Environmental Impacts of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Different ...

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- 58 -250002000015000Energy (GJ)1000050000Concrete Steel Timber TimberPlusNon-RenewableNon-renewable + renewableFigure 6.2: Comparison of embodied energy including renewable and non-renewable energy with onlynon-renewable energy for all materials6.3.2.7 Global Warming Potential (GWP)Increasing amounts of greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide and methane) enhance thenatural greenhouse effect and are possibly leading to an increase in global temperature.During the 20th century, the average global temperature increased by about 0.6°C. Climatechange is therefore often referred to as 'global warming'. Since the effects may also includestorms or regional cooling, the term 'climate change' is more suitable. The natural greenhouseeffect is an important factor in heating the atmosphere: short wavelength solar radiationentering the Earth's atmosphere is re-radiated from the Earth's surface in longer infraredwavelengths and then reabsorbed by components of the atmosphere. Without the naturalgreenhouse effect the average global temperature would be about -18°C. Due to thegreenhouse effect the average global temperature is 15°C.The general recommendation is to use the most recent figures for CO 2 equivalents forgreenhouse gas emissions published by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change(IPCC). In 2007, the IPCC updated its estimates of Global Warming Potentials (GWP) for keygreenhouse gases from 1996.The global warming potential is an expression of the contribution of a product or service toclimate change. An internationally agreed characterisation model exists for the calculation ofthe Global Warming Potential. This has been published by the IPCC.CO 2 has a weighting of 1 whereas the more potent greenhouse gas methane has a value of 25kg CO 2 equivalents: in other words 1 kg of methane contributes 25 times as much to globalwarming as 1 kg CO 2 (over 100 years). This way it is possible to add up the results of allemissions which contribute to climate change.
- 59 -6.3.3 Inventory Analysis6.3.3.1 Material QuantitiesThe material quantities for each building type and building component are presented in tonnesin Appendix A. The material quantities, for each building type, were estimated by a quantitysurveyor, Davis Langdon Shipston Davies in Christchurch. The total quantities, in tonnes, ofthe main building materials are summarised and presented in Table 6.1Table 6.1Table 6.1.Table 6.1: Total building material quantities for each building design.Building typeMaterial (tonnes) Concrete Steel Timber TimberPlusConcrete – 17.5 MPA 165 62 53 53Concrete – 40.0 MPA 679 2,170 1,316 1,316Concrete – Pre-cast 4,595 101 N/A N/ASteel (NZ) 5.85 77.40 4.04 4.04Steel (Aus) 17.66 265.64 5.55 5.55Steel sheet 16.66 15.66 N/A N/AReinforcing steel wire 114.41 24.03 19.48 19.48Glass 47.03 47.03 47.03 31.94Timber 11.57 10.94 61.28 130.82Western Red Cedar N/A N/A 0.00 22.80LVL N/A N/A 343.94 343.94Plywood 4.09 4.09 54.45 64.79MDF 2.00 2.00 2.00 70.62Aluminium 6.63 6.63 6.63 1.06Aluminium sheet mix 27.26 27.26 27.26 N/APlasterboard (Gypsum) 38.83 56.10 43.24 N/APaint 0.69 0.77 1.03 1.11Fibreglass Insulation 3.30 8.34 7.93 8.42Polystyrene Insulation 2.31 N/A N/A N/AFibre Cement 36.39 44.89 73.82 N/A6.3.3.2 MaintenanceA maintenance schedule for each building design was developed based on a literature reviewof material lifetimes. Additional information, in particular with regard to the estimatedlifetime of the timber products and components of the buildings, was provided in the report byIain Nicholls, an Architectural Technologist at Warren and Mahoney in Christchurch(commissioned by the University of Canterbury as part of this overall research project). Thisreport, A Review of the timber used in four alternative designs of multi-storey buildings isincluded in its entirety in Appendix F.The replacement or refurbishment lifetimes of specific building materials are presented inAppendix B along with the references on which the figures are based.Where the exact material is not given, the closest approximation is used. In some cases, morethan one value is given for a single material, in which case the exemplar house figure (Szalay,2006) is used, as this was calculated from many studies. For this study, it was assumed thatthe plywood panelling and MDF would have the same lifetime until replacement orrefurbishment.
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Environmental Impacts ofMulti-Store
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ContentsGlossary...................
Page 7 and 8: 6.3.4.3 Maintenance related embodie
Page 9 and 10: - 9 -GlossaryCO 2 stored - refers t
Page 11 and 12: - 11 -Chapter 7Chapter 8Chapter 9Ch
Page 13 and 14: - 13 -An alternative end-of-life sc
Page 15 and 16: - 15 -designers and a shortage of b
Page 17 and 18: - 17 -• Ministry for the Environm
Page 19 and 20: - 19 -which it can be fashioned to
Page 21 and 22: - 21 -For fire safety, the New Zeal
Page 23 and 24: - 23 -buildings for low seismic are
Page 25 and 26: - 25 -4 The Buildings4.1 Constructi
Page 27 and 28: - 27 -the building. The basement le
Page 29 and 30: - 29 -4.3.2 Common Design Principle
Page 31 and 32: - 31 -Figure 4.5: South-west façad
Page 33 and 34: - 33 -the three longitudinal frames
Page 35 and 36: - 35 -4.3.5.2 Floor and RoofThe str
Page 37 and 38: - 37 -4.4 Multi-Storey Timber Build
Page 39 and 40: - 39 -Several different solutions h
Page 41 and 42: - 41 -5 Operational Energy5.1 Gener
Page 43 and 44: - 43 -Table 5.1: Simulation inputs
Page 45 and 46: - 45 -Table 5.3: Areas of office en
Page 47 and 48: - 47 -Modifying the design to achie
Page 49 and 50: - 49 -• Standards New Zealand (NZ
Page 51 and 52: - 51 -6 Life Cycle Assessment6.1 In
Page 53 and 54: - 53 -6.2.3.3 Impact AssessmentThe
Page 55 and 56: - 55 -6.3.2.2 System BoundariesThe
Page 57: - 57 -For more information see:http
Page 61 and 62: - 61 -Table 6.2: Net tonnes CO 2 eq
Page 63 and 64: - 63 -Growing timber takes up CO 2
Page 65 and 66: - 65 -6.3.4 Impact AssessmentTotal
Page 67 and 68: - 67 -8000700060005000GWP (t CO2 eq
Page 69 and 70: - 69 -As explained above, carbon st
Page 71 and 72: - 71 -Figure 6.10: Total embodied e
Page 73 and 74: - 73 -Table 6.9: Total GWP of each
Page 75 and 76: - 75 -8,0007,0006,0005,000GWP (t CO
Page 77 and 78: - 77 -45000400003500030000GWP (kg C
Page 79 and 80: - 79 -assumed to be identical for t
Page 81 and 82: - 81 -6.4.3.2 Green Star Recycling
Page 83 and 84: - 83 -Table 6.16: Green Star result
Page 85 and 86: - 85 -The contribution of initial e
Page 87 and 88: - 87 -results, the reutilisation sc
Page 89 and 90: - 89 -7.1.1 Platform and Balloon Co
Page 91 and 92: - 91 -buildings has been analysed a
Page 93 and 94: - 93 -Figure 7.5: Construction sche
Page 95 and 96: - 95 -8.2 Source and Availability o
Page 97 and 98: - 97 -It would be incorrect, howeve
Page 99 and 100: - 99 -8.5 Additional Opportunities
Page 101 and 102: - 101 -example, removal of CCA trea
Page 103 and 104: - 103 -The Waste Minimisation Bill
Page 105 and 106: - 105 -9 Discussion9.1 The Building
Page 107 and 108: - 107 -• The buildings tend to be
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- 109 -9.4.3 Data Sets9.4.3.1 Gener
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- 111 -The following assessment wil
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- 113 -Table 9.1. GWP coefficients
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- 115 -Figure 9.2 shows that the ne
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- 117 -placing and retaining materi
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- 119 -Net CO 2 emissions - that is
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- 121 -The LVL specified for the st
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- 123 -10 ConclusionsThe following
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- 125 -building types, instead subs
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- 127 -In summary, reutilisation sh
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- 129 -• What is the ranking of t
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- 131 -• What is the comparison i
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- 133 -Connell Wagner (2007): Combu
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- 135 -Suzuki, Michiya, and Tatsuo
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- 137 -C O N C R E T E B U I L D I
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- 139 -S T E E L B U I L D I N Gm m
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- 141 -T I M B E R B U I L D I N Gm
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- 143 -T I M B E R B U I L D I N G
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- 145 -T Exterior Wall Cladding 581
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- 147 -Appendix B. Life times of bu
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- 149 -Appendix D: Transport scenar
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- 151 -Appendix F: Warren and Mahon
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Timber Plus ProjectSummary of the T
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Timber Plus ProjectGreen Star Ratin
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Timber Plus ProjectVolatile Organic
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Timber Plus ProjectThe Forest Stewa
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Timber Plus ProjectStain and Clear
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Timber Plus ProjectINTERIOR WALL CL
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Timber Plus ProjectWINDOW REVEALSMa
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Timber Plus ProjectSOFFIT FRAMINGMa
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Timber Plus ProjectEXTERIOR WALL CL
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Timber Plus ProjectAdditional Oppor
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Appendix AResene Expected Paint Sys
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- 152 -Appendix G: Green Star Asses
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New Zealand Forest Research Institu
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Executive SummaryA common building
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1 IntroductionA common building des
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Timber pluso The same assumptions a
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Table 1-1-1: Weightings in Green St
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The science behind LCA is still dev
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In comparison the LCA results have
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All four buildings in this research
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1.4 Further WorkThe difficulty in m
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