Environmental Impacts of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Different ...

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Table 1-1-1: Weightings in Green Star toolManagement 10 %Indoor Environmental Quality 20 %Energy 25 %Transport 10 %Water 10 %Materials 10 %Land Use and Ecology 10 %Emissions 5 %Total (+ innovation) 100 %1.1.2 Principles of Life Cycle AssessmentMaterials stewardship is fundamental to sustainable development, and should provide a unifyingapproach to the development and implementation of policies directed at sustainable use ofmaterials.Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an analytical methodology that is used to quantify theenvironmental impacts of products, processes or services (see Figure 1-1-2 for a ‘life cycle’). Theconstruction industry can apply this methodology to deliver sustainable development throughenhanced materials stewardship.Figure 1-1-2 : Example of a Life Cycle for a Product or Commodity used by Industry(Norgate et al. 2007)Status Draft 16.07.2008Project NumberOur Ref − MWH Scion GreenStar Assessment PeerReviewFINAL.doc
Introduction to Life Cycle AssessmentLCA is a methodology for assessing the environmental performance of a service, process, orproduct, including a building, over its entire life cycle. It is not possible to go into the details of LCAhere, but the basic methodology for the various steps is useful to present. Life cycle assessmenttypically comprises four stages; (1) the goal definition and scoping stage; (2) the life cycle inventorystage, (3) the life cycle impact assessment stage, and (4) the interpretation or improvement stage(ISO 14040 2006). Life cycle impact assessment can also be re-framed as life cycle ‘costing’, usinga variety of techniques to place a monetary value on the socio-economic and environmentalimpacts of alternative decisions (Krozer 2008).Life cycle assessment tools assess impacts on a variety of environmental values, including air andwater quality, greenhouse emissions and land use for a suite of activities undertaken duringconstruction. ‘Cradle-to-gate’ LCA assesses alternative construction activities from design to builtand in use forms, whilst ‘cradle-to-grave’ LCA assesses the commodity throughout its life-cycle,both during and after direct responsibility of the producer.The goal and scope stage outlines the context of the LCA, whether it will be construction-only,cradle-to-gate, cradle-to-grave or cradle-to-cradle. The inventory also determines what data isavailable, and which operations and environmental parameters will be included. A risk-basedassessment should be used to determine which operations in the construction process should beassessed, and which environmental parameters / impacts within each operation should bequantified.The inventory analysis provides detailed material and energy balances over the system asidentified in the goal and scope definition. All quantities of material and energy inputs, and productand emission outputs to air, water, and land are compiled into one inventory.Following the inventory, the life cycle impact assessment phase typically has three components(ISO14040 2006): Classification: where the results of the inventory are categorised into impactcategories; Characterisation: where the contribution of inventory data to each impact category isdetermined; and Valuation: whereby the different impacts are normalised and weighted againsteach other (Mangena and Brent 2006). The valuation step is optional in an LCA. If this step isundertaken the previous results need to shown in order to provide the necessary transparency.Environmental impacts to be quantified are selected and defined in the goal and scope definition.The choice of Environmental impacts may differ for different LCA studies. Within one LCA studythe same environmental impacts need to be considered in each stage of constructionA major concern with LCA, like any impact assessment process (including GreenStar NZ), is theway that values are attributed for different types of impacts. The valuation step is optional –characterised results need to be shown as well. This means that the user of the results can decidewhether one considers climate change more important or ozone depletion. Regardless, oncevalues are quantified, LCA can be a useful decision support tool for comparing project or processoptions within an agreed values framework.Status Draft 16.07.2008Project NumberOur Ref − MWH Scion GreenStar Assessment PeerReviewFINAL.doc
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Environmental Impacts ofMulti-Store
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ContentsGlossary...................
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6.3.4.3 Maintenance related embodie
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- 9 -GlossaryCO 2 stored - refers t
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- 11 -Chapter 7Chapter 8Chapter 9Ch
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- 13 -An alternative end-of-life sc
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- 15 -designers and a shortage of b
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- 17 -• Ministry for the Environm
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- 19 -which it can be fashioned to
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- 21 -For fire safety, the New Zeal
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- 23 -buildings for low seismic are
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- 25 -4 The Buildings4.1 Constructi
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- 27 -the building. The basement le
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- 29 -4.3.2 Common Design Principle
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- 31 -Figure 4.5: South-west façad
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- 33 -the three longitudinal frames
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- 35 -4.3.5.2 Floor and RoofThe str
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- 37 -4.4 Multi-Storey Timber Build
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- 39 -Several different solutions h
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- 41 -5 Operational Energy5.1 Gener
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- 43 -Table 5.1: Simulation inputs
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- 45 -Table 5.3: Areas of office en
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- 47 -Modifying the design to achie
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- 49 -• Standards New Zealand (NZ
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- 51 -6 Life Cycle Assessment6.1 In
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- 53 -6.2.3.3 Impact AssessmentThe
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- 55 -6.3.2.2 System BoundariesThe
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- 57 -For more information see:http
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- 59 -6.3.3 Inventory Analysis6.3.3
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- 61 -Table 6.2: Net tonnes CO 2 eq
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- 63 -Growing timber takes up CO 2
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- 65 -6.3.4 Impact AssessmentTotal
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- 67 -8000700060005000GWP (t CO2 eq
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- 69 -As explained above, carbon st
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- 71 -Figure 6.10: Total embodied e
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- 73 -Table 6.9: Total GWP of each
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- 75 -8,0007,0006,0005,000GWP (t CO
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- 77 -45000400003500030000GWP (kg C
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- 79 -assumed to be identical for t
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- 81 -6.4.3.2 Green Star Recycling
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- 83 -Table 6.16: Green Star result
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- 85 -The contribution of initial e
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- 87 -results, the reutilisation sc
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- 89 -7.1.1 Platform and Balloon Co
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- 91 -buildings has been analysed a
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- 93 -Figure 7.5: Construction sche
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- 95 -8.2 Source and Availability o
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- 97 -It would be incorrect, howeve
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- 99 -8.5 Additional Opportunities
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- 101 -example, removal of CCA trea
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- 103 -The Waste Minimisation Bill
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- 105 -9 Discussion9.1 The Building
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- 107 -• The buildings tend to be
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- 109 -9.4.3 Data Sets9.4.3.1 Gener
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- 111 -The following assessment wil
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- 113 -Table 9.1. GWP coefficients
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- 115 -Figure 9.2 shows that the ne
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- 117 -placing and retaining materi
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- 119 -Net CO 2 emissions - that is
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- 121 -The LVL specified for the st
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- 123 -10 ConclusionsThe following
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- 125 -building types, instead subs
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- 127 -In summary, reutilisation sh
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- 129 -• What is the ranking of t
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- 131 -• What is the comparison i
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- 133 -Connell Wagner (2007): Combu
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- 135 -Suzuki, Michiya, and Tatsuo
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Page 139 and 140: - 139 -S T E E L B U I L D I N Gm m
Page 141 and 142: - 141 -T I M B E R B U I L D I N Gm
Page 143 and 144: - 143 -T I M B E R B U I L D I N G
Page 145 and 146: - 145 -T Exterior Wall Cladding 581
Page 147 and 148: - 147 -Appendix B. Life times of bu
Page 149 and 150: - 149 -Appendix D: Transport scenar
Page 154 and 155: - 151 -Appendix F: Warren and Mahon
Page 156 and 157: Timber Plus ProjectSummary of the T
Page 158 and 159: Timber Plus ProjectGreen Star Ratin
Page 160 and 161: Timber Plus ProjectVolatile Organic
Page 162 and 163: Timber Plus ProjectThe Forest Stewa
Page 164 and 165: Timber Plus ProjectStain and Clear
Page 166 and 167: Timber Plus ProjectINTERIOR WALL CL
Page 168 and 169: Timber Plus ProjectWINDOW REVEALSMa
Page 170 and 171: Timber Plus ProjectSOFFIT FRAMINGMa
Page 172 and 173: Timber Plus ProjectEXTERIOR WALL CL
Page 174 and 175: Timber Plus ProjectAdditional Oppor
Page 176 and 177: Appendix AResene Expected Paint Sys
Page 178 and 179: - 152 -Appendix G: Green Star Asses
Page 180 and 181: New Zealand Forest Research Institu
Page 182 and 183: Executive SummaryA common building
Page 184 and 185: 1 IntroductionA common building des
Page 186 and 187: Timber pluso The same assumptions a
Page 190 and 191: The science behind LCA is still dev
Page 192 and 193: In comparison the LCA results have
Page 194 and 195: All four buildings in this research
Page 196 and 197: 1.4 Further WorkThe difficulty in m
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