Environmental Impacts of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Different ...

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- 140 -S/G Internal Wall Framing 3.5 615852 5134.5 92 x 0.75 0.00104164 574 150 x 0.75 0.001547843 2950.5 92 x 1.15 0.001523 10.72Gib Walls - 13 Standard 328 Interior843 Interior852 Interior 2023.00 0.0087 17.60Gib Walls - 13 Fyreline 1230 Interior 0.0098 12.05P Interior Walls 1808123032816861704 6756.00 0.73In Walls - acoustic 615 0.86WindowsG Windows 138172 1453.00 0.03095 44.97T Window reveals 496 400 x 25 4.96 0.506 2.51Al Windows 2418 0.5 1209.00 0.005366 6.49DoorsG Doors 6 11 0.03095 0.34T Doors 69 0.029 2.00P Doors 69 216 0.02Al Doors 51 0.5 25.50 0.005366 0.14Ceiling officesFb/C Mineral fibre ceiling tiles 3660685 4345.00 0.0045 19.55In Ceilings 445 exposed to outside - L6 and L7 plantroom40960 914.00 1.37LouversAl Louvres 2903 0.7 2032.10 0.013415 27.26S T E E L B U I L D I N G M A I N T E N A N C EStairs Lifetime # of replacements Mass of replacements (tonnes)C Stairs 50 0.2 20.21 Kirk et al. 1995R/S Stairs 50 0.2 0.81 Kirk et al. 1995G Balustrading 40 0.5 0.86 Kirk et al. 1995Exterior wallsS Wall Cladding 30 1 13.58 Kirk et al. 1995S/G Exterior Cavity Battens 40 0.5 1.03 Szalay 2006P Exterior Walls 8 6.5 0.02 Szalay 2006FC Exotec fibrecement walls 50 0.2 0.08 Szalay 2006Gib Walls - 13 Standard 40 0.5 7.86 Szalay 2006S Parapet Framing 50 0.2 0.07 Szalay 2006FC Exotec fibrecement parapet 50 0.2 0.18 Szalay 2006P Exterior Parapets 8 6.5 0.05 Szalay 2006FC Vitra fibrecement soffits 50 0.2 0.23 Szalay 2006P Exterior Soffits 8 6.5 0.06 Szalay 2006RoofS Wall Cladding 40 0.5 0.90 Szalay 2006S Roof Cladding 40 0.5 1.67 Szalay 2006S Spouting 40 0.5 0.20 Kirk et al. 1995S Downpipes 40 0.5 0.16 Kirk et al. 1995Interior wallFC Exotec fibrecement walls 50 0.2 4.58 Szalay 2006Gib Walls - 13 Standard 40 0.5 8.80 Szalay 2006Gib Walls - 13 Fyreline 40 0.5 6.03 Szalay 2006P Interior Walls 8 6.5 4.76 Szalay 2006WindowsG Windows 40 0.5 22.49 Szalay 2006T Window reveals 40 0.5 1.25 Szalay 2006Al Windows 40 0.5 3.24 Szalay 2006DoorsG Doors 40 0.5 0.17 Szalay 2006T Doors 40 0.5 1.00 Szalay 2006P Doors 8 6.5 0.15 Szalay 2006Al Doors 40 0.5 0.07 Szalay 2006Ceiling officesFb/C Mineral fibre ceiling tiles 40 0.5 9.78 Assumption
- 141 -T I M B E R B U I L D I N Gm m2 workings m3 density tonnesFoundationsC Beam Foundations 69 1.2 x 0.6 49.6837 1.5 x 1.4 77.70 127.38 2.31 294.25R/S Beam Foundations 6937 106 0.046 4.88C Raft Foundations 58 0.3 17.4017 0.3 5.10 22.50 2.31 51.98R/S Raft Foundations 5817 75 0.04 3.00C Foundation Pads 6 0.3 x 0.2 0.11 2.31 0.25R/S Foundation Pads 6 0.3 x 0.2 0.11 0.05 0.01Ground Floor SlabsC Ground Floor Slabs 72 0.25 18.00725 0.2 145.00 163.00 2.31 376.53R/S Ground Floor Slabs 72725 797 0.002273 1.81Suspended floorsC Suspended Floor Slabs 4304 0.065 279.76 2.31 646.25R/S Suspended Floor Slabs 4304 0.002273 9.78T Plywood Floors 4304 0.0117 50.36StairsG Balustrading 27 45.9 0.0375 1.72T Stairs 27 0.40 10.92 0.506 5.53Structure:S/S Posts 2.18S/S Joist hangers 900 0.00034272 0.31S/S Beam tendons 30 0.11S/S Column base shoe 18 0.0101388 0.18S/S Column base dissipater 144 0.00073631 0.11S/S Wall base dissipater 72 0.00301593 0.22S/S Wall base MacAlloy 12 0.05222898 0.63LVL Columns 430 600 x 378 97.5298 500 x 378 18.52 116.05 0.506 58.72LVL Posts 140 200 x 189 5.2998 160 x 126 1.98123 200 x 189 4.65 11.92 0.506 6.03LVL Beams 425 600 x 378 72.29442 550 x 378 91.8957 450 x 252 6.4680 240 x 126 2.4289 200 x 126 2.2452 220 x 189 2.16 177.47 0.506 89.80LVL Portals 161 360 x 189 10.95 0.506 5.54LVL Joists 1 4304 400 x 126 216.92 0.506 109.76LVL Shear Walls 581 252 146.41 0.506 74.08Exterior wallsT Exterior Wall Framing 3.5 157230241 6450.5 100 x 50 32.25 0.506 16.32T Exterior Cavity Battens 1.8 58115726530 4046.4 50 x 25 5.06 0.506 2.56FC Exotec fibrecement walls 581157230 2183.00 0.0135 29.47P Exterior Walls 58115726530 2248.00 0.24In Walls - R2.6 15721641685 3421.00 5.70Gib Walls - 13 Standard 1572 Extertior walls 0.0087 13.68T Parapet Framing 3.5 65 227.5 100 x 50 1.14 0.506 0.58FC Exotec fibrecement parapet 65 0.0135 0.88P Exterior Parapets 65 0.01T Soffit Framing 3.8 87 330.6 75 x 50 1.24 0.506 0.63FC Vitra fibrecement soffits 87 0.0135 1.17P Exterior Soffits 87 0.01
Page 1 and 2:
Environmental Impacts ofMulti-Store
Page 5 and 6:
ContentsGlossary...................
Page 7 and 8:
6.3.4.3 Maintenance related embodie
Page 9 and 10:
- 9 -GlossaryCO 2 stored - refers t
Page 11 and 12:
- 11 -Chapter 7Chapter 8Chapter 9Ch
Page 13 and 14:
- 13 -An alternative end-of-life sc
Page 15 and 16:
- 15 -designers and a shortage of b
Page 17 and 18:
- 17 -• Ministry for the Environm
Page 19 and 20:
- 19 -which it can be fashioned to
Page 21 and 22:
- 21 -For fire safety, the New Zeal
Page 23 and 24:
- 23 -buildings for low seismic are
Page 25 and 26:
- 25 -4 The Buildings4.1 Constructi
Page 27 and 28:
- 27 -the building. The basement le
Page 29 and 30:
- 29 -4.3.2 Common Design Principle
Page 31 and 32:
- 31 -Figure 4.5: South-west façad
Page 33 and 34:
- 33 -the three longitudinal frames
Page 35 and 36:
- 35 -4.3.5.2 Floor and RoofThe str
Page 37 and 38:
- 37 -4.4 Multi-Storey Timber Build
Page 39 and 40:
- 39 -Several different solutions h
Page 41 and 42:
- 41 -5 Operational Energy5.1 Gener
Page 43 and 44:
- 43 -Table 5.1: Simulation inputs
Page 45 and 46:
- 45 -Table 5.3: Areas of office en
Page 47 and 48:
- 47 -Modifying the design to achie
Page 49 and 50:
- 49 -• Standards New Zealand (NZ
Page 51 and 52:
- 51 -6 Life Cycle Assessment6.1 In
Page 53 and 54:
- 53 -6.2.3.3 Impact AssessmentThe
Page 55 and 56:
- 55 -6.3.2.2 System BoundariesThe
Page 57 and 58:
- 57 -For more information see:http
Page 59 and 60:
- 59 -6.3.3 Inventory Analysis6.3.3
Page 61 and 62:
- 61 -Table 6.2: Net tonnes CO 2 eq
Page 63 and 64:
- 63 -Growing timber takes up CO 2
Page 65 and 66:
- 65 -6.3.4 Impact AssessmentTotal
Page 67 and 68:
- 67 -8000700060005000GWP (t CO2 eq
Page 69 and 70:
- 69 -As explained above, carbon st
Page 71 and 72:
- 71 -Figure 6.10: Total embodied e
Page 73 and 74:
- 73 -Table 6.9: Total GWP of each
Page 75 and 76:
- 75 -8,0007,0006,0005,000GWP (t CO
Page 77 and 78:
- 77 -45000400003500030000GWP (kg C
Page 79 and 80:
- 79 -assumed to be identical for t
Page 81 and 82:
- 81 -6.4.3.2 Green Star Recycling
Page 83 and 84:
- 83 -Table 6.16: Green Star result
Page 85 and 86:
- 85 -The contribution of initial e
Page 87 and 88:
- 87 -results, the reutilisation sc
Page 89 and 90: - 89 -7.1.1 Platform and Balloon Co
Page 91 and 92: - 91 -buildings has been analysed a
Page 93 and 94: - 93 -Figure 7.5: Construction sche
Page 95 and 96: - 95 -8.2 Source and Availability o
Page 97 and 98: - 97 -It would be incorrect, howeve
Page 99 and 100: - 99 -8.5 Additional Opportunities
Page 101 and 102: - 101 -example, removal of CCA trea
Page 103 and 104: - 103 -The Waste Minimisation Bill
Page 105 and 106: - 105 -9 Discussion9.1 The Building
Page 107 and 108: - 107 -• The buildings tend to be
Page 109 and 110: - 109 -9.4.3 Data Sets9.4.3.1 Gener
Page 111 and 112: - 111 -The following assessment wil
Page 113 and 114: - 113 -Table 9.1. GWP coefficients
Page 115 and 116: - 115 -Figure 9.2 shows that the ne
Page 117 and 118: - 117 -placing and retaining materi
Page 119 and 120: - 119 -Net CO 2 emissions - that is
Page 121 and 122: - 121 -The LVL specified for the st
Page 123 and 124: - 123 -10 ConclusionsThe following
Page 125 and 126: - 125 -building types, instead subs
Page 127 and 128: - 127 -In summary, reutilisation sh
Page 129 and 130: - 129 -• What is the ranking of t
Page 131 and 132: - 131 -• What is the comparison i
Page 133 and 134: - 133 -Connell Wagner (2007): Combu
Page 135 and 136: - 135 -Suzuki, Michiya, and Tatsuo
Page 137 and 138: - 137 -C O N C R E T E B U I L D I
Page 139: - 139 -S T E E L B U I L D I N Gm m
Page 143 and 144: - 143 -T I M B E R B U I L D I N G
Page 145 and 146: - 145 -T Exterior Wall Cladding 581
Page 147 and 148: - 147 -Appendix B. Life times of bu
Page 149 and 150: - 149 -Appendix D: Transport scenar
Page 154 and 155: - 151 -Appendix F: Warren and Mahon
Page 156 and 157: Timber Plus ProjectSummary of the T
Page 158 and 159: Timber Plus ProjectGreen Star Ratin
Page 160 and 161: Timber Plus ProjectVolatile Organic
Page 162 and 163: Timber Plus ProjectThe Forest Stewa
Page 164 and 165: Timber Plus ProjectStain and Clear
Page 166 and 167: Timber Plus ProjectINTERIOR WALL CL
Page 168 and 169: Timber Plus ProjectWINDOW REVEALSMa
Page 170 and 171: Timber Plus ProjectSOFFIT FRAMINGMa
Page 172 and 173: Timber Plus ProjectEXTERIOR WALL CL
Page 174 and 175: Timber Plus ProjectAdditional Oppor
Page 176 and 177: Appendix AResene Expected Paint Sys
Page 178 and 179: - 152 -Appendix G: Green Star Asses
Page 180 and 181: New Zealand Forest Research Institu
Page 182 and 183: Executive SummaryA common building
Page 184 and 185: 1 IntroductionA common building des
Page 186 and 187: Timber pluso The same assumptions a
Page 188 and 189: Table 1-1-1: Weightings in Green St
Page 190 and 191:
The science behind LCA is still dev
Page 192 and 193:
In comparison the LCA results have
Page 194 and 195:
All four buildings in this research
Page 196 and 197:
1.4 Further WorkThe difficulty in m
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