Environmental Impacts of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Different ...

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- 48 -The total annual operational energy consumed in the four buildings is fairly similar. Thehighest difference (5%) is between the Concrete and the Timber buildingWhen energy consumed is divided by the building’s gross floor area, the Concrete buildinguses 84 kWh/m 2 /yr, followed by the Steel and the TimberPlus buildings, both using 86 kWh/m 2 /yr, and the Timber building, using 88 kWh m 2 /yr. The difference between the Concretebuilding (lowest operating energy consumption) and the Timber building (largest operatingenergy consumption) is about 4 kWh/ m 2 /yr.Electricity accounts for roughly 85% of the total energy consumed, with gas accounting forthe remaining 15%. This is because gas is used only for heating and domestic hot water whileelectricity is used for cooling, lighting, room electricity and miscellaneous systems (mainlylift).Table 5.6 shows the life-cycle operational energy use for the Concrete, Steel, Timber andTimberPlus buildings (the annual operational energy multiplied by a 60 year life-cycle). Thelife-cycle energy consumption is presented in GJ and the total is then divided by the buildingsnet useable floor area (measured inside external walls).Table 5.6: Energy consumed in operations, annual and 60 year life cycle consumption in GJAnnual energy consumed in operation60 years life-cyclekWh GJ GJ1 Concrete buildingTotal energy use: 296,935 kWh/yr 1,069 GJ/yr 64,138 GJ/yrTotal energy use/m 2 : 84 kWh/m 2 .yr 0.30 GJ/m 2 .yr 18.1 GJ/m 2 .yr2 Steel buildingTotal energy use: 302,363 kWh/yr 1,089 GJ/yr 65,310 GJ/yrTotal energy use/m 2 : 86 kWh/m 2 .yr 0.31 GJ/m 2 .yr 18.5 GJ/m 2 .yr3 Timber buildingTotal energy use: 311,367 kWh/yr 1,121 GJ/yr 67,255 GJ/yrTotal energy use/m 2 : 88 kWh/m 2 .yr 0.32 GJ/m 2 .yr 19.0 GJ/m 2 .yr4 Timber-Plus buildingTotal energy use: 304,740 kWh/yr 1,097 GJ/yr 65,824 GJ/yrTotal energy use/m 2 : 86 kWh/m 2 .yr 0.31 GJ/m 2 .yr 18.6 GJ/m 2 .yr5.3.1 Benchmarks for Operational Energy in New ZealandBuildingsSeveral researchers have studied the energy consumption of commercial buildings in NewZealand – hence, there are a number of benchmarks for operational energy in office buildingsin New Zealand.The benchmark studies below provide comparison of the results with those produced from theoperational energy simulations undertaken for each of the four buildings in this report. Thisconfirms that all four buildings are low energy consumption buildings.
- 49 -• Standards New Zealand (NZS) 4220.“Code of practice for energy conservation in non-residential buildings” (1982).This standard sets energy consumption targets for New Zealand’s existing and newbuildings. The target for office buildings is: existing buildings 200 kWh/m 2 /yr andnew buildings 100 kWh m2/yr.• Property Council of New Zealand.The table below summarises the findings of report published by The PropertyCouncil of New Zealand in 2000: Energy consumption benchmarks: An analysis ofthe energy expenses incurred by New Zealand CBD office buildings.This study was undertaken to asses the cost and level of energy consumption incommercial CBD office buildings throughout New Zealand. The survey wasundertaken over the 1998 and 1999 calendar years. The survey obtained the annualenergy consumption statistics of 35 CBD office buildings encompassing approx410,000 m 2 of net lettable area (the gross area less common areas and ancillaryspaces).The study produced an energy performance indicator, the Energy Use Index (EUI)which provides a reference for a building’s energy consumption (in kWh/m 2 /yr ofNLA) of several buildings occupancy types. Table 5.7 shows the EUI values foroffice buildings with different indoor climate control systems.Table 5.7: Property Council of New Zealand, 2000 Energy Use Index.Office building Low Typical highWith HVAC 200 kWh/m 2 /yr 280 kWh/m 2 /yr 400 kWh/m 2 /yrNatural ventilated 100 kWh/m 2 /yr 210 kWh/m 2 /yr 300 kWh/m 2 /yrTenant electricity only 60 kWh/m 2 /yr 150 kWh/m 2 /yr 200 kWh/m 2 /yr• NZ Green Building Council.The NZGBC offers the newest energy use target with the New Zealand Green StarOffice Rating Tool. Green Star was launched in 2007 and rates the “sustainability”of new and refurbished office buildings in New Zealand. It is a ConditionalRequirement for obtaining a NZ Green Star rating that the base building designachieves an energy use figure of 120 kWh/ m 2 /yr or less, using the modellingmethod in NZS 4243/4218 (NZ Green Building Council, 2008).5.3.2 Summary of Energy Consumption BenchmarksThe predicted average energy consumption of the Concrete, Steel, Timber and TimberPlusbuildings analysed in this report is 86 kWh/m 2 /yr. There is a tendency in simulations that theoutcomes produced are lower than the audited energy consumption during occupancy. It isnot the aim of this report to identify the reasons for the gap between the predicted and auditedoutcomes. However, a figure of 84-86 kWh/m 2 /yr is well below all the above benchmarks.
Page 1 and 2: Environmental Impacts ofMulti-Store
Page 5 and 6: ContentsGlossary...................
Page 7 and 8: 6.3.4.3 Maintenance related embodie
Page 9 and 10: - 9 -GlossaryCO 2 stored - refers t
Page 11 and 12: - 11 -Chapter 7Chapter 8Chapter 9Ch
Page 13 and 14: - 13 -An alternative end-of-life sc
Page 15 and 16: - 15 -designers and a shortage of b
Page 17 and 18: - 17 -• Ministry for the Environm
Page 19 and 20: - 19 -which it can be fashioned to
Page 21 and 22: - 21 -For fire safety, the New Zeal
Page 23 and 24: - 23 -buildings for low seismic are
Page 25 and 26: - 25 -4 The Buildings4.1 Constructi
Page 27 and 28: - 27 -the building. The basement le
Page 29 and 30: - 29 -4.3.2 Common Design Principle
Page 31 and 32: - 31 -Figure 4.5: South-west façad
Page 33 and 34: - 33 -the three longitudinal frames
Page 35 and 36: - 35 -4.3.5.2 Floor and RoofThe str
Page 37 and 38: - 37 -4.4 Multi-Storey Timber Build
Page 39 and 40: - 39 -Several different solutions h
Page 41 and 42: - 41 -5 Operational Energy5.1 Gener
Page 43 and 44: - 43 -Table 5.1: Simulation inputs
Page 45 and 46: - 45 -Table 5.3: Areas of office en
Page 47: - 47 -Modifying the design to achie
Page 51 and 52: - 51 -6 Life Cycle Assessment6.1 In
Page 53 and 54: - 53 -6.2.3.3 Impact AssessmentThe
Page 55 and 56: - 55 -6.3.2.2 System BoundariesThe
Page 57 and 58: - 57 -For more information see:http
Page 59 and 60: - 59 -6.3.3 Inventory Analysis6.3.3
Page 61 and 62: - 61 -Table 6.2: Net tonnes CO 2 eq
Page 63 and 64: - 63 -Growing timber takes up CO 2
Page 65 and 66: - 65 -6.3.4 Impact AssessmentTotal
Page 67 and 68: - 67 -8000700060005000GWP (t CO2 eq
Page 69 and 70: - 69 -As explained above, carbon st
Page 71 and 72: - 71 -Figure 6.10: Total embodied e
Page 73 and 74: - 73 -Table 6.9: Total GWP of each
Page 75 and 76: - 75 -8,0007,0006,0005,000GWP (t CO
Page 77 and 78: - 77 -45000400003500030000GWP (kg C
Page 79 and 80: - 79 -assumed to be identical for t
Page 81 and 82: - 81 -6.4.3.2 Green Star Recycling
Page 83 and 84: - 83 -Table 6.16: Green Star result
Page 85 and 86: - 85 -The contribution of initial e
Page 87 and 88: - 87 -results, the reutilisation sc
Page 89 and 90: - 89 -7.1.1 Platform and Balloon Co
Page 91 and 92: - 91 -buildings has been analysed a
Page 93 and 94: - 93 -Figure 7.5: Construction sche
Page 95 and 96: - 95 -8.2 Source and Availability o
Page 97 and 98: - 97 -It would be incorrect, howeve
Page 99 and 100:
- 99 -8.5 Additional Opportunities
Page 101 and 102:
- 101 -example, removal of CCA trea
Page 103 and 104:
- 103 -The Waste Minimisation Bill
Page 105 and 106:
- 105 -9 Discussion9.1 The Building
Page 107 and 108:
- 107 -• The buildings tend to be
Page 109 and 110:
- 109 -9.4.3 Data Sets9.4.3.1 Gener
Page 111 and 112:
- 111 -The following assessment wil
Page 113 and 114:
- 113 -Table 9.1. GWP coefficients
Page 115 and 116:
- 115 -Figure 9.2 shows that the ne
Page 117 and 118:
- 117 -placing and retaining materi
Page 119 and 120:
- 119 -Net CO 2 emissions - that is
Page 121 and 122:
- 121 -The LVL specified for the st
Page 123 and 124:
- 123 -10 ConclusionsThe following
Page 125 and 126:
- 125 -building types, instead subs
Page 127 and 128:
- 127 -In summary, reutilisation sh
Page 129 and 130:
- 129 -• What is the ranking of t
Page 131 and 132:
- 131 -• What is the comparison i
Page 133 and 134:
- 133 -Connell Wagner (2007): Combu
Page 135 and 136:
- 135 -Suzuki, Michiya, and Tatsuo
Page 137 and 138:
- 137 -C O N C R E T E B U I L D I
Page 139 and 140:
- 139 -S T E E L B U I L D I N Gm m
Page 141 and 142:
- 141 -T I M B E R B U I L D I N Gm
Page 143 and 144:
- 143 -T I M B E R B U I L D I N G
Page 145 and 146:
- 145 -T Exterior Wall Cladding 581
Page 147 and 148:
- 147 -Appendix B. Life times of bu
Page 149 and 150:
- 149 -Appendix D: Transport scenar
Page 154 and 155:
- 151 -Appendix F: Warren and Mahon
Page 156 and 157:
Timber Plus ProjectSummary of the T
Page 158 and 159:
Timber Plus ProjectGreen Star Ratin
Page 160 and 161:
Timber Plus ProjectVolatile Organic
Page 162 and 163:
Timber Plus ProjectThe Forest Stewa
Page 164 and 165:
Timber Plus ProjectStain and Clear
Page 166 and 167:
Timber Plus ProjectINTERIOR WALL CL
Page 168 and 169:
Timber Plus ProjectWINDOW REVEALSMa
Page 170 and 171:
Timber Plus ProjectSOFFIT FRAMINGMa
Page 172 and 173:
Timber Plus ProjectEXTERIOR WALL CL
Page 174 and 175:
Timber Plus ProjectAdditional Oppor
Page 176 and 177:
Appendix AResene Expected Paint Sys
Page 178 and 179:
- 152 -Appendix G: Green Star Asses
Page 180 and 181:
New Zealand Forest Research Institu
Page 182 and 183:
Executive SummaryA common building
Page 184 and 185:
1 IntroductionA common building des
Page 186 and 187:
Timber pluso The same assumptions a
Page 188 and 189:
Table 1-1-1: Weightings in Green St
Page 190 and 191:
The science behind LCA is still dev
Page 192 and 193:
In comparison the LCA results have
Page 194 and 195:
All four buildings in this research
Page 196 and 197:
1.4 Further WorkThe difficulty in m
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