- 132 -ReferencesASHRAE American Society <strong>of</strong> Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. 2005Ashrae Handbook : Fundamentals. Atlanta, GA.: ASHRAE, 2005.Alcorn, A. 1995. Embodied energy coefficients <strong>of</strong> building materials. Centre for BuildingPerformance Research. Victoria University <strong>of</strong> Wellington.Alcorn, A. 1998. Embodied energy coefficients <strong>of</strong> building materials. Centre for BuildingPerformance Research. Victoria University <strong>of</strong> Wellington.Alcorn, A. (2003). Embodied Energy and CO2 coefficients for NZ Building Materials.Centre for Building Performance Research, Victoria University <strong>of</strong> Wellington, March2003.Aye, L., Bamford, N., Charters, B., & Robinson, J. (1999). Optimising embodied energy incommercial <strong>of</strong>fice development. RICS Foundation, 217-223.Bellamy, L., and D. Mackenzie. "Simulation Analysis <strong>of</strong> the Energy Performance andHumidity <strong>of</strong> Solid Wood and Light Timber Frame Houses." Pine ManufacturersAssociation Solid Wood Building Initiative (2007).Buchanan, A. H., Deam, B. L., Fragiacomo, M., Pampanin, S., & Palermo, A. (2008). <strong>Multi</strong>-<strong>Storey</strong> Prestressed Timber <strong>Buildings</strong> in New Zealand. Structural EngineeringInternational, Journal <strong>of</strong> the International Association for Bridge and StructuralEngineering (IABSE). Vol. 18, No. 2, pp 166 - 173.Bioenergy Knowledge Centre (2008). Biomass calorific value calculator.http://bkc.co.nz/Portals/0/docs/tools/calorific_value_calculator.htmlChristensen, I., Pederson, A. et al. (2004). Electro-dialytic remediation <strong>of</strong> CCA-treated Woodin Larger Scale. Proceedings <strong>of</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Impacts</strong> <strong>of</strong> Preservative-treated woodConference, Orlando, Florida, 8-11 February, 2004.Clausen, C. A., Kartal, S. N. and Muehl, J. (2000) Properties <strong>of</strong> particleboard made fromrecycled CCA-treated wood. The International Research Group on WoodPreservation, 31st Annual Meeting, Kona, Hawaii 14th – 19thClausen, C. A., Kartal, S. N. and Muehl, J. (2001) Particleboard made from remediated CCAtreatedwood: evaluation <strong>of</strong> panel properties. Forest Products Journal Vol. 51 (7/8),pp.61 – 64Clausen,C.A., Kenealy, W.R. (2004) Scaled-up remediation <strong>of</strong> CCA treated wood.Proceedings <strong>of</strong> <strong>Environmental</strong> <strong>Impacts</strong> <strong>of</strong> Preservative-treated wood Conference,Orlando, Florida, 8-11 February, 2004.Cole, R. J., & Kernan, P. C. (1996). Life-cycle energy use in <strong>of</strong>fice buildings. Building andEnvironment, 31(4), 307-317(311).
- 133 -Connell Wagner (2007): Combustion <strong>of</strong> Biomass. CRL Energy. Report No. 29919-001/R1.Cooper, P.A. and Kazi, F.K.M. (2006). Method to recover and reuse chromated copperarsenate wood preservative from spent treated wood. Waste Management 26, 182-188.DesignBuilder S<strong>of</strong>tware. "Designbuilder User Interface for Energyplus,". 2008.http://www.designbuilder.co.uk/. Ed. http://www.designbuilder.co.uk/.Einola, J.; Sormunen, K.; Lensu, A.; Leiskallio, A.; Ettala, M.; Rintala, J.; (2009) Methaneoxidation at a surface-sealed Boreal landfill. Waste Management 29, 2105–2120Frischknecht, R.; Althaus, H.J.; Bauer, C.; Doka, G.; Heck, T.; Jungbluth, N.; Kellenberger,D.; Nemecek, 2007. The <strong>Environmental</strong> Relevance <strong>of</strong> Capital Goods in Life CycleAssessments <strong>of</strong> Products and Services. International Journal for LCA (Online First):11.GaBi 2006: LBP, PE: GaBi 4.2. S<strong>of</strong>tware-System and Databases for Life Cycle Engineering.Copyright, TM. Stuttgart, EchterdingenHelson, L., Van den Bulck, E. (2005). Review <strong>of</strong> disposal technologies for chromated copperarsenate (CCA) treated wood waste, with detailed analyses <strong>of</strong> thermochemicalconversion processes. <strong>Environmental</strong> Pollution 134, 301-314.IPCC (2006). NGGIP Publication '2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse GasInventories'IPCC (2007): Climate Change: The physical science basis. Chapter 2: Changes inatmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange.Kellenberger, D.; Althaus, H.J. (2008): Relevance <strong>of</strong> simplifications in LCA <strong>of</strong> buildingcomponents. Accepted for publication in “Building and Environment”.Kirk, SJ; Dell'Isola, A. (1995): Life Cycle Costing for Design Pr<strong>of</strong>essionals. 2 nd edition.McGraw-Hill, New York.Love, S. (2007). Extended Producer Responsibility <strong>of</strong> Treated Timber Waste. Scion. SB07Sustainable Building Conference, New Zealand (Building Research).MED (2005). New Zealand Energy Data File, June 2005. Ministry for EconomicDevelopment. New Zealand.MfE (2007): The 2006/07 National Landfill Census. October 2007, Ref. ME842. Ministry forthe Environment. New Zealand.MfE (2009): New Zealand's Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2007. Ref ME928. Ministry forthe Environment, New Zealand.
- Page 1 and 2:
Environmental Impacts ofMulti-Store
- Page 5 and 6:
ContentsGlossary...................
- Page 7 and 8:
6.3.4.3 Maintenance related embodie
- Page 9 and 10:
- 9 -GlossaryCO 2 stored - refers t
- Page 11 and 12:
- 11 -Chapter 7Chapter 8Chapter 9Ch
- Page 13 and 14:
- 13 -An alternative end-of-life sc
- Page 15 and 16:
- 15 -designers and a shortage of b
- Page 17 and 18:
- 17 -• Ministry for the Environm
- Page 19 and 20:
- 19 -which it can be fashioned to
- Page 21 and 22:
- 21 -For fire safety, the New Zeal
- Page 23 and 24:
- 23 -buildings for low seismic are
- Page 25 and 26:
- 25 -4 The Buildings4.1 Constructi
- Page 27 and 28:
- 27 -the building. The basement le
- Page 29 and 30:
- 29 -4.3.2 Common Design Principle
- Page 31 and 32:
- 31 -Figure 4.5: South-west façad
- Page 33 and 34:
- 33 -the three longitudinal frames
- Page 35 and 36:
- 35 -4.3.5.2 Floor and RoofThe str
- Page 37 and 38:
- 37 -4.4 Multi-Storey Timber Build
- Page 39 and 40:
- 39 -Several different solutions h
- Page 41 and 42:
- 41 -5 Operational Energy5.1 Gener
- Page 43 and 44:
- 43 -Table 5.1: Simulation inputs
- Page 45 and 46:
- 45 -Table 5.3: Areas of office en
- Page 47 and 48:
- 47 -Modifying the design to achie
- Page 49 and 50:
- 49 -• Standards New Zealand (NZ
- Page 51 and 52:
- 51 -6 Life Cycle Assessment6.1 In
- Page 53 and 54:
- 53 -6.2.3.3 Impact AssessmentThe
- Page 55 and 56:
- 55 -6.3.2.2 System BoundariesThe
- Page 57 and 58:
- 57 -For more information see:http
- Page 59 and 60:
- 59 -6.3.3 Inventory Analysis6.3.3
- Page 61 and 62:
- 61 -Table 6.2: Net tonnes CO 2 eq
- Page 63 and 64:
- 63 -Growing timber takes up CO 2
- Page 65 and 66:
- 65 -6.3.4 Impact AssessmentTotal
- Page 67 and 68:
- 67 -8000700060005000GWP (t CO2 eq
- Page 69 and 70:
- 69 -As explained above, carbon st
- Page 71 and 72:
- 71 -Figure 6.10: Total embodied e
- Page 73 and 74:
- 73 -Table 6.9: Total GWP of each
- Page 75 and 76:
- 75 -8,0007,0006,0005,000GWP (t CO
- Page 77 and 78:
- 77 -45000400003500030000GWP (kg C
- Page 79 and 80:
- 79 -assumed to be identical for t
- Page 81 and 82: - 81 -6.4.3.2 Green Star Recycling
- Page 83 and 84: - 83 -Table 6.16: Green Star result
- Page 85 and 86: - 85 -The contribution of initial e
- Page 87 and 88: - 87 -results, the reutilisation sc
- Page 89 and 90: - 89 -7.1.1 Platform and Balloon Co
- Page 91 and 92: - 91 -buildings has been analysed a
- Page 93 and 94: - 93 -Figure 7.5: Construction sche
- Page 95 and 96: - 95 -8.2 Source and Availability o
- Page 97 and 98: - 97 -It would be incorrect, howeve
- Page 99 and 100: - 99 -8.5 Additional Opportunities
- Page 101 and 102: - 101 -example, removal of CCA trea
- Page 103 and 104: - 103 -The Waste Minimisation Bill
- Page 105 and 106: - 105 -9 Discussion9.1 The Building
- Page 107 and 108: - 107 -• The buildings tend to be
- Page 109 and 110: - 109 -9.4.3 Data Sets9.4.3.1 Gener
- Page 111 and 112: - 111 -The following assessment wil
- Page 113 and 114: - 113 -Table 9.1. GWP coefficients
- Page 115 and 116: - 115 -Figure 9.2 shows that the ne
- Page 117 and 118: - 117 -placing and retaining materi
- Page 119 and 120: - 119 -Net CO 2 emissions - that is
- Page 121 and 122: - 121 -The LVL specified for the st
- Page 123 and 124: - 123 -10 ConclusionsThe following
- Page 125 and 126: - 125 -building types, instead subs
- Page 127 and 128: - 127 -In summary, reutilisation sh
- Page 129 and 130: - 129 -• What is the ranking of t
- Page 131: - 131 -• What is the comparison i
- Page 135 and 136: - 135 -Suzuki, Michiya, and Tatsuo
- Page 137 and 138: - 137 -C O N C R E T E B U I L D I
- Page 139 and 140: - 139 -S T E E L B U I L D I N Gm m
- Page 141 and 142: - 141 -T I M B E R B U I L D I N Gm
- Page 143 and 144: - 143 -T I M B E R B U I L D I N G
- Page 145 and 146: - 145 -T Exterior Wall Cladding 581
- Page 147 and 148: - 147 -Appendix B. Life times of bu
- Page 149 and 150: - 149 -Appendix D: Transport scenar
- Page 154 and 155: - 151 -Appendix F: Warren and Mahon
- Page 156 and 157: Timber Plus ProjectSummary of the T
- Page 158 and 159: Timber Plus ProjectGreen Star Ratin
- Page 160 and 161: Timber Plus ProjectVolatile Organic
- Page 162 and 163: Timber Plus ProjectThe Forest Stewa
- Page 164 and 165: Timber Plus ProjectStain and Clear
- Page 166 and 167: Timber Plus ProjectINTERIOR WALL CL
- Page 168 and 169: Timber Plus ProjectWINDOW REVEALSMa
- Page 170 and 171: Timber Plus ProjectSOFFIT FRAMINGMa
- Page 172 and 173: Timber Plus ProjectEXTERIOR WALL CL
- Page 174 and 175: Timber Plus ProjectAdditional Oppor
- Page 176 and 177: Appendix AResene Expected Paint Sys
- Page 178 and 179: - 152 -Appendix G: Green Star Asses
- Page 180 and 181: New Zealand Forest Research Institu
- Page 182 and 183:
Executive SummaryA common building
- Page 184 and 185:
1 IntroductionA common building des
- Page 186 and 187:
Timber pluso The same assumptions a
- Page 188 and 189:
Table 1-1-1: Weightings in Green St
- Page 190 and 191:
The science behind LCA is still dev
- Page 192 and 193:
In comparison the LCA results have
- Page 194 and 195:
All four buildings in this research
- Page 196 and 197:
1.4 Further WorkThe difficulty in m