Environmental Impacts of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Different ...

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4.3.5.5 Timber Building Finishes............................................................................. 354.3.5.6 TimberPlus Building Finishes...................................................................... 354.4 Multi-Storey Timber Building Research.................................................................. 374.4.1 New Forms of Timber Construction ................................................................ 374.4.2 Development of Post-Tensioned Timber Systems ........................................... 374.4.3 Experimental Investigation .............................................................................. 384.4.3.1 Design Flexibility......................................................................................... 394.4.3.2 Long-term Effects ........................................................................................ 405 Operational Energy .......................................................................................................... 415.1 General ..................................................................................................................... 415.2 Operational Energy Simulation................................................................................ 425.2.1 Simulation Method........................................................................................... 425.2.2 Floor Areas for Simulation............................................................................... 435.2.3 Buildings’ Thermal Envelope Descriptions ..................................................... 445.2.4 HVAC............................................................................................................... 455.2.5 Schedule ........................................................................................................... 465.2.6 Energy sources ................................................................................................. 465.3 Life-Cycle Operational Energy Use......................................................................... 465.3.1 Benchmarks for Operational Energy in New Zealand Buildings..................... 485.3.2 Summary of Energy Consumption Benchmarks.............................................. 495.4 Masters Thesis.......................................................................................................... 506 Life Cycle Assessment..................................................................................................... 516.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 516.2 Background .............................................................................................................. 516.2.1 LCA Overview ................................................................................................. 516.2.2 Definition of LCA ............................................................................................ 516.2.3 Elements of an LCA......................................................................................... 526.2.3.1 Goal and Scope Definition ........................................................................... 526.2.3.2 Inventory Analysis ....................................................................................... 526.2.3.3 Impact Assessment....................................................................................... 536.2.3.4 Interpretation ................................................................................................ 536.3 Life Cycle Assessment of the Four Building Designs ............................................. 546.3.1 Goal .................................................................................................................. 546.3.2 Scope ................................................................................................................ 546.3.2.1 Functional Unit............................................................................................. 546.3.2.2 System Boundaries....................................................................................... 556.3.2.3 Data Quality ................................................................................................. 556.3.2.4 Intended Audience and Application of the Results...................................... 566.3.2.5 Impact Assessment Methodologies.............................................................. 566.3.2.6 Primary Energy ............................................................................................ 566.3.2.7 Global Warming Potential (GWP) ............................................................... 586.3.3 Inventory Analysis ........................................................................................... 596.3.3.1 Material Quantities....................................................................................... 596.3.3.2 Maintenance ................................................................................................. 596.3.3.3 End-of-Life Inventory .................................................................................. 606.3.3.4 Transport ...................................................................................................... 636.3.3.5 Operational Energy ...................................................................................... 646.3.4 Impact Assessment........................................................................................... 656.3.4.1 Total Primary Energy Use and GWP ........................................................... 656.3.4.2 Contribution of building components .......................................................... 67
6.3.4.3 Maintenance related embodied energy......................................................... 696.3.5 Scenarios .......................................................................................................... 716.3.5.1 Landfill vs. Material Reutilisation ............................................................... 716.3.5.2 Transport Distances...................................................................................... 756.4 Green Star Assessment and Comparison ................................................................. 776.4.1 Approach .......................................................................................................... 776.4.2 Introduction to Green Star................................................................................ 776.4.3 Research Approach for Comparison ................................................................ 786.4.3.1 Green Star Base Scenario............................................................................. 796.4.3.2 Green Star Recycling Scenario .................................................................... 816.4.4 Results .............................................................................................................. 826.5 Discussion and Conclusions..................................................................................... 846.5.1 Life Cycle Assessment..................................................................................... 846.5.2 Primary Embodied Energy and GWP .............................................................. 846.5.3 Maintenance Related Energy ........................................................................... 856.5.4 Comparison Between Landfilling and Material Reutilisation.......................... 866.5.5 Transport Distances Sensitivity Test................................................................ 876.5.6 Green Star assessment...................................................................................... 877 Building Construction ...................................................................................................... 887.1 Construction Method of the Timber Buildings ........................................................ 887.1.1 Platform and Balloon Construction.................................................................. 897.1.2 Assembly of Key Components......................................................................... 897.2 Construction Method of Concrete Building............................................................. 907.3 Construction Time Analysis..................................................................................... 908 A Review of the Timber Used in the Timber Buildings .................................................. 948.1 General ..................................................................................................................... 948.2 Source and Availability of Timber........................................................................... 958.3 Certification of Timber............................................................................................. 968.4 Timber Treatment and Durability ............................................................................ 978.5 Additional Opportunities for the Use of Timber...................................................... 998.6 Current Situation in NZ for Recycling and Disposal of Treated Timber Products.. 998.6.1 Thermal Treatment........................................................................................... 998.6.2 Pre-Processing and Chemical Removal ......................................................... 1008.6.3 Recycling........................................................................................................ 1018.6.4 Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) ...................................................... 1028.6.5 Sorting of Timber Waste................................................................................ 1038.6.6 The Way Forward for NZ............................................................................... 1038.6.7 Current Research Into Energy Recovery from Treated Timber in NZ .......... 1049 Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 1059.1 The Buildings ......................................................................................................... 1059.2 Multi-Storey Timber Buildings.............................................................................. 1069.3 Operational Energy ................................................................................................ 1069.4 The Data ................................................................................................................. 1079.4.1 Operational Energy ........................................................................................ 1079.4.2 Material Quantities......................................................................................... 1089.4.3 Data Sets......................................................................................................... 1099.4.3.1 General ....................................................................................................... 1099.4.3.2 The importance of a NZ-specific GWP coefficient for Laminated VeneerLumber 109
Page 1 and 2: Environmental Impacts ofMulti-Store
Page 5: ContentsGlossary...................
Page 9 and 10: - 9 -GlossaryCO 2 stored - refers t
Page 11 and 12: - 11 -Chapter 7Chapter 8Chapter 9Ch
Page 13 and 14: - 13 -An alternative end-of-life sc
Page 15 and 16: - 15 -designers and a shortage of b
Page 17 and 18: - 17 -• Ministry for the Environm
Page 19 and 20: - 19 -which it can be fashioned to
Page 21 and 22: - 21 -For fire safety, the New Zeal
Page 23 and 24: - 23 -buildings for low seismic are
Page 25 and 26: - 25 -4 The Buildings4.1 Constructi
Page 27 and 28: - 27 -the building. The basement le
Page 29 and 30: - 29 -4.3.2 Common Design Principle
Page 31 and 32: - 31 -Figure 4.5: South-west façad
Page 33 and 34: - 33 -the three longitudinal frames
Page 35 and 36: - 35 -4.3.5.2 Floor and RoofThe str
Page 37 and 38: - 37 -4.4 Multi-Storey Timber Build
Page 39 and 40: - 39 -Several different solutions h
Page 41 and 42: - 41 -5 Operational Energy5.1 Gener
Page 43 and 44: - 43 -Table 5.1: Simulation inputs
Page 45 and 46: - 45 -Table 5.3: Areas of office en
Page 47 and 48: - 47 -Modifying the design to achie
Page 49 and 50: - 49 -• Standards New Zealand (NZ
Page 51 and 52: - 51 -6 Life Cycle Assessment6.1 In
Page 53 and 54: - 53 -6.2.3.3 Impact AssessmentThe
Page 55 and 56: - 55 -6.3.2.2 System BoundariesThe
Page 57 and 58:
- 57 -For more information see:http
Page 59 and 60:
- 59 -6.3.3 Inventory Analysis6.3.3
Page 61 and 62:
- 61 -Table 6.2: Net tonnes CO 2 eq
Page 63 and 64:
- 63 -Growing timber takes up CO 2
Page 65 and 66:
- 65 -6.3.4 Impact AssessmentTotal
Page 67 and 68:
- 67 -8000700060005000GWP (t CO2 eq
Page 69 and 70:
- 69 -As explained above, carbon st
Page 71 and 72:
- 71 -Figure 6.10: Total embodied e
Page 73 and 74:
- 73 -Table 6.9: Total GWP of each
Page 75 and 76:
- 75 -8,0007,0006,0005,000GWP (t CO
Page 77 and 78:
- 77 -45000400003500030000GWP (kg C
Page 79 and 80:
- 79 -assumed to be identical for t
Page 81 and 82:
- 81 -6.4.3.2 Green Star Recycling
Page 83 and 84:
- 83 -Table 6.16: Green Star result
Page 85 and 86:
- 85 -The contribution of initial e
Page 87 and 88:
- 87 -results, the reutilisation sc
Page 89 and 90:
- 89 -7.1.1 Platform and Balloon Co
Page 91 and 92:
- 91 -buildings has been analysed a
Page 93 and 94:
- 93 -Figure 7.5: Construction sche
Page 95 and 96:
- 95 -8.2 Source and Availability o
Page 97 and 98:
- 97 -It would be incorrect, howeve
Page 99 and 100:
- 99 -8.5 Additional Opportunities
Page 101 and 102:
- 101 -example, removal of CCA trea
Page 103 and 104:
- 103 -The Waste Minimisation Bill
Page 105 and 106:
- 105 -9 Discussion9.1 The Building
Page 107 and 108:
- 107 -• The buildings tend to be
Page 109 and 110:
- 109 -9.4.3 Data Sets9.4.3.1 Gener
Page 111 and 112:
- 111 -The following assessment wil
Page 113 and 114:
- 113 -Table 9.1. GWP coefficients
Page 115 and 116:
- 115 -Figure 9.2 shows that the ne
Page 117 and 118:
- 117 -placing and retaining materi
Page 119 and 120:
- 119 -Net CO 2 emissions - that is
Page 121 and 122:
- 121 -The LVL specified for the st
Page 123 and 124:
- 123 -10 ConclusionsThe following
Page 125 and 126:
- 125 -building types, instead subs
Page 127 and 128:
- 127 -In summary, reutilisation sh
Page 129 and 130:
- 129 -• What is the ranking of t
Page 131 and 132:
- 131 -• What is the comparison i
Page 133 and 134:
- 133 -Connell Wagner (2007): Combu
Page 135 and 136:
- 135 -Suzuki, Michiya, and Tatsuo
Page 137 and 138:
- 137 -C O N C R E T E B U I L D I
Page 139 and 140:
- 139 -S T E E L B U I L D I N Gm m
Page 141 and 142:
- 141 -T I M B E R B U I L D I N Gm
Page 143 and 144:
- 143 -T I M B E R B U I L D I N G
Page 145 and 146:
- 145 -T Exterior Wall Cladding 581
Page 147 and 148:
- 147 -Appendix B. Life times of bu
Page 149 and 150:
- 149 -Appendix D: Transport scenar
Page 154 and 155:
- 151 -Appendix F: Warren and Mahon
Page 156 and 157:
Timber Plus ProjectSummary of the T
Page 158 and 159:
Timber Plus ProjectGreen Star Ratin
Page 160 and 161:
Timber Plus ProjectVolatile Organic
Page 162 and 163:
Timber Plus ProjectThe Forest Stewa
Page 164 and 165:
Timber Plus ProjectStain and Clear
Page 166 and 167:
Timber Plus ProjectINTERIOR WALL CL
Page 168 and 169:
Timber Plus ProjectWINDOW REVEALSMa
Page 170 and 171:
Timber Plus ProjectSOFFIT FRAMINGMa
Page 172 and 173:
Timber Plus ProjectEXTERIOR WALL CL
Page 174 and 175:
Timber Plus ProjectAdditional Oppor
Page 176 and 177:
Appendix AResene Expected Paint Sys
Page 178 and 179:
- 152 -Appendix G: Green Star Asses
Page 180 and 181:
New Zealand Forest Research Institu
Page 182 and 183:
Executive SummaryA common building
Page 184 and 185:
1 IntroductionA common building des
Page 186 and 187:
Timber pluso The same assumptions a
Page 188 and 189:
Table 1-1-1: Weightings in Green St
Page 190 and 191:
The science behind LCA is still dev
Page 192 and 193:
In comparison the LCA results have
Page 194 and 195:
All four buildings in this research
Page 196 and 197:
1.4 Further WorkThe difficulty in m
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