Environmental Impacts of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Different ...

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- 40 -A design feature of the Timber and TimberPlus buildings is prefabrication. The floors couldbe constructed from composite panels entirely prefabricated off-site or by connecting concreteslabs prefabricated off-site onto the timber joists and the adjacent slabs.An extensive experimental programme is currently ongoing at the University of Canterbury,New Zealand and the University of Technology, Sydney including tests to failure and longtermtests of full scale concrete-LVL composite beams and different connection details,dynamic vibration tests of composite beams, and tests under repeated loads of compositebeams and different connection details.The possibility of using pre-stressed LVL beams with composite connections to the concretetopping will also be investigated after good results of a preliminary study.4.4.3.2 Long-term EffectsDurabilityDurability has been a problem in multi-storey light-timber-frame buildings in New Zealand,with inadequate weather-proofing details leading to rapid decay of untreated timber studs inconcealed wall cavities. This problem is being solved with stringent new design andinspection procedures. There are also new requirements for using chemical treated timber instructural elements that may become wet due to weather exposure. Durability is not expectedto be a problem in the new commercial buildings using large scale beams, columns and walls,provided that attention is paid to weather-proof cladding materials and the main structuralelements are visible for inspection.Creep testsAn extensive experimental programme aimed to investigate the long-term behaviour of prestressedLVL beams is currently in progress. The programme includes creep tests of smallLVL blocks, loaded in compression parallel and perpendicular to grain, creep tests of portionsof two-bay LVL frames, where the beams are pre-stressed with unbonded tendons, and creeptests of LVL beams, with and without pre-stressing, subjected to gravity load. Preliminaryresults have shown a moderate (about 10%) reduction of pre-stressing force due to timedependentphenomena over one year. These results will be reported soon.Fire safetyThe fire safety aspects of multi-storey timber buildings is being assessed in accordance withNew Zealand and international codes, considering both internal and external growth andspread of fire, also structural fire resistance of the floors and main structural members. Since1992 the New Zealand Building Code has allowed timber buildings of unlimited heightprovided that performance requirements are met, whereas earlier codes limited height to onlythree storeys.
- 41 -5 Operational Energy5.1 GeneralThis section presents the data setup used in the operational energy simulation process,describes the thermal envelope configuration of the four alternative building designs, providesa description of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems used, thelighting systems and the schedule for simulations.Figure 5.1 shows the floor plan used for the Concrete, Steel, Timber and TimberPlusbuildings. It also shows a transverse cross-section through the ventilation chimneys. Thefloor is subdivided into four zones; three offices and one corridor and services area on thesouth side.Figure 5.1: Plan used for energy calculations, and cross-section through the ventilation chimneys.For operational energy modelling, only the office zones have HVAC control. The corridorsand service areas only have manually opening windows, set for natural ventilation. Two largeventilation chimneys were placed in the actual Concrete design for the Biological Scienceslaboratory building, and these are retained in the four case study designs considered in thisreport. The ventilation chimneys are continuous through all floors, from ground level up tothe plant room on the roof slab. They are used for natural ventilation with automaticallycontrolled louvres set to be opened between 22°C and 26°C. When the louvres are closed, theair conditioning keeps the temperature at 26°C until 6pm.Of central importance to the design of the research covered by this report was the requirementto have all four alternative designs displaying very similar operational energy consumptionover the lifetime of the buildings. Several previous researchers have found that even whenthe energy efficiency of buildings being compared is code-compliant, the effects of theembodied energy of construction materials are difficult to discern and negligible in
Page 1 and 2: Environmental Impacts ofMulti-Store
Page 5 and 6: ContentsGlossary...................
Page 7 and 8: 6.3.4.3 Maintenance related embodie
Page 9 and 10: - 9 -GlossaryCO 2 stored - refers t
Page 11 and 12: - 11 -Chapter 7Chapter 8Chapter 9Ch
Page 13 and 14: - 13 -An alternative end-of-life sc
Page 15 and 16: - 15 -designers and a shortage of b
Page 17 and 18: - 17 -• Ministry for the Environm
Page 19 and 20: - 19 -which it can be fashioned to
Page 21 and 22: - 21 -For fire safety, the New Zeal
Page 23 and 24: - 23 -buildings for low seismic are
Page 25 and 26: - 25 -4 The Buildings4.1 Constructi
Page 27 and 28: - 27 -the building. The basement le
Page 29 and 30: - 29 -4.3.2 Common Design Principle
Page 31 and 32: - 31 -Figure 4.5: South-west façad
Page 33 and 34: - 33 -the three longitudinal frames
Page 35 and 36: - 35 -4.3.5.2 Floor and RoofThe str
Page 37 and 38: - 37 -4.4 Multi-Storey Timber Build
Page 39: - 39 -Several different solutions h
Page 43 and 44: - 43 -Table 5.1: Simulation inputs
Page 45 and 46: - 45 -Table 5.3: Areas of office en
Page 47 and 48: - 47 -Modifying the design to achie
Page 49 and 50: - 49 -• Standards New Zealand (NZ
Page 51 and 52: - 51 -6 Life Cycle Assessment6.1 In
Page 53 and 54: - 53 -6.2.3.3 Impact AssessmentThe
Page 55 and 56: - 55 -6.3.2.2 System BoundariesThe
Page 57 and 58: - 57 -For more information see:http
Page 59 and 60: - 59 -6.3.3 Inventory Analysis6.3.3
Page 61 and 62: - 61 -Table 6.2: Net tonnes CO 2 eq
Page 63 and 64: - 63 -Growing timber takes up CO 2
Page 65 and 66: - 65 -6.3.4 Impact AssessmentTotal
Page 67 and 68: - 67 -8000700060005000GWP (t CO2 eq
Page 69 and 70: - 69 -As explained above, carbon st
Page 71 and 72: - 71 -Figure 6.10: Total embodied e
Page 73 and 74: - 73 -Table 6.9: Total GWP of each
Page 75 and 76: - 75 -8,0007,0006,0005,000GWP (t CO
Page 77 and 78: - 77 -45000400003500030000GWP (kg C
Page 79 and 80: - 79 -assumed to be identical for t
Page 81 and 82: - 81 -6.4.3.2 Green Star Recycling
Page 83 and 84: - 83 -Table 6.16: Green Star result
Page 85 and 86: - 85 -The contribution of initial e
Page 87 and 88: - 87 -results, the reutilisation sc
Page 89 and 90: - 89 -7.1.1 Platform and Balloon Co
Page 91 and 92:
- 91 -buildings has been analysed a
Page 93 and 94:
- 93 -Figure 7.5: Construction sche
Page 95 and 96:
- 95 -8.2 Source and Availability o
Page 97 and 98:
- 97 -It would be incorrect, howeve
Page 99 and 100:
- 99 -8.5 Additional Opportunities
Page 101 and 102:
- 101 -example, removal of CCA trea
Page 103 and 104:
- 103 -The Waste Minimisation Bill
Page 105 and 106:
- 105 -9 Discussion9.1 The Building
Page 107 and 108:
- 107 -• The buildings tend to be
Page 109 and 110:
- 109 -9.4.3 Data Sets9.4.3.1 Gener
Page 111 and 112:
- 111 -The following assessment wil
Page 113 and 114:
- 113 -Table 9.1. GWP coefficients
Page 115 and 116:
- 115 -Figure 9.2 shows that the ne
Page 117 and 118:
- 117 -placing and retaining materi
Page 119 and 120:
- 119 -Net CO 2 emissions - that is
Page 121 and 122:
- 121 -The LVL specified for the st
Page 123 and 124:
- 123 -10 ConclusionsThe following
Page 125 and 126:
- 125 -building types, instead subs
Page 127 and 128:
- 127 -In summary, reutilisation sh
Page 129 and 130:
- 129 -• What is the ranking of t
Page 131 and 132:
- 131 -• What is the comparison i
Page 133 and 134:
- 133 -Connell Wagner (2007): Combu
Page 135 and 136:
- 135 -Suzuki, Michiya, and Tatsuo
Page 137 and 138:
- 137 -C O N C R E T E B U I L D I
Page 139 and 140:
- 139 -S T E E L B U I L D I N Gm m
Page 141 and 142:
- 141 -T I M B E R B U I L D I N Gm
Page 143 and 144:
- 143 -T I M B E R B U I L D I N G
Page 145 and 146:
- 145 -T Exterior Wall Cladding 581
Page 147 and 148:
- 147 -Appendix B. Life times of bu
Page 149 and 150:
- 149 -Appendix D: Transport scenar
Page 154 and 155:
- 151 -Appendix F: Warren and Mahon
Page 156 and 157:
Timber Plus ProjectSummary of the T
Page 158 and 159:
Timber Plus ProjectGreen Star Ratin
Page 160 and 161:
Timber Plus ProjectVolatile Organic
Page 162 and 163:
Timber Plus ProjectThe Forest Stewa
Page 164 and 165:
Timber Plus ProjectStain and Clear
Page 166 and 167:
Timber Plus ProjectINTERIOR WALL CL
Page 168 and 169:
Timber Plus ProjectWINDOW REVEALSMa
Page 170 and 171:
Timber Plus ProjectSOFFIT FRAMINGMa
Page 172 and 173:
Timber Plus ProjectEXTERIOR WALL CL
Page 174 and 175:
Timber Plus ProjectAdditional Oppor
Page 176 and 177:
Appendix AResene Expected Paint Sys
Page 178 and 179:
- 152 -Appendix G: Green Star Asses
Page 180 and 181:
New Zealand Forest Research Institu
Page 182 and 183:
Executive SummaryA common building
Page 184 and 185:
1 IntroductionA common building des
Page 186 and 187:
Timber pluso The same assumptions a
Page 188 and 189:
Table 1-1-1: Weightings in Green St
Page 190 and 191:
The science behind LCA is still dev
Page 192 and 193:
In comparison the LCA results have
Page 194 and 195:
All four buildings in this research
Page 196 and 197:
1.4 Further WorkThe difficulty in m
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