Environmental Impacts of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Different ...

- 66 -180000160000140000120000Energy (GJ)100000800006000040000200000Concrete Steel Timber Timber+Building typeEmbodied Energy Maintenance Energy Transport Energy Operational Energy End of Life EnergyFigure 6.4: Primary energy consumption for each stage of the life cycle for all four buildingsTable 6.6: Total amount of energy consumed (GJ) in each stage of the life cycle for all building typesInitialembodiedenergy(GJ)Transportenergy(GJ)End-oflifeenergy(GJ) 5TOTALENERGY(GJ)BuildingtypeMaintenanceenergy (GJ)Operationalenergy (GJ)Concrete 13,772 1,722 589 135,863 1,342 153,288Steel 17,970 2,201 532 138,428 691 159,822Timber 11,597 1,887 408 143,315 490 157,696TimberPlus 7,191 1,518 419 139,388 492 149,008Table 6.7: Total GWP for each stage of the life cycle of all building typesInitialembodiedMaintenanceTransportOperationEndof-lifeCO2storageTOTALBuilding [t CO2 [t CO2 [t CO2 [t CO2 [t CO2 [t CO2 [t CO2typeequiv.] equiv.] equiv.] equiv.] equiv.] 6 equiv.] 7 equiv.]Concrete 1,576 131 42 4,910 168 -32 6,794Steel 1,615 166 39 5,000 95 -31 6,883Timber 971 139 29 5,161 529 -846 5,982Timber+ 566 99 30 5,038 706 -1,162 5,2765 End-of-life refers to the energy associated with the disposal of a material, which may be positive or negativedepending on the disposal method.6 In this landfill scenario, end-of-life includes transport of materials to the landfill and subsequent emissionsfrom the landfill.7 The calculation of initial embodied GWP does not include carbon sequestered in the building materials. Thepotential carbon stored in the materials is detailed in Table 6.2.