried to come to an agreement with thenew Cambodian government so as to66be allowed to continue to use the port,the trail and the sanctuaries. TheGovernment refused.Before the end of March, fully amonth before the Americans enteredCambodia. the Vietnamese Communistsattacked the small Cambodianarmy in the hope of putting Sihanoukback in control.The Labor M.H.R., Gordon Bryant,who was in Cambodia soon after theseevents, openly condemned North Vietnameseaggression. He, at least, knowsthat what I have said in relation toCambodia is the truth.But he was clearly over-ridden byDr. Cairns and the extreme Left, whoequally openly backed North Vietnam'saggression against Cambodia.PipelineThe Americans and South Vietnameseentered Cambodia on April 30.They drove the Vietnamese Communistsout of their sanctuaries, destroyedtheir bases and supplies, blockaded theport of Sihanoukville, began to strengthenthe Cambodian army.The Cambodian base areas were thusalso denied to the Communists.By this time, the military situation ofthe Vietnamese Communists was desperate.They developed still another basearea in the four northern provinces ofCambodia, and the southern provincesof Laos, which are contiguous.They moved quickly to enlarge theHo Chi Minh trail through Laos,building vast stockpiles of ammunitionand an elaborate oil pipeline.On February 8 this year, the SouthVietnamese army, with American aircover and logistic support, struckagainst the new base area, to destroythe bases, ammunition supplies, severthe pipeline, and then withdraw.This is the operation which the newsmedia again widely heralded as afailure but which, with inevitable localreverses, has been largely successful.It must be emphasised that from thevery beginning it was not designed asan operation to hold Laotian territory,but as a large "search and destroy"operation, to be followed by withdrawal before the rains.Facts of lifeFour hard consequences now fathe leaders of North Vietnam.■ Firstly, although it is by no meana world-beater, and although like thbest armies it will always sustain loreverses, the great improvementSouth Vietnam's armed forces hbeen plainly demonstrated, andno longer be ignored.■ Secondly, no territory adjacent tSouth Vietnam's frontiers any longoffers sanctuary to Communist foreNorth Vietnam will no longerable to build bases in eastern Laobelieving them to be immune froSouth Vietnamese attack.■ Thirdly, President Nixon nowlieves that, while he is not freeextend the area of operations fAmerican land forces in Indo-Chinhe may commit air and sea forwherever he wishes without feargenerating a domestic protest of amanageable proportions.■ Fourthly, South Vietnamese cotrol over military strategy is aheadmuch greater than in the past.Communist leaders now openly s?their fear that it will be North Vi enam's turn to face invasion. Theyfar from certain of the reaction of thesubjects to such an eventuality.Basis for peaceThere is today, as there has ablysbeen, the basis for a reasonable peaLet the independence of Comma /North Vietnam, non-Communist SouVietnam, Laos and Cambodia eachrespected.Let all foreign troops, includeNorth Vietnamese, be withdrawn froall countries, with a satisfactory ill tenational peace-keeping force to gothe borders.If Dr. Cairns and his Moratorisupporters really believe in peace, svedo they oppose such clear andpeace proposals, and encourage NoVietnam to continue the futile b10shed ?c

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N.1-0,477/ • UV, • --I •.-•-SCHIZOPHRENIAEinar Kringlen, M.D.etc';5)7rs ,Both paintingswith this articlewere done byschizophrenics.Half the hospital beds in the westernworld are today occupied by mentalpatients, most of whom are labelled"schizophrenic". About one in every100 persons in western countries runsthe risk of developing schizophreniaand at least 0.3 % of this population atpresent suffers from the disease.Views on the nature of schizophreniavary. Some authorities contend that itis an organic disease, some that it is aform of maladjustment, while othersmaintain it is just a way of life. Thereis, however, general agreement on aworking definition. Schizophrenia (thename was coined by the great Swisspsychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler, in 1911) isa chronic personality disorder thechief symptoms of which are disorderof the thought processes and markedsocial withdrawal accompanied byemotional disturbances such, for instance,as anxiety, depression, aggressiveoutbursts, and inter-personal problems.The boundaries between the varioustypes of schizophrenia are fluid in boththe acute and the chrbnic forms.Nevertheless, we usually differentiatethree main types: The hebephrenic ischaracterised by early onset (ebepuberty; it is extremely rare forhebephrenic symptoms to begin afterthe age of 25), gross disturbances ofthought and feeling, and a stupid,deteriorated appearance. In the catatonictype motor symptoms areprominent; these may show either asextreme passivity, so-called stupor, oras excitement. Paranoid schizophreniais characterized by delusions of persecutionor grandeur, sometimes accompaniedby hallucinations. It frequentlydevelops later in life than dothe other two forms, and there is lessdis-organization of the personality.Obsessive and dependentDuring their childhood days schizophrenicpatients were usually ratherreserved, lone-wolf individuals, oftensubmissive and inclined to be obsessiveand dependent. Typical schizophrenicsymptoms develop most oftenin the third decade but thay can appearas early as 15 or—for instance inparanoid schizophrenia—after the ageof 40.Despite the many theories that havebeen advanced, the aetiology of schizophreniais still unsettled. Until recentlythe genetic hypothesis was consideredby most psychiatrists to be the mostfruitful; it was also the most firmly

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established. This hypothesis is basedon twin- and family-studies. In the so-Called classical twin method mono-Zygotic and dizygotic pairs of twins arecompared statistically in respect oftheir concordance for the trait of theillness in question. A pair is termedconcordant if both suffer from thetrait, discordant if only one is affected.Significantly higher concordance figuresamong monozygotic twins areregarded as evidence in support of ahereditary background for the traitconcerned.sychosocial adjustmentInvestigations other than twin studiesave supported the genetic theory. TheAmerican psychiatrist, Leonard HestonIn 1966 compared the psychosociala djustment of 47 adults who had beenreared in foster homes and whoseMothers were schizophrenic, with 5011- latched controls whose mothers werenot schizophrenic. Five of the groupWith schizophrenic mothers had schizo-Phrenia themselves, but none of thecontrol group suffered from the illness.The recent twin studies, however,seem to indicate that it is not theSymptoms of schizophrenia that are' i nherited, nor distinct personality traitsbut certain developmental potentialsthat are as yet unidentified. Previouslymost authorities favoured the hypothesisof dominant inheritance. Fewtoday believe in a simple Mendeliani nheritance for schizophrenia. A polygenicmode of inheritance can bestaccount for the known facts, such asthe gliding transition from normality tosevere mental illness found in siblingsand parents of schizophrenics, and thefrequency of the disease. Most dominantand recessive disorders are extreme-1Y rare.nThe low concordance figures forschizophrenia in monozygotic twinst3. 0-40 % compared with 85 % pre-‘lously given by Kallmann) show thaten vironmental factors are of considerimportance. Theoretically thesebight be both somatic and psychosocial,, but we have been unable to demon-'rate convincingly the specific nature°f any such factor. This is not reallysurprising. The social factors arerhaps the more important, but bytheir d' very nature they are extremelyfrom to identify; they probably arise°11.1 interpersonal disturbances insocial systems where cause and effectare interwoven in a series of multipleinteractions.Variables of sex and ageLidz views schizophrenia as a disturbanceof identity; his attention isespecially focused on the variables ofsex and age. According to Lidz thefather of a schizophrenic behavespsychologically more or less like awoman—he is passive and weak. Themother behaves as a man—she isdomineering and active. Furthermorethe parents behave more like childrenthan adults, the father competing withthe son, and the mother with thedaughter.Wynne has been studying thoughtdisorder in schizophrenics, and regardsthe disturbed communication as adirect result of the confused familypattern. The families of schizophrenicsare, according to Wynne, either toorigidly or too loosely structured. Thecommunication in the family is fragmented,and irrational changes in"focal attention" make a real continuationin the family's interactiondifficult.Bateson's name is connected withthe "double bind" hypothesis ofschizophrenia. Double bind is definedas a type of learning situation fromwhich the child cannot escape. Thechild is subjected to meaninglessmessages that require him to denyimportant aspects of his own ego. Aperson communicating with anothermay say one thing, yet may communicatesomething quite different byfacial expression, tone of voice, orgestures. The victim is confronted withtwo incongruent injunctions, for instance: "I order you to disobey me."The child thus expects punishmentwhatever he does or says, and hecannot escape from the situation. Repeatedexperiences of this nature resultin the individual's stripping his ownmessages of meaning since punishmentcan be avoided only by making itimpossible for the other person tounderstand his response. Eventually,the child behaves as if he had lost theability to discriminate between hisown and other people's messages; thatis to say, he displays schizophrenicbehaviour.Paradoxical 'pushes and pulls'The British psychiatrist, RonaldLaing, has, together with his coworkers,also studied the families ofschizophrenics. He sees schizophrenianot as a disease in usual medicalpractice, but as the only way of livingin a family situation that is unbearableschizophrenia is a special strategythat the person invents to live in animpossible situation. The person cannotmove without being exposed toparadoxical "pushes and pulls" bothfrom inside himself and outside.In the modern family hypothesis ofschizophrenia a la Bateson, Laing,Lidz, and Wynne we find a synthesis ofdynamic psychiatry and sociology withnames such as Sigmund Freud, HarryStack Sullivan, and Talcott Parsons asimportant background figures. Theslogans are no longer oral or oedipalconflicts but instead are identificationand communication.If our hypothesis is correct, that thegenetic disposition is an unspecificpolygenic one, and furthermore thatenvironmental factors play a significantrole in the aetiology of schizophrenia,then the solution of the so-called"schizophrenia riddle" will not comefrom any simple biochemical breakthrough.We already know a lot aboutaetiology. Further advance will mostlikely accumulate gradually throughmeticulous research in the fields ofboth social science and biology. aFor true Italian Casalinga CuisineelidAcotio"FULLY LICENSEDReceives theSpeculum Awardfor a tremendous place totake your bird.292 LYGON STREET, CARLTON, MELBOURNE34 452971

P.V. SQUAD

SIC ITUR AD NAUSEAM7FIRST YEARWelcomed with open arms bySanderson, improbably enough in bedwith pneumonia, and the rest of thefaculty, First Year Med soon settledinto a life of comfortable apathy.Only occasionally was it interruptedand raised to great heights by changesin timetable necessitating, oh joy ofjoys, the odd trip to the Med Centre.The back row was soon claimed byRandy Randles (the one with thebody), "Apollo the Golden Greek"Costos, Moody and Co., with numerouskeen dedicated and late studentsvying for the front seats. For the restwe learned that "chemistry and flirtationdo not mix" (Mingin). Alsosomething about the cells of the teargland of marine birds, ProfessorAndrew's first baby, Konrad Lorenzand his ducks and various other factsof similar if not less importance.Prize for most obliging and leastconspicuous must go to Pete 'Foghorn"Forrest and Chris Holland for withstandingthe eloquent efforts of JohnUrey backed by the other 217 whocouldn't wait until November for thegreat Organic Orgy.Also to be commended are Buddywho takes our photographs to bedwith him, Rob Southwell for neverdoing more than one hour's prac a day,Ding-a-ling for her hot pants, TonyFrench's collarbone for its services tofootball, the dart-throwers for growingout of it, and the scores of intrepidmedico freshers who sneaked a guiltylook at the bodies upstairs.SECOND YEARBefore going any further we hadbetter squash a few Ratchet Rumoursthat have been floating around:—Albert and Miss Keogh are in love.(So is Big Red and his chemist shop).—Sue Taylor's throwing it in—thework is too hard.--Manu was spotted in Bourke'sAppliances last week, with his arseup against a fan.—Marginson just can't do a thing withhis hair-style lately.—Black and Decker have consultedDave Vivienne about how to improvetheir power tools.—Two male voices were heard softlyin the Physiology projection room.After a few sighs a voice like Prof.Day's said, "Could I have thatagain please Dennis ?"—Kim Mulholland shops at Georges.—John Santamaria is planning totake-over the Medical Centre. You'reright—it's a Communist plot.—Chris Hogan bought some moreneck-ties. (Buy a long one next time,Chris, and stick it on a tree).The Big Trike Race:The only point learned is that MechanicalStress II should replace Biochemin second year. The trike built byLaurie Howes, our chief mechanic, wasa bloody disgrace; the steering wentafter 50 yards, the wheels were stuffedafter 10 miles and the brakes neverwent at all. As for the crew, they wereall stuffed the night before.Rosy Walker was attacked by JustinPeters, then Matt Caldwell was attackedby Rosy Walker, The guitar wasassaulted by Dave Vivienne and thebooze was decimated by Rohan, Felix,Schifter, Murphy, Dunnin, Symingtonetc. etc. etc.A slightly buggered Med Teamtrundled off the starting line at 7.30a.m.A greatly buggered Med Team left ared trike in the gutter at Carrum at11.30a.m. Then a slightly idle MedTeam went into various shops to buyflour. At 2p.m. a greatly whitenedMed Team arrived back at Uni—theironly satisfaction being the flour splatteredfaces of their opponents.That grotesque 3-wheeler found itsway back into our common room—toremain for many weeks as a starkmonument to Med's absent engineeringskills.73

1THIRD YEARAwards for 1971For the best tutorials—Dr. MarshallRumour has it that the Town Hallhas been booked for his Anatomy tutesnext year, and that Tute Room E hasbeen subdivided into smaller rooms forthe other demonstrators.For the most dramatic lecture—Prof.Red Russell.Most students thought that he washaving a cardiac arrest during hislecture on lymph nodes. We wererelieved to learn however that he hadonly lost his train of thought and wasdesperately trying to catch it again.For the most unexpected departurefrom the course—Ralph Arwas.Many students were shocked atBrain Trust's tossing in the towel butwere amused by his advertisement inAd Rag: "Work wanted for a burntoutgenius".For the most conscientous med. student—AndyLim.Exam supervisors have been requestedto report immediately to theDean any trouble from this fellow,especially smashing the windows orknocking over women with prams inorder to get into Wilson Hall first.For the most promising couple—Fred and Janet.I'm sure Fred won't like the wordPrlei"promising"; that's all he's been bagetting for the past 3 years. Janet . _Pcplease keep your hands ABOVE the Vibench in lectures.For continuing the course—Briar'Chambers and Ruth Cleave (married ,but not to each other).Is it true that Brian tried to talkMr. Sanderson into postponing themid year Physiology exam indefinitely .Grounds for the request : He wanted t°concentrate on anatomy over theholidays!For patriotism—Dave Hjorth.On the day following his call- 10notice, Dave applied for every post'graduate scholarship and course available. He should be finished studyinby 1984. Just picture the nameplate' 414Dave Hjorth, M.B.B.S., Ph.D., M.P . r1eeM.A., B.Sc., M.Sc., F. R.C.S., F. R.A.5 ,FOURTH YEARROYAL MELBOURNE HOSPITALWith Div II success as history (a ]still wet behind their ears) the oFOSTthetriaformaPuscotSate1°0iht74

net ,thejet' ,ta$the;Ay , SThundred t select were plunged into theraumatic ward environment. The majorityare enjoying it more and copingless.A number of the clan have taken thePre - marital plunge (engagement) —some appear content, others, such as acertain Arthur, are having secondthoughts.Penny, Viv, Maree, Glenda and Suehave hit the flats, no doubt creatingmuch mischief. Cathy V had her haircut . then let it down. Dick J reeiveda billiard cue (where! ?) for his1st. Terry C has hairy arms. Charleswears a gravy-stained white dinneracket to ward rounds. Donald E haseen trying to crack a funny joke inectures for four years and still has notsucceeded.Ruzz V goes home every afternoonand learns his medicine watchingGeneral Hospital. Peter W fiddles (onthe violin) for money and lives withIan N. Peter G et al have a lucrativesideline which predisposes them toboys Contracture. The Ormondhave been potting around.Malcolm B can't drive his "orangetank". Jerry G destroys new cars .. .likes a bit of a roll! Schrim had atraumatic experience with a sister-6ougsie's. In 5E Lou G was almosts educed by a 56 year old deaf alcoholicf emale: he nearly lost his virginity.Did you hear Charles F's wife ispregnant? Have you seen Marie B's? Brian D has been belting thebails 'ails this year (he also played somePoop, Who is S Punyanitya or Cytrapon gje? Noel S has been whoringIt. Ian T juggles books.NORTH YEARV INCENTS HOSPITALdto The year began with a welcome bythe tile Dean of the Clinical School andfoIllanY took this to be the starter's flagr the Conscientious Stakes:[-UP Stephen C is prominent in theost' m arket. He hangs on the rails andrail' Pushes to the front. Sue knows the✓id c ourse well from her long Christmasate' appearance. Ross is a firm stayer butheeds a good mount. East, known ask.5 \'‘Ii ndlover, will need a pre-race enema.Sammy is racing on stilts and hot fromthe stud. J.C.N.—"Miss Casualty"—is.°0 1(ing for the hospital stud. Tony T1, 1s, an outsider and not on the cards.dj Oe librarian's hot tip is Lou G with!!15 shiny coat. Josephine D is well outcihe 14 front and will not be left behind.PYWYYYYYYServing Australian Doctors—The Australian Owned andControlled Pharmaceutical Company.Manufacturers of —Cilicaine Penicillin ProductsFerrum HausmannSigmacortPiptalPaediatric PiptalSpersinMaaloxAnanaseOphthalmic Range•SIGMA COMPANY LIMITED1408-1418 Centre Road, Clayton,Victoria, 3168.hthththththththth675

TjbrBill S has never been seen at the preracetrials. "Blonde" Peter R is reallya dark horse. Stephen K and Key Hare acting as honorary vets.A number of personalities have beenprominent in their own fields and wepresent the following awards. Bestdressed—Jim S. Michel W—Negronails. Audrey—beautiful brown eyes.Mick R—forgery. Ray B—absence ofears. Joe P—malaena. Joe G—distendedby the six F's.Parking is still a chronic problem.Nicolini spends more on fines than onbooks. Peter M is deflated—fianceeMary is floating on air. Donny D andColin S got bikes instead.The year has also been marked outas a year of tragedies: Bill M broke hisnose on a toilet 'seat, W.W.W. hadenlarged glands, failure of M Mc tosnare Greg D, Alan is isolated from thegod-squad and Peter B found out thatoysters are not aphrodisiacs.FIFTH YEARROYAL MELBOURNE HOSPITALKerry 0 looking forward to anothereventful skiing season whilst Mike Ghas had his share thank you. Betrothalsboth consumated and otherwise continueto mount with Pete D, Chief G,and Lee C married while Judy Kbecame engaged. Leon bought anA.M.A. badge for $1000 with a freecar thrown in. Joe B is worried sickabout his lack of sex drive since heheard that card playing sublimatesorgasm.Robertson's Regimentation Regimehas been opposed by Eggleston'sEgalitarian Extravagances. Eternal triangleof Sam and Robert and Doriscontinues to continue. Andy's baby isthe biggest, bonniest, brightest, bounciestboy believable. Bill 0 has hadone too. Reti Productions occasionallytake time off from film making tostudy. The knight's squires attend toher every need. Jack P after originalresearch is now an authority onprostitution. Michelle and Jim; Tonyand Vera; Sid and Jack. Simon has hada letter from France.FIFTH YEARAUSTIN HOSPITALThe picnic atmosphere still prevailsunder the trees at the HeidelbergHome for the tuberculous and quadriplegic.Albert the gatekeeper stillspares us a wave in the mornings inspite of his ever increasing responsibility.Our undisputed academic excellencebelies the nature of the average student.Now that Joan is no longer able tokeep her fledglings under her wig,extra curricular activities predominate.Our own hirsute law reformer hasbecome victim of police brutality andis busy peddling his way into legalhistory. May he be requited ! Othershave not been, having to settle for ahome product after resisting the advancesof the young eligibles ofEurope.Over the last year many of us haveentered the Sacrament of Holy Matrimony.Others have got married.One I know hurriedly passed his barmitzvahthe day before. Has it changedthem ? Posterity alone will tell while atthe moment austerity reigns supremefor many.Our Neapolitan friend boasts ofhis assets while others must make dowith 300 horsepower phallic symbols.Still others have overcome their drawback,first manifested on Beaumarisbeaches and now Freud would bedelighted as are their wiv s.There have been variegated responsesto the medical specialties, butthere has been almost universal interestin cardiology. The protagonists of thisseem to like holding lunch-time seminarsto discuss their findings. EvenFather Time has been known to takepart; no doubt the wisdom of hisyears is a moderating influence.Yes, we have a ghost! The ghost of afamous bookie who makes a biennialappearance and then vanishes oncemore into the ether. Also SherlockHolmes with his pipe is once more afamiliar figure after a period of Iabsence.But work goes on at the HeidelbergHome. There are others I have notmentioned—mere names on a list.But they shall not be forgotten.ROYAL WOMEN'S HOSPITALFIRST INTAKEThe Ob's scene is really fantastic atthe Women's. I blew in to GrattanStreet about 21/2 months ago to do abit of business for the old Lance, tookcollection of a speculum in outpatientsand did the vag. circuit.When I arrived back in quarters fromlabour ward I had a bit of businesswith me old boy and then belted overto Poynton's with a few great oldmates of mine. There was DerroDenton, Johnny Mac, Wog Mazzetti ,a Johnny P and Judy Smith. We got inbit of fantastic drinking but Steve"Chucker - Smith spewed all over thepool table so we finished up back inquarters with a bottle of Amphagel•chayyaSSEE THAT CooT ?HE WAS A MEDICALSTUDENT AT THEMELBOURNE 11141I1ERSIlYBEFORE 'ME WAR !i-1/4E. DID FIRST, SECOND, AND-1-1-11R-13 YEAR BILLIARDS, BUTPRACTICALLY Mo MEDICINESo 'THEY BOOTED HIM ouT „SICoU,Pcit)elTStthe76

The rest of us blew into Ward 54 toobserve a couple of deliveries but Geoffcouldn't stay because he had to blowdown to St. V's to get an I.V.P. donevia his old man. Brian and I made itbut Rod Donnan got shacked up withthis fantastic little sister whose blokewas downstairs getting a bit of hormonetreatment. Rod had helped her inRelaxation Clinic and he reckons shewas a fantastic little performer.I was all for doing the circuit andswinging on to Lino's, the Mayfair,Peter Poynton's Toto's, and the P.A.but a couple of the fellers had to pullout. Also Dave and Ray had aprivate with Jenny and Sue at five, soRos, Jack, Rob, Vin, Murray, Dennis,Roger, Sylvia and myself took to thewards without them.In outpatients there was an averageheight of 34 weeks with speculum andcervical smears operating. But culdoscopywas the greatest with 9cervical cancers in one afternoon. ThatSaturday night was absolutely fantastic—tookin theatre, labour wardand radiosurgery and finished up withthe neonates. Afterwards we hit thisfantastic little flat in Swanston StreetWhere we all shacked up with stacks ofbunnies from Med Records.Once again we'll all be getting intoour Mr. Whippy gear next year andherbing it up there for another 2 weeksOf Piss, Puss and PV's. Believe you meit's a great life and you can really havean Andy, no matter which hospitalYou've come from. Particularly ifYou're lucky enough to get stuck onLabour Ward duty with a stack ofMorphine, a few crates of syntocinon,a couple of little staff sisters and—NO COMPLICATIONS.ROYAL WOMEN'S HOSPITALSECOND INTAKE"The senior honorary old-school obstetrician teaches his "bikini-cut", thePfannenstiel Incision, which he useson his private patients at the Mercy sothey can run down the back beach atrortsea.The white sisters still live in Meno-Pause Mansion.The blue sisters live in the caves.The medical student comes with hisbroad sword to slay their dragons."It did not take long for the regular!WH inmates to realise that we secondintake were out to make our presence,relt. The cream of the Melbourne and't• Vincent's drinkers set out after allthe records.Mounted on their fiery dragons from9961JnAnL.1 t. :.::':: ... 1; I idIf t7 At4 ,' ,-$o7,.. •I 411, .........11,4. .......: --...21'qa o 1..4.:4 t40 -J. ..,/Vie* ''' .:.,. I,. ',••••• • :: .4-1. -- a-4., \ (),7- //7,, , \/ ,c/),44107 '-(eiVI I ■ • •/,‘7./17/1110 DJ/•/ I •1111NIM1d.__hNo bones about it. Ramsay Surgical prepare thestudent for everything.. They are leading suppliersof text books, reference books, microscopes, dissectingkits, stethoscopes and skeletons.Ramsay Surgical have just introduced a new wayfor students to save money. There is now a 10%discount on all equipment, not just on books.Ramsay Surgical Limited,196 Berkeley Street,Carlton, V., 3053Telephone 34 4121(Equipment)THE RAMSAYGROUPOFCOMPANIESRamsay Medical &Scientific Book Shop,403 Swanston Street,Melbourne.Telephone 34 9181(Books)

the local caves, foremost among thestarters were Ray, Jules, Dick, Kay andJosk, the latter pulling out in thestraight to pop the question to hisregular. Meanwhile Kay greasedthrough on the inside to win the $10first prize. Ray thought it was a longdistance event and was still pantingafter ten weeks. His mount wascompletely cattled.Even Key D got involved and is stillsuffering after a pizza-eating competitionwith Jim B who incidentally isstill happily single. Johnny B changedmares in mid-stream—does this meangoodbye to the RCH nurses home ?Other not-to-be-revealed secrets arethatAlan B is sick of looking at perineumsbut loves tickling ovaries.Peter J now carries a gun whenwalking near St. Mary's.Dick C did not go to the coast for aweek just to surf.Chris B remained a gentlemanthroughout.Ruth B is quite partial to dryvermouth.Dave R likes to sleep in.The final revue was a great successand a fitting end to an unforgettable10 week party.FINAL YEARROYAL MELBOURNE HOSPITALGiulio—the greatest Italian translatorand backyard soccer player theRMH has ever known. Has drivenhimself crazy after 6 years with Rosemary,a keen, saucy red head voted asbest dressed female of the year.John G—in between sleeping, gourmeting,loving women and samplinghis own home-made Rose, he is notedas a brilliant listener.Geoff C—now taking out postpubertal girls while Richard S remainssecretive. George's Athenian splendourcontinues to grace our presence.David (Isobel) are happily married andboth are doing well.Afif is the diplomat of the year whogot his hand in belatedly at theWomen's N.Z. after a stirring effort atRWH. Hoping to be the first Leboneseto enter finals not as a patient. ThisOmar Sharif of RMH will only settlefor the Matron.P.W. disappears to his Frankstonshack at the weekends in his beetle. Hehas already gone through three floorsof the Nurses Home and in preparationfor next year has started on PANCH.FINAL YEARST. VINCENTS HOSPITALThe screws are on!Many are crumbling due to environ -mental pollution—too much poundingand apathy and an inability to extenour interests beyond the books. However a few manage to maintain theisanity thru booze and birds : Landy andWilson still manage to put in a rareappearance at the local nurses' turns.But no problems out at the Austin—they're all married and get their sexthe easy way.Pat and Benno are tipped to do well.Come 1972 Costa's wife will be ableto treat all his hangovers. It is hopedthat this year SVH does better in finalsthan last year—as usual the dark horseis out at Heidelberg.WORKERSComp FORMSAPPOINTMENT CARDS.ACCOUNT FORMS.RECEIPT BOOKS.CERT' FICATts.LETTERHEADS.YOU NAME /7--„.•78

onclingtendlowheirandrarerns•Ln---sexyen.blCPednals)rse

MEDICINEBRANCH LIBRARYSPICULAIf you drink, smoke and chase broadsyou won't live a century, but you'llfeel that you have.He: "Some moon out tonight."She: "Sure is."He: "Some dew on the grass."She: "Some do, I don't."Ned Kelly (holding up coach): "Robthe women and rape the men!"Fellow Highwayman: "You mean robthe men and rape the women."High pitched voice from the coach:"Who's robbing this coach—you orMr. Kelly?"During the German occupation ofFrance, a storm-trooper accosted agirl in the streets of Paris and forcedher to sleep with him."In nine month's time," he gloated ashe left the room, "you will give birthto a baby boy. You may call himAdolf.""In three week's time," replied theParisienne quietly, "you will break outin a rash." Then with her coyest smile,"You may call it measles!"Some women are so dumb, they'd ever Thefail their P.V. examination.bei,sooThen there was the hypochondriac who crafollowed all the medical advice in the car,"Readers' Digest" and died of atypographic error.HeadSafe Period birth control—Roman maRoulette.Suicide—the sincerest form of selfcriticism.Optimist—a husband who goes downto the marriage bureau to see if thelicence has expired.While attending an engagement partygiven by his friends, the young fellowboasted of his sexual exploits. "Youknow," he declared, looking over th e,assembled guests, "I've conqueredevery girl here, with the exception o fmy sister and my fiancee.""That's interesting," his friend re"sponded dryly. "Between the two of uswe've had them all".ReithaWhnig'A :wasremthehaytoNortio;Pat:wa sHo,me'"1 was married twice," explained theman to a new discovered drinkingcompanion, and I'll never marry again.My first wife died after eating poison No,mushrooms and my second died Of 3 Specfractured skull.""That's a shame," offered the friend. Sir"How did that happen ?""She wouldn't eat her mushrooms.Boasting Sam, one of the worstbraggarts who ever bent a bar rail , was loudly lamenting that his doctor 'had ordered him to give up half of hissex life.exalAcat eJUT')who"Which half are you going to give tl?' . Theasked a weary listener. "Talking about allit or thinking about it."Ne vA man has reached old age when h ecan't take "yes" for an answer.

afThere was a girl with weak levatores anibeing treated at R.M.H. and told thatsoon they would be strong enough tocrack nuts. Somebody had best becareful.Heard at the Med. Ball : " . . . she worea dress with a neck-line low enough tomake a baby cry."Remember . . . "Prevention is betterthan curette."Who was the lady I saw you outwit lastnight ?A young girl visited the dentist andwas told she should have a toothremoved. Horrified at the thought ofthe pain, she said she would ratherhave a baby. At this the dentist replied :Make up your mind, because I'll have11 to alter the position of the chair."Next to a beautiful girl, sleep is themost wonderful thing in the world.Patient having a urethral bougie passedwas heard to call on the Almighty,H onorary: "Did I hear you talking torN ono, Nurse. I said "Remove hissPeetacles. -Sir Lance: "This pelvic outlet isex aggerated to prove my point."A co ntraceptive—something to be usedat every conceivable moment.J urY—a group of people who decideWho has the better lawyer.The statistics show that 90 per cent ofa ll people are caused by accidents.ewspaper Headline.N Fa ther of ten shot dead.Mistaken for rabbit.Did you hear about the successfulsurgeon who built his house on piles?"Are you medical or surgical ?-"What do you mean ?""Were you ill when you came into theward, or did the beggars make you ill ?"Nothing helps a girl stay on the straightand narrow so much as being built thatway.A recent cigarette survey shows that90 % of men who have tried Camelsstill prefer women."I'm always forgetting things", thedistraught man grumbled to the psychiatrist."What should I do ?""The first thing to do" the doctorreplied, "is pay me in advance".A well-stacked bird strolled into outpatientsover at R.W.H. the other dayand demanded to see an upturn."You mean INTERN don't you dear"asked the kindly nurse."Well, whatever you call it, 1 want acontamination !- replied the girl."You mean EXAMINATION" correctedthe nurse."Look" insisted the girl, I don't knowmuch about big words, but I do knowthat I haven't demonstrated for twomonths and I think I'm stagnant. -Nudist colony—A place where peopleof opposite sexes can get together andair their differences.Overheard in the ward :Patient: "Doctor, are you sure I'll getwell ? Sometimes doctors treat patientsfor pneumonia and they die oftyphoid."Doctor: "Listen, son, when 1 treat apatient for pneumonia, he dies ofpneumonia."The fastest moving object, next to ajet plane, is a nudist who has justspilled hot coffee on his lap."Say when" said the med. student as hepoured the drink and snuggled a littlebit closer."Right after this drink" came thebreathless reply.One young couple thought it washumiliating to have to admit at thealtar, "I do".Then there was the patient who onreceiving an enema called the nurse astool pigeon."I know how babies are made,"boasted one small fry to another."That's nothing," the second small fryreplied, "I know how they're not."Every member of the lecture theatre satspellbound as the Professor announced :"That concludes my examination ofthe human sexual response. However,there's one more point I'd like tomake before I get off the subject . ."A pansy who lived in KhartoumTook a lesbian up to his roomAnd they argued all nightOver who had the rightTo do what, and with which, and towhom.

To anyone whothinkstheycan't afford togo all electric.ThinkREMINGTON RANDRR674334-342 CITY ROAD SOUTH MELBOURNE 3205 BOX 1691P. G MELBOURNE 3001.TELEPHONE6 9 0 6 6 0