Environmental Impacts of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Different ...
Environmental Impacts of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Different ... Environmental Impacts of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Different ...
- 30 -Calculations of the foundation size for the Timber and Concrete building showed that the sizeof the foundations required is comparable. This is unexpected due to the lightness of theTimber building intuitively leading to a reduction in foundation size. However, the foundationsize was principally governed by the overturning moment applied by vertical members duringa seismic event, and not gravity loading. It can be expected that a significant reduction infoundations between the Timber and Concrete structures will occur if a building is gravitydominated or is situated in soft soil.Figure 4.4: North-east façades perspective view of the simplified Concrete building, north façade.The north-east perspective view of the Concrete building in Figure 4.4, is also representativeof the Steel, Timber and TimberPlus buildings. The overall architectural design is the same inall four buildings but built in different materials and using different building techniques.In Figure 4.4, it is possible to identify the layout of the north face curtain wall behind theparallel louvres. The seven structural columns from floor to roof slab are visible. The eastface wall is the same as the west face wall and it is possible to see the stair well coming out ofthe service area in the south end of the east face wall.The stepped shape of the roof is due to the plant room which increases the roof height on thesouth side of the roof. Inside the plant room, chimneys exhaust the air from the offices whenthese are being naturally ventilated. The roof-top plant room in the Concrete, Steel andTimber case studies is designed to have a combination of profiled metal cladding andaluminium opening louvres to the walls. Offices have opening vents which will allow heat tobe purged into the chimneys when not required and from these to the plant room whereopening louvres will exhaust the air to the exterior of the building. The TimberPlus buildingreplaces the metal cladding and aluminium louvres with cedar timber components.
- 31 -Figure 4.5: South-west façades perspective view of the simplified Concrete building.Figure 4.5, the south-west perspective of the Concrete building, shows the corridors throughthe south face single glass curtain wall. These connect the service areas in the east end witheach of the three internal offices areas. The service area envelope wall is reinforced concretewith steel sheets profiles as roof cladding. The west face envelope wall returns into the southface and runs inside the corridors enclosing the office areas.The following descriptions are an overview of each alternative building design. Note that theoverall structure has been maintained in all four case studies but some changes werenecessary as noted.4.3.3 Concrete Building4.3.3.1 Structural SystemThe Concrete building is a conventional pre-cast reinforced concrete column, beam and wallstructure. The building is raised floor-by-floor with concrete shear walls at each end of thebuilding. Rectangular columns and beams form a frame on the north and south faces. Internalbeams are supported on one internal row of columns spanning approximately 12 metres to thenorth edge and 6 metres to the south edge. These support the long span pre-cast floor units.4.3.3.2 Floors and RoofThe floors are pre-cast ‘hollowcore’ floor slabs supported by the frame beams. The thicknessof the hollowcore slabs ranges from 200-30 mm with a 75 mm reinforced concrete topping.Two openings for the vertical chimneys are left in all floors. The roof is formed using thesame pre-cast units as the upper floors complete with topping system. Over this structure, a
- Page 1 and 2: Environmental Impacts ofMulti-Store
- Page 5 and 6: ContentsGlossary...................
- Page 7 and 8: 6.3.4.3 Maintenance related embodie
- Page 9 and 10: - 9 -GlossaryCO 2 stored - refers t
- Page 11 and 12: - 11 -Chapter 7Chapter 8Chapter 9Ch
- Page 13 and 14: - 13 -An alternative end-of-life sc
- Page 15 and 16: - 15 -designers and a shortage of b
- Page 17 and 18: - 17 -• Ministry for the Environm
- Page 19 and 20: - 19 -which it can be fashioned to
- Page 21 and 22: - 21 -For fire safety, the New Zeal
- Page 23 and 24: - 23 -buildings for low seismic are
- Page 25 and 26: - 25 -4 The Buildings4.1 Constructi
- Page 27 and 28: - 27 -the building. The basement le
- Page 29: - 29 -4.3.2 Common Design Principle
- Page 33 and 34: - 33 -the three longitudinal frames
- Page 35 and 36: - 35 -4.3.5.2 Floor and RoofThe str
- Page 37 and 38: - 37 -4.4 Multi-Storey Timber Build
- Page 39 and 40: - 39 -Several different solutions h
- Page 41 and 42: - 41 -5 Operational Energy5.1 Gener
- Page 43 and 44: - 43 -Table 5.1: Simulation inputs
- Page 45 and 46: - 45 -Table 5.3: Areas of office en
- Page 47 and 48: - 47 -Modifying the design to achie
- Page 49 and 50: - 49 -• Standards New Zealand (NZ
- Page 51 and 52: - 51 -6 Life Cycle Assessment6.1 In
- Page 53 and 54: - 53 -6.2.3.3 Impact AssessmentThe
- Page 55 and 56: - 55 -6.3.2.2 System BoundariesThe
- Page 57 and 58: - 57 -For more information see:http
- Page 59 and 60: - 59 -6.3.3 Inventory Analysis6.3.3
- Page 61 and 62: - 61 -Table 6.2: Net tonnes CO 2 eq
- Page 63 and 64: - 63 -Growing timber takes up CO 2
- Page 65 and 66: - 65 -6.3.4 Impact AssessmentTotal
- Page 67 and 68: - 67 -8000700060005000GWP (t CO2 eq
- Page 69 and 70: - 69 -As explained above, carbon st
- Page 71 and 72: - 71 -Figure 6.10: Total embodied e
- Page 73 and 74: - 73 -Table 6.9: Total GWP of each
- Page 75 and 76: - 75 -8,0007,0006,0005,000GWP (t CO
- Page 77 and 78: - 77 -45000400003500030000GWP (kg C
- Page 79 and 80: - 79 -assumed to be identical for t
- 31 -Figure 4.5: South-west façades perspective view <strong>of</strong> the simplified Concrete building.Figure 4.5, the south-west perspective <strong>of</strong> the Concrete building, shows the corridors throughthe south face single glass curtain wall. These connect the service areas in the east end witheach <strong>of</strong> the three internal <strong>of</strong>fices areas. The service area envelope wall is reinforced concretewith steel sheets pr<strong>of</strong>iles as ro<strong>of</strong> cladding. The west face envelope wall returns into the southface and runs inside the corridors enclosing the <strong>of</strong>fice areas.The following descriptions are an overview <strong>of</strong> each alternative building design. Note that theoverall structure has been maintained in all four case studies but some changes werenecessary as noted.4.3.3 Concrete Building4.3.3.1 Structural SystemThe Concrete building is a conventional pre-cast reinforced concrete column, beam and wallstructure. The building is raised floor-by-floor with concrete shear walls at each end <strong>of</strong> thebuilding. Rectangular columns and beams form a frame on the north and south faces. Internalbeams are supported on one internal row <strong>of</strong> columns spanning approximately 12 metres to thenorth edge and 6 metres to the south edge. These support the long span pre-cast floor units.4.3.3.2 Floors and Ro<strong>of</strong>The floors are pre-cast ‘hollowcore’ floor slabs supported by the frame beams. The thickness<strong>of</strong> the hollowcore slabs ranges from 200-30 mm with a 75 mm reinforced concrete topping.Two openings for the vertical chimneys are left in all floors. The ro<strong>of</strong> is formed using thesame pre-cast units as the upper floors complete with topping system. Over this structure, a
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