Environmental Impacts of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Different ...

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- 118 -800070006000tonnes CO2500040003000200010000Concrete Steel Timber TimberPlusFigure 9.6. Net lifecycle GWP emissions for the four buildings, assuming permanent storage of carbon inwood products.All of the above scenarios do not consider the carbon storage potential of products used forbuilding maintenance and refurbishment. This could be added and would further reduce theimpacts of the Timber and TimberPlus buildings. However, it would make only relativelysmall differences as the quantities of materials are small.9.6 Green Star office building rating toolThe Green Star rating tool Office Design v1.0 was used to assess the four building designs, acomparison was made with LCA and a discussion of the rating tools was carried out by Scion– this is all detailed in Section 6.4The NZ Green Building Council recently requested submissions to be made on the proposedrevision of Green Star Office Design version 1.0. The timing of possible changes to version1.0 of the rating tool is extremely topical and very relevant to this report, particularly in thearea of the importance of the building materials used in everyday construction in NZ, theirenvironmental impacts and how materials are ‘treated’ by the Green Star rating tool. TheDepartment of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering at the University of Canterbury putforward a submission (30 th April 2008) which is summarised below.________________________________________________________________Supporting information for Submission to Green Star NZ, 30 th April 2008 from Department of Civil andNatural Resource Engineering, University of Canterbury.The information below is provided to support the following two submissions;1. We propose that Green Star New Zealand - Office Design Version 2.0 should include a CO 2calculator and award points for overall low or negative CO 2 emissions of all the building materialsused in construction (embodied CO 2 ; "cradle-to-gate").2. We propose that Green Star New Zealand - Office Design Version 2.0 should include a CO 2calculator and award points for overall low or negative CO2 emissions of the building materials usedin (the predicted) maintenance and refurbishment of the building (recurrent embodied CO 2 ).
- 119 -Net CO 2 emissions – that is emissions (positive) or sequestration (negative) – are the primary focus of bothnational and international initiatives to address climate change.This submission is supported by the recently produced document “Building for the 21 st Century – Review ofthe Building Code” (July 2007; published by Dept. of Building and Housing). This document states ‘We areconsidering the possibility of assessing the resources used by buildings through the carbon dioxide (CO 2 )emissions associated with their construction, operation, maintenance and demolition’.This document further states “We are considering CO 2 emissions …….because CO 2 is the most significantgreenhouse gas associated with buildings. There are also established criteria for assessing the CO 2associated with various forms of energy used in buildings”.This proposal is based around adopting some of the practices of proven Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)methodologies and international standards. It provides a quantitative measure (for instance, tonnes of CO 2per square metre of NLA) of the carbon dioxide emissions associated with the production andmaintenance/refurbishment of all the materials in a building.CO 2 emissions are derived from calculations of the embodied energy of all the building materials (bothinitial construction materials and those used for maintenance and refurbishment), cross-referenced withappropriate Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data sets. Ideally these data sets would be NZ-specific (or at least‘tailored’ to NZ conditions) and would need to be available and standardised across all sectors of themanufacturing and building industry. (Whilst this is not currently the case, a good start can be made usingLCI data for most commonly used building materials within NZ, such as is available from Victoria Universityof Wellington (VUW)).This approach recognises both the potential and the robustness of LCA implemented over the lifetime of abuilding but balances this against practicality and cost (LCA is a costly and complex task and there arecurrently few practitioners in New Zealand) to offer a solution that could be implemented and incorporatedin Office Design, Version 2.For a building, the simplified approach which we propose would measure and calculate the following:- Initial embodied energy of significant building materials.- Recurrent embodied energy of significant materials used in maintenance and refurbishment ofthe building over its proposed lifetime.- The net embodied CO 2 of building materials over the initial life cycle of those materials from‘cradle to gate’ – that is, considering and accounting for all the CO 2 emissions associated withthe production of the building material up to the point of the material being available at the ‘gate’of the production facility.- The recurrent embodied CO 2 of those building materials used for maintenance andrefurbishment beyond initial construction – that is, considering and accounting for the CO 2emissions associated with the production of materials used in maintenance and refurbishmentof the building.Net embodied CO 2 includes carbon sequestered in building materials. This requires an assumption that atthe end of the building’s life, materials, such as wood, will either be re-used, be buried in a landfill or beburned for energy recovery in lieu of fossil fuel.This is a simple model. It does not include;1. CO 2 emissions from transport to the building site.2. CO 2 emissions in construction or demolition.3. Possible reduction in CO 2 emissions by using wood waste as an energy source.4. Operational energy over the life-time of the building which is included elsewhere in Green StarOffice Design.Further information supporting the above methodology can be found in “Embodied Energy and CO 2Coefficients for NZ Building Materials” (A. Alcorn, March 2003 – Published by Centre for BuildingPerformance Research).
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Environmental Impacts ofMulti-Store
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ContentsGlossary...................
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6.3.4.3 Maintenance related embodie
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- 9 -GlossaryCO 2 stored - refers t
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- 11 -Chapter 7Chapter 8Chapter 9Ch
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- 13 -An alternative end-of-life sc
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- 15 -designers and a shortage of b
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- 17 -• Ministry for the Environm
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- 19 -which it can be fashioned to
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- 21 -For fire safety, the New Zeal
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- 23 -buildings for low seismic are
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- 25 -4 The Buildings4.1 Constructi
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- 27 -the building. The basement le
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- 29 -4.3.2 Common Design Principle
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- 31 -Figure 4.5: South-west façad
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- 33 -the three longitudinal frames
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- 35 -4.3.5.2 Floor and RoofThe str
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- 37 -4.4 Multi-Storey Timber Build
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- 39 -Several different solutions h
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- 41 -5 Operational Energy5.1 Gener
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- 43 -Table 5.1: Simulation inputs
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- 45 -Table 5.3: Areas of office en
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- 47 -Modifying the design to achie
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- 49 -• Standards New Zealand (NZ
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- 51 -6 Life Cycle Assessment6.1 In
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- 53 -6.2.3.3 Impact AssessmentThe
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- 55 -6.3.2.2 System BoundariesThe
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- 57 -For more information see:http
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- 59 -6.3.3 Inventory Analysis6.3.3
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- 61 -Table 6.2: Net tonnes CO 2 eq
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- 63 -Growing timber takes up CO 2
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- 65 -6.3.4 Impact AssessmentTotal
Page 67 and 68: - 67 -8000700060005000GWP (t CO2 eq
Page 69 and 70: - 69 -As explained above, carbon st
Page 71 and 72: - 71 -Figure 6.10: Total embodied e
Page 73 and 74: - 73 -Table 6.9: Total GWP of each
Page 75 and 76: - 75 -8,0007,0006,0005,000GWP (t CO
Page 77 and 78: - 77 -45000400003500030000GWP (kg C
Page 79 and 80: - 79 -assumed to be identical for t
Page 81 and 82: - 81 -6.4.3.2 Green Star Recycling
Page 83 and 84: - 83 -Table 6.16: Green Star result
Page 85 and 86: - 85 -The contribution of initial e
Page 87 and 88: - 87 -results, the reutilisation sc
Page 89 and 90: - 89 -7.1.1 Platform and Balloon Co
Page 91 and 92: - 91 -buildings has been analysed a
Page 93 and 94: - 93 -Figure 7.5: Construction sche
Page 95 and 96: - 95 -8.2 Source and Availability o
Page 97 and 98: - 97 -It would be incorrect, howeve
Page 99 and 100: - 99 -8.5 Additional Opportunities
Page 101 and 102: - 101 -example, removal of CCA trea
Page 103 and 104: - 103 -The Waste Minimisation Bill
Page 105 and 106: - 105 -9 Discussion9.1 The Building
Page 107 and 108: - 107 -• The buildings tend to be
Page 109 and 110: - 109 -9.4.3 Data Sets9.4.3.1 Gener
Page 111 and 112: - 111 -The following assessment wil
Page 113 and 114: - 113 -Table 9.1. GWP coefficients
Page 115 and 116: - 115 -Figure 9.2 shows that the ne
Page 117: - 117 -placing and retaining materi
Page 121 and 122: - 121 -The LVL specified for the st
Page 123 and 124: - 123 -10 ConclusionsThe following
Page 125 and 126: - 125 -building types, instead subs
Page 127 and 128: - 127 -In summary, reutilisation sh
Page 129 and 130: - 129 -• What is the ranking of t
Page 131 and 132: - 131 -• What is the comparison i
Page 133 and 134: - 133 -Connell Wagner (2007): Combu
Page 135 and 136: - 135 -Suzuki, Michiya, and Tatsuo
Page 137 and 138: - 137 -C O N C R E T E B U I L D I
Page 139 and 140: - 139 -S T E E L B U I L D I N Gm m
Page 141 and 142: - 141 -T I M B E R B U I L D I N Gm
Page 143 and 144: - 143 -T I M B E R B U I L D I N G
Page 145 and 146: - 145 -T Exterior Wall Cladding 581
Page 147 and 148: - 147 -Appendix B. Life times of bu
Page 149 and 150: - 149 -Appendix D: Transport scenar
Page 154 and 155: - 151 -Appendix F: Warren and Mahon
Page 156 and 157: Timber Plus ProjectSummary of the T
Page 158 and 159: Timber Plus ProjectGreen Star Ratin
Page 160 and 161: Timber Plus ProjectVolatile Organic
Page 162 and 163: Timber Plus ProjectThe Forest Stewa
Page 164 and 165: Timber Plus ProjectStain and Clear
Page 166 and 167: Timber Plus ProjectINTERIOR WALL CL
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Timber Plus ProjectWINDOW REVEALSMa
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Timber Plus ProjectSOFFIT FRAMINGMa
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Timber Plus ProjectEXTERIOR WALL CL
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Timber Plus ProjectAdditional Oppor
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Appendix AResene Expected Paint Sys
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- 152 -Appendix G: Green Star Asses
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New Zealand Forest Research Institu
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Executive SummaryA common building
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1 IntroductionA common building des
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Timber pluso The same assumptions a
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Table 1-1-1: Weightings in Green St
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The science behind LCA is still dev
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In comparison the LCA results have
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All four buildings in this research
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1.4 Further WorkThe difficulty in m
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