Environmental Impacts of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Different ...

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- 24 -3.5.6 Market DriversThe market drivers pushing development of the new buildings include:1. Strong international demand for low to medium-rise residential and commercialbuildings as a result of demographic changes.2. Demand for sustainable buildings, renewable materials and reduced CO 2 emissions.3. Stated government objectives for carbon neutrality in the building industry and widereconomy.4. Industry demand for prefabrication and integrated construction of long-span buildings.5. Increasing importance of rapid reparability and re-use after extreme seismic andweather events.3.5.7 ObjectivesThe following is a summary of the research objectives to be carried out by STIC;Objective 1 - Single storey timber roofs and portal frames – 30-40m span.• New long span roof and portal frame systems.• Design of fasteners for large static and dynamic loads.• Connections – develop new portal frame knee joints.Objective 2 – Timber floors for multi-storey timber buildings.• Floor systems and construction.• Structural performance of floors.• Fire resistance.• Acoustic and vibration performance.• Long term performance.Objective 3 - Multi-storey pre-stressed timber walls and frames.• Structural form and construction.• Structural frames to resist gravity loads.• Fire resistance.• Long term performance.• Structural frames and walls for seismic loads and extreme wind loads.• Energy use and sustainability.
- 25 -4 The Buildings4.1 Construction Materials for Commercial BuildingsMost commercial buildings tend to make extensive use of steel, glass, and concrete materialsin construction, all of which can be energy-intensive to produce, via processes that have thepotential to cause adverse environmental impacts and utilising resources that are in shorteningsupply.However, recent developments in wood technology and engineered timber products, seismicand acoustic design, fabrication and construction techniques have enabled timber to beutilised much more extensively for the basic structure of medium-rise, multi-storey buildings,such as a typical ‘down-town’ office block.While there is a tendency for commercial buildings to be labelled according to the mainmaterial used for their sub-structure and super-structure, the vast majority of buildings use alarge number of different materials, from a variety of sources, both national and international.From a materials perspective, a building becomes a very complex system and it is often notimmediately clear which materials or combinations of materials provide the bestenvironmental performance (in terms of life–cycle energy use and GWP, for example). Whileconscious of these limitations, this report will retain this labelling system as it is currentpractice.Studies have indicated that typically structural components account for between 16 and 65per cent of initial embodied energy (Aye, Bamford, Charters, & Robinson, 1999; Cole &Kernan, 1996; Oppenheim & Treloar, 1995; Treloar, Fay, Ilozor, & Love, 2001). Hence,when considering the environmental impacts of building materials, the structural componentsused in a building are of significant importance.This report emphasises alternative structural design options where the predominant structuralmaterial is either concrete, steel or timber.4.2 Building DesignThere are two main aspects in the design of a multi-storey building. The structural designconsiders all the main structural components - the skeleton - including the foundation, thebeams, columns, external walls, as well as the internal flooring system and roof structure.The architectural design provides the external cladding including windows and louvres,internal walls, insulation, etc.. In some areas, the distinction between structural andarchitectural design is not clear cut and there can be considerable overlap; changes to thestructure often enforce changes to the architecture and visa versa meaning any final design istherefore the result of an iterative, developmental design process.The design of the four case study buildings covered by this report was the combined output ofstructural engineers and architects, working together.The case study buildings analysed in this research are based on an actual building, a new sixstorey,4,247 m 2 (gross floor area) (3,536 m 2 net usable area), science laboratory for the
Page 1 and 2: Environmental Impacts ofMulti-Store
Page 5 and 6: ContentsGlossary...................
Page 7 and 8: 6.3.4.3 Maintenance related embodie
Page 9 and 10: - 9 -GlossaryCO 2 stored - refers t
Page 11 and 12: - 11 -Chapter 7Chapter 8Chapter 9Ch
Page 13 and 14: - 13 -An alternative end-of-life sc
Page 15 and 16: - 15 -designers and a shortage of b
Page 17 and 18: - 17 -• Ministry for the Environm
Page 19 and 20: - 19 -which it can be fashioned to
Page 21 and 22: - 21 -For fire safety, the New Zeal
Page 23: - 23 -buildings for low seismic are
Page 27 and 28: - 27 -the building. The basement le
Page 29 and 30: - 29 -4.3.2 Common Design Principle
Page 31 and 32: - 31 -Figure 4.5: South-west façad
Page 33 and 34: - 33 -the three longitudinal frames
Page 35 and 36: - 35 -4.3.5.2 Floor and RoofThe str
Page 37 and 38: - 37 -4.4 Multi-Storey Timber Build
Page 39 and 40: - 39 -Several different solutions h
Page 41 and 42: - 41 -5 Operational Energy5.1 Gener
Page 43 and 44: - 43 -Table 5.1: Simulation inputs
Page 45 and 46: - 45 -Table 5.3: Areas of office en
Page 47 and 48: - 47 -Modifying the design to achie
Page 49 and 50: - 49 -• Standards New Zealand (NZ
Page 51 and 52: - 51 -6 Life Cycle Assessment6.1 In
Page 53 and 54: - 53 -6.2.3.3 Impact AssessmentThe
Page 55 and 56: - 55 -6.3.2.2 System BoundariesThe
Page 57 and 58: - 57 -For more information see:http
Page 59 and 60: - 59 -6.3.3 Inventory Analysis6.3.3
Page 61 and 62: - 61 -Table 6.2: Net tonnes CO 2 eq
Page 63 and 64: - 63 -Growing timber takes up CO 2
Page 65 and 66: - 65 -6.3.4 Impact AssessmentTotal
Page 67 and 68: - 67 -8000700060005000GWP (t CO2 eq
Page 69 and 70: - 69 -As explained above, carbon st
Page 71 and 72: - 71 -Figure 6.10: Total embodied e
Page 73 and 74: - 73 -Table 6.9: Total GWP of each
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- 75 -8,0007,0006,0005,000GWP (t CO
Page 77 and 78:
- 77 -45000400003500030000GWP (kg C
Page 79 and 80:
- 79 -assumed to be identical for t
Page 81 and 82:
- 81 -6.4.3.2 Green Star Recycling
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- 83 -Table 6.16: Green Star result
Page 85 and 86:
- 85 -The contribution of initial e
Page 87 and 88:
- 87 -results, the reutilisation sc
Page 89 and 90:
- 89 -7.1.1 Platform and Balloon Co
Page 91 and 92:
- 91 -buildings has been analysed a
Page 93 and 94:
- 93 -Figure 7.5: Construction sche
Page 95 and 96:
- 95 -8.2 Source and Availability o
Page 97 and 98:
- 97 -It would be incorrect, howeve
Page 99 and 100:
- 99 -8.5 Additional Opportunities
Page 101 and 102:
- 101 -example, removal of CCA trea
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- 103 -The Waste Minimisation Bill
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- 105 -9 Discussion9.1 The Building
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- 107 -• The buildings tend to be
Page 109 and 110:
- 109 -9.4.3 Data Sets9.4.3.1 Gener
Page 111 and 112:
- 111 -The following assessment wil
Page 113 and 114:
- 113 -Table 9.1. GWP coefficients
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- 115 -Figure 9.2 shows that the ne
Page 117 and 118:
- 117 -placing and retaining materi
Page 119 and 120:
- 119 -Net CO 2 emissions - that is
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- 121 -The LVL specified for the st
Page 123 and 124:
- 123 -10 ConclusionsThe following
Page 125 and 126:
- 125 -building types, instead subs
Page 127 and 128:
- 127 -In summary, reutilisation sh
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- 129 -• What is the ranking of t
Page 131 and 132:
- 131 -• What is the comparison i
Page 133 and 134:
- 133 -Connell Wagner (2007): Combu
Page 135 and 136:
- 135 -Suzuki, Michiya, and Tatsuo
Page 137 and 138:
- 137 -C O N C R E T E B U I L D I
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- 139 -S T E E L B U I L D I N Gm m
Page 141 and 142:
- 141 -T I M B E R B U I L D I N Gm
Page 143 and 144:
- 143 -T I M B E R B U I L D I N G
Page 145 and 146:
- 145 -T Exterior Wall Cladding 581
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- 147 -Appendix B. Life times of bu
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- 149 -Appendix D: Transport scenar
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- 151 -Appendix F: Warren and Mahon
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Timber Plus ProjectSummary of the T
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Timber Plus ProjectGreen Star Ratin
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Timber Plus ProjectVolatile Organic
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Timber Plus ProjectThe Forest Stewa
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Timber Plus ProjectStain and Clear
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Timber Plus ProjectINTERIOR WALL CL
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Timber Plus ProjectWINDOW REVEALSMa
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Timber Plus ProjectSOFFIT FRAMINGMa
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Timber Plus ProjectEXTERIOR WALL CL
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Timber Plus ProjectAdditional Oppor
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Appendix AResene Expected Paint Sys
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- 152 -Appendix G: Green Star Asses
Page 180 and 181:
New Zealand Forest Research Institu
Page 182 and 183:
Executive SummaryA common building
Page 184 and 185:
1 IntroductionA common building des
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Timber pluso The same assumptions a
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Table 1-1-1: Weightings in Green St
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The science behind LCA is still dev
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In comparison the LCA results have
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All four buildings in this research
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1.4 Further WorkThe difficulty in m
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