Environmental Impacts of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Different ...
Environmental Impacts of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Different ... Environmental Impacts of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Different ...
Timber Plus ProjectVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)Multi-layered, engineered timber products are formed using thin sheets of timber laminate bonded togetherwith resin to form stronger sheets. In plywood each sheet is laid with the grain perpendicular to the previoussheet, whereas laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is formed from sheets laid with each grain parallel.Medium density fibreboard (MDF) and particleboard each consist of small timber fibres bonded into sheetsagain using resin.Two forms of resin are used. The most common is phenol formaldehyde. The alternative, for particularlydifficult to glue species or where the more unsightly black phenolic adhesive would be disfiguring, is aminoplastic. Emissions from phenol formaldehyde are significantly less than the amino plastic binders.In concentrated amounts VOCs have been found to cause itchy eyes and breathing irritation. They are knowncarcinogens and it is desirable to minimise their presence within enclosed spaces. The reduction of VOCemitting substances has the additional benefit of reducing the need for costly and energy intensive ventilationsystems.There are two standards that NZ producers of ply, LVL, MDF and Particleboard are accustomed to measuringtheir products against:-AS/NZS 4357.0:2005, which sets out Formaldehyde Emission classes in section 2.7.2 Table 1. (AS/NZS 2269for plywood). The classes are as follows:-E0 - defined as a mean emission of 0.5 mg/L.Super E0 - defined as a mean emission of 0.3 mg/LAlthough not yet defined our expectation is that the top two grades – E0 and Super E0 - should be deemed tomeet the Greenstar NZ low VOC emission standard set out in IAQ-14. E1 grade would be deemed noncompliant.The Japanese Industrial Standard JIS A5905 2003 rates the product as F followed by a certain number ofstars. The more stars the lower the emissions. Again, our expectation is that the top two grades - F*** andF**** - should be deemed to meet the Greenstar NZ low VOC emission standard. The mean formaldehydeemission level of F**** is 0.3mg/l or less which is similar to formaldehyde levels found in natural woodproducts. F** grade would be deemed non-compliant.A summary of formaldehyde emission standards is as follows:Grade Also known as Mean MaximumF**** Super E0 0.3 mg/L or less 0.4 mg/L or lessF*** E0 0.5 mg/L or less 0.7 mg/L or lessF** E1 1.5 mg/L or lessPage 6 of 21 May 2008
Timber Plus ProjectSustainable Timber SourcesThere is a temptation for many manufacturers and suppliers to ride the green wave and to make potentiallyunfounded claims of their product’s environmentally preferable characteristics. This means that the buildingprofessional and the general public need to have a means of benchmarking these products against others thatmake similar claims. Which one is genuine? Which unfounded?Third party certification has emerged as the most trustworthy method of assessing sustainable products. Inthis case a supplier / forester or manufacturer would engage a third party, who stands to gain or lose nothingthrough a product’s success or failure, to certify the product against common criteria.There are a variety of forest management certification schemes in operation throughout the world, and somecountries have multiple schemes. Each scheme constitutes a different certification ‘brand name'.Forest management certification brands are sponsored by a number of national and international organisationsand producers may choose to seek multiple certifications.The major schemes are set out below.International Standards Organization (ISO)The ISO 14001 standard is a generic environmental management system standard that can apply to anyindustry. Three commitments must be made in the framework of ISO 14001: complying with laws andregulations, continuous improvement, and prevention of pollution. Under ISO 14001, the forest manager setsthe specific indicators and criteria for sustainable forest management (SFM). After that, a management systemis set up in order to help move toward those goals and to monitor improvements. However, in implementingISO 14001, there are no specific performance requirements, no assessment of chain of custody and thereforeno label. A significant number of major corporations in countries such as Sweden, Finland, Canada and the UShave adopted ISO 14001, sometimes in conjunction with other systems. A number of Australian forestrycompanies and State forest agencies have achieved ISO 14001 certification. Evidence of compliance with ISO14000 standard - Environment management Systems is not generally regarded as sufficient proof of aproduct’s sustainability.Programme for Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) - IncludingEurope, Australia, Brazil, Canada and U.S.A.The PEFC - was created as an umbrella organisation for nationally-based certification schemes within Europe.The Scandinavian nations were early users of certification and are currently among the largest providers ofwood from certified forests. Each national certification scheme within the PEFC group maintains its ownstandards, although they are based on a European regional initiative (called the ‘Helsinki Process') whicharose from the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. PEFC confers one common label on all its recognised standards.PEFC has in its membership 32 independent national forest certification systems of which 22 to date havebeen through a rigorous assessment process involving public consultation and the use of independentconsultants to provide the assessments on which mutual recognition decisions are taken by the membership.These 22 schemes account for over 193 million hectares of certified forests producing millions of tonnes ofcertified timber to the market place making PEFC the world's largest certification scheme. The other nationalmember’s schemes are at various stages of development and are working towards mutual recognition underthe PEFC processes.In 2004 the Australian Forest Standard was endorsed under the PEFC scheme.Page 7 of 21 May 2008
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Timber Plus ProjectVolatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)<strong>Multi</strong>-layered, engineered timber products are formed using thin sheets <strong>of</strong> timber laminate bonded togetherwith resin to form stronger sheets. In plywood each sheet is laid with the grain perpendicular to the previoussheet, whereas laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is formed from sheets laid with each grain parallel.Medium density fibreboard (MDF) and particleboard each consist <strong>of</strong> small timber fibres bonded into sheetsagain using resin.Two forms <strong>of</strong> resin are used. The most common is phenol formaldehyde. The alternative, for particularlydifficult to glue species or where the more unsightly black phenolic adhesive would be disfiguring, is aminoplastic. Emissions from phenol formaldehyde are significantly less than the amino plastic binders.In concentrated amounts VOCs have been found to cause itchy eyes and breathing irritation. They are knowncarcinogens and it is desirable to minimise their presence within enclosed spaces. The reduction <strong>of</strong> VOCemitting substances has the additional benefit <strong>of</strong> reducing the need for costly and energy intensive ventilationsystems.There are two standards that NZ producers <strong>of</strong> ply, LVL, MDF and Particleboard are accustomed to measuringtheir products against:-AS/NZS 4357.0:2005, which sets out Formaldehyde Emission classes in section 2.7.2 Table 1. (AS/NZS 2269for plywood). The classes are as follows:-E0 - defined as a mean emission <strong>of</strong> 0.5 mg/L.Super E0 - defined as a mean emission <strong>of</strong> 0.3 mg/LAlthough not yet defined our expectation is that the top two grades – E0 and Super E0 - should be deemed tomeet the Greenstar NZ low VOC emission standard set out in IAQ-14. E1 grade would be deemed noncompliant.The Japanese Industrial Standard JIS A5905 2003 rates the product as F followed by a certain number <strong>of</strong>stars. The more stars the lower the emissions. Again, our expectation is that the top two grades - F*** andF**** - should be deemed to meet the Greenstar NZ low VOC emission standard. The mean formaldehydeemission level <strong>of</strong> F**** is 0.3mg/l or less which is similar to formaldehyde levels found in natural woodproducts. F** grade would be deemed non-compliant.A summary <strong>of</strong> formaldehyde emission standards is as follows:Grade Also known as Mean MaximumF**** Super E0 0.3 mg/L or less 0.4 mg/L or lessF*** E0 0.5 mg/L or less 0.7 mg/L or lessF** E1 1.5 mg/L or lessPage 6 <strong>of</strong> 21 May 2008
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