Environmental Impacts of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Different ...

4.3.5.5 Timber Building Finishes............................................................................. 354.3.5.6 TimberPlus Building Finishes...................................................................... 354.4 Multi-Storey Timber Building Research.................................................................. 374.4.1 New Forms of Timber Construction ................................................................ 374.4.2 Development of Post-Tensioned Timber Systems ........................................... 374.4.3 Experimental Investigation .............................................................................. 384.4.3.1 Design Flexibility......................................................................................... 394.4.3.2 Long-term Effects ........................................................................................ 405 Operational Energy .......................................................................................................... 415.1 General ..................................................................................................................... 415.2 Operational Energy Simulation................................................................................ 425.2.1 Simulation Method........................................................................................... 425.2.2 Floor Areas for Simulation............................................................................... 435.2.3 Buildings’ Thermal Envelope Descriptions ..................................................... 445.2.4 HVAC............................................................................................................... 455.2.5 Schedule ........................................................................................................... 465.2.6 Energy sources ................................................................................................. 465.3 Life-Cycle Operational Energy Use......................................................................... 465.3.1 Benchmarks for Operational Energy in New Zealand Buildings..................... 485.3.2 Summary of Energy Consumption Benchmarks.............................................. 495.4 Masters Thesis.......................................................................................................... 506 Life Cycle Assessment..................................................................................................... 516.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 516.2 Background .............................................................................................................. 516.2.1 LCA Overview ................................................................................................. 516.2.2 Definition of LCA ............................................................................................ 516.2.3 Elements of an LCA......................................................................................... 526.2.3.1 Goal and Scope Definition ........................................................................... 526.2.3.2 Inventory Analysis ....................................................................................... 526.2.3.3 Impact Assessment....................................................................................... 536.2.3.4 Interpretation ................................................................................................ 536.3 Life Cycle Assessment of the Four Building Designs ............................................. 546.3.1 Goal .................................................................................................................. 546.3.2 Scope ................................................................................................................ 546.3.2.1 Functional Unit............................................................................................. 546.3.2.2 System Boundaries....................................................................................... 556.3.2.3 Data Quality ................................................................................................. 556.3.2.4 Intended Audience and Application of the Results...................................... 566.3.2.5 Impact Assessment Methodologies.............................................................. 566.3.2.6 Primary Energy ............................................................................................ 566.3.2.7 Global Warming Potential (GWP) ............................................................... 586.3.3 Inventory Analysis ........................................................................................... 596.3.3.1 Material Quantities....................................................................................... 596.3.3.2 Maintenance ................................................................................................. 596.3.3.3 End-of-Life Inventory .................................................................................. 606.3.3.4 Transport ...................................................................................................... 636.3.3.5 Operational Energy ...................................................................................... 646.3.4 Impact Assessment........................................................................................... 656.3.4.1 Total Primary Energy Use and GWP ........................................................... 656.3.4.2 Contribution of building components .......................................................... 67