Environmental Impacts of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Different ...

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- 74 -180,000160,000140,000120,000Energy (GJ)100,00080,00060,00040,00020,0000Concrete Steel Timber Timber+-20,000Initial Embodied Energy Maintenance Transport Operation End-of-Life Energy RetainedFigure 6.14: Percentage of energy consumed in each stage of the life cycle, compared between buildingtypes in the reutilisation scenarioTable 6.10: Total primary energy consumption of each stage of the life cycle including the total energyrecovered through combustion and avoided energy due to recyclingInitialEnd-oflifeEnergy TotalBuildingtypeembodied[GJ]Maintenance[GJ]Transport[GJ]Operation[GJ] [GJ] 89retained[GJ] 10 [GJ]Concrete 13,772 1,722 589 135,863 684 -166 152,464Steel 17,970 2,201 532 138,428 -3,665 -160 155,306Timber 11,597 1,887 408 143,315 159 -4,343 153,022Timber + 7,191 1,518 419 139,388 161 -5,964 142,7138 End-of-life in this recycling scenario includes the recycling of recoverable concrete to make into moreaggregate (but still utilising significant amounts of primary energy) and recoverable steel (a negative valuebecause the energy difference between making recycled steel and virgin steel is enormous and in this case therecycled steel replaces some the production of some virgin steel).9 Note that only large amounts of recyclable material are accounted for; so, for instance, there is no accounttaken of recycling of foundation concrete in the Timber building.10 Energy retained refers to the total potential energy that could be produced from combustion of materials.
- 75 -8,0007,0006,0005,000GWP (t CO2 eq.)4,0003,0002,0001,0000-1,000Concrete Steel Timber Timber+Initial Embodied Maintenance Transport Operation End-of-Life CO2 RetainedFigure 6.15: Percentage of GWP of each unit process, compared between building types in thereutilisation scenario.Table 6.11: Total GWP (tonnes CO 2 equivalent) of each stage of the life cycle including the CO 2 retainedthrough displacing the use of traditional energy sourcesInitialembodied[t CO 2 eq.]CO 2 eqretained[t CO 2 eq .]BuildingtypeMaintenance[t CO 2 eq.]Transport[t CO 2 eq.]Operation[t CO 2 eq.]End-of-life[t CO 2 eq.][t CO 2 eq.]Concrete 1,576 131 42 4,910 135 -12 6,782Steel 1,615 166 39 5,000 -241 -11 6,567Timber 971 139 29 5,161 11 -302 6,010Timber + 566 99 30 5,038 12 -414 5,330The total primary energy consumed and GWP of each stage of the life cycle for thereutilisation scenario are presented in Table 6.10 and Table 6.11 respectively (presentedgraphically in Figure 6.14Figure 6.14Figure 6.14 and Figure 6.15). The negative figure in theEnd-of-life column for Steel includes a credit for the displacement of virgin steel. Thesetables also present the quantity of energy recovered from combusting the wood componentsand the CO 2 retained through displacing the use of traditional energy sources with theirassociated CO 2 emissions. These figures can be seen in the ‘Energy retained’ (Table 6.10) and‘CO 2 eq.retained’ (Table 6.11) columns, and the larger figures represent the larger quantitiesof wood available for energy recovery in the Timber and TimberPlus buildings.Total6.3.5.2 Transport DistancesIt is important to note that the transport contribution to total impact is minimal at around 0.3%and 0.5% for primary energy use and GWP respectively. However, for the purpose of thestudy it was interesting to test the relevance of the assumptions made. A sensitivity test wastherefore carried out to test the difference in environmental impact when the location of eachtype of building was changed (Base scenario assumed Christchurch). The change in location
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Environmental Impacts ofMulti-Store
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ContentsGlossary...................
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6.3.4.3 Maintenance related embodie
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- 9 -GlossaryCO 2 stored - refers t
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- 11 -Chapter 7Chapter 8Chapter 9Ch
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- 13 -An alternative end-of-life sc
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- 15 -designers and a shortage of b
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- 17 -• Ministry for the Environm
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- 19 -which it can be fashioned to
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- 21 -For fire safety, the New Zeal
Page 23 and 24: - 23 -buildings for low seismic are
Page 25 and 26: - 25 -4 The Buildings4.1 Constructi
Page 27 and 28: - 27 -the building. The basement le
Page 29 and 30: - 29 -4.3.2 Common Design Principle
Page 31 and 32: - 31 -Figure 4.5: South-west façad
Page 33 and 34: - 33 -the three longitudinal frames
Page 35 and 36: - 35 -4.3.5.2 Floor and RoofThe str
Page 37 and 38: - 37 -4.4 Multi-Storey Timber Build
Page 39 and 40: - 39 -Several different solutions h
Page 41 and 42: - 41 -5 Operational Energy5.1 Gener
Page 43 and 44: - 43 -Table 5.1: Simulation inputs
Page 45 and 46: - 45 -Table 5.3: Areas of office en
Page 47 and 48: - 47 -Modifying the design to achie
Page 49 and 50: - 49 -• Standards New Zealand (NZ
Page 51 and 52: - 51 -6 Life Cycle Assessment6.1 In
Page 53 and 54: - 53 -6.2.3.3 Impact AssessmentThe
Page 55 and 56: - 55 -6.3.2.2 System BoundariesThe
Page 57 and 58: - 57 -For more information see:http
Page 59 and 60: - 59 -6.3.3 Inventory Analysis6.3.3
Page 61 and 62: - 61 -Table 6.2: Net tonnes CO 2 eq
Page 63 and 64: - 63 -Growing timber takes up CO 2
Page 65 and 66: - 65 -6.3.4 Impact AssessmentTotal
Page 67 and 68: - 67 -8000700060005000GWP (t CO2 eq
Page 69 and 70: - 69 -As explained above, carbon st
Page 71 and 72: - 71 -Figure 6.10: Total embodied e
Page 73: - 73 -Table 6.9: Total GWP of each
Page 77 and 78: - 77 -45000400003500030000GWP (kg C
Page 79 and 80: - 79 -assumed to be identical for t
Page 81 and 82: - 81 -6.4.3.2 Green Star Recycling
Page 83 and 84: - 83 -Table 6.16: Green Star result
Page 85 and 86: - 85 -The contribution of initial e
Page 87 and 88: - 87 -results, the reutilisation sc
Page 89 and 90: - 89 -7.1.1 Platform and Balloon Co
Page 91 and 92: - 91 -buildings has been analysed a
Page 93 and 94: - 93 -Figure 7.5: Construction sche
Page 95 and 96: - 95 -8.2 Source and Availability o
Page 97 and 98: - 97 -It would be incorrect, howeve
Page 99 and 100: - 99 -8.5 Additional Opportunities
Page 101 and 102: - 101 -example, removal of CCA trea
Page 103 and 104: - 103 -The Waste Minimisation Bill
Page 105 and 106: - 105 -9 Discussion9.1 The Building
Page 107 and 108: - 107 -• The buildings tend to be
Page 109 and 110: - 109 -9.4.3 Data Sets9.4.3.1 Gener
Page 111 and 112: - 111 -The following assessment wil
Page 113 and 114: - 113 -Table 9.1. GWP coefficients
Page 115 and 116: - 115 -Figure 9.2 shows that the ne
Page 117 and 118: - 117 -placing and retaining materi
Page 119 and 120: - 119 -Net CO 2 emissions - that is
Page 121 and 122: - 121 -The LVL specified for the st
Page 123 and 124: - 123 -10 ConclusionsThe following
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- 125 -building types, instead subs
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- 127 -In summary, reutilisation sh
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- 129 -• What is the ranking of t
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- 131 -• What is the comparison i
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- 133 -Connell Wagner (2007): Combu
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- 135 -Suzuki, Michiya, and Tatsuo
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- 137 -C O N C R E T E B U I L D I
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- 139 -S T E E L B U I L D I N Gm m
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- 141 -T I M B E R B U I L D I N Gm
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- 143 -T I M B E R B U I L D I N G
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- 145 -T Exterior Wall Cladding 581
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- 147 -Appendix B. Life times of bu
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- 149 -Appendix D: Transport scenar
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- 151 -Appendix F: Warren and Mahon
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Timber Plus ProjectSummary of the T
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Timber Plus ProjectGreen Star Ratin
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Timber Plus ProjectVolatile Organic
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Timber Plus ProjectThe Forest Stewa
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Timber Plus ProjectStain and Clear
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Timber Plus ProjectINTERIOR WALL CL
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Timber Plus ProjectWINDOW REVEALSMa
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Timber Plus ProjectSOFFIT FRAMINGMa
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Timber Plus ProjectEXTERIOR WALL CL
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Timber Plus ProjectAdditional Oppor
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Appendix AResene Expected Paint Sys
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- 152 -Appendix G: Green Star Asses
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New Zealand Forest Research Institu
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Executive SummaryA common building
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1 IntroductionA common building des
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Timber pluso The same assumptions a
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Table 1-1-1: Weightings in Green St
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The science behind LCA is still dev
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In comparison the LCA results have
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All four buildings in this research
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1.4 Further WorkThe difficulty in m
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