Environmental Impacts of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Different ...

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- 112 -Table 9.1 (middle column) shows GWP coefficients (Kg CO 2 equivalent per Kg material) forall the materials in the different buildings used by Scion to input to the LCA modellingprocess. The right-hand column of this table shows the GWP for materials where carbonstorage in the timber is taken into account (see explanation below), which has a marked effecton the coefficients used for all timber products. The timber datasets are based on NewZealand log production.The report “Life Cycle Assessment: Adopting and adapting overseas LCA data andmethodologies for building materials in New Zealand” (Nebel, 2009) notes the following:All timber datasets are based on log production specific for New Zealand. The dataset forsawn timber is fully based on data that has been collected in a number of projects at Scion.Existing models from the GaBi database have been modified for particle board and plywoodas follows. The electricity mix has been replaced with the NZ grid mix and thermal energyfrom natural gas has been replaced with the respective Australian dataset. It should be notedthat most of the thermal energy in all datasets is generated from residual wood which isreflected in the renewable energy consumption.Primary energy and carbon stored in the timber have not been included in the datasetspresented, but need to taken into account when using the data, depending on the end of lifescenario. The carbon stored in the timber will be partially released in the case of landfillingand would be fully released in the case of thermal utilisation. In an LCA study the end of lifescenario needs to be defined and emissions of CO2 and/or CH4 as well as the potential longterm storage need to be taken into account. The stored carbon in wood products can becalculated as follows:Assumed 50% of wood mass is carbon.=> 1kg wood = 0.5 kg CarbonMolar mass carbon = 12 g/mol.Molar mass oxygen = 16 g/mol=> Molar Mass CO2 = 44 g/mol0.5 kg / 12 g/mol = 41.67 moles of carbon in 1 kg wood.41.67 moles x 44 g/mol = 1833.34 grams.=> 1 kg wood --> 1.83 kg of CO21.83 kg CO2 equivalents are sequestered per 1 kg of timber.Table 9.2Table 9.2Table 9.2 shows the GWP (in units of CO 2 equivalent) for the materialsused in the four buildings, obtained by multiplying the mass of different materials in Table6.1 by the coefficients for each material given in Table 9.1 (right hand column). Table9.3Table 9.3Table 9.3 shows the same data in the major groups of materials.Figure 9.1Figure 9.1Figure 9.1 shows the aggregated data from Table 9.3Table 9.3Table 9.3.It can be clearly seen that emissions from concrete production dominate the emissions fromthe Concrete building, emissions from steel production dominate the emissions from the Steelbuilding and emissions from aluminium play a significant part in the overall emissions of theConcrete, Steel and Timber buildings,. Whilst emissions from concrete are greatest for theConcrete building, they are notable in the other three buildings too.The carbon sink from wood and wood products is clearly apparent in the Timber andTimberPlus buildings (but is almost insignificant for the Concrete and Steel buildings whichhave few wood products). There are no net emissions from the timber materials in any of thebuildings. In the Timber and TimberPlus buildings, the carbon stored in the timber materialsgreatly exceeds the emissions associated with the production and manufacture of these timber
- 113 -Table 9.1. GWP coefficients (Kg CO 2 equiv. per Kg material) for all materials in the four buildings.GWPGWPMaterial (kg)(Global WarmingPotential)(Including carbonstorage in material)[kg CO 2 [kg CO 2Equiv.]Equiv.]Concrete, 17.5 MPa 0.102 0.102Concrete, 40 MPa 0.158 0.158Pre-Cast Concrete 0.17 0.17Concrete tiles 0.263 0.263Reinforcing steel 0.449 0.449Structural Steel 1.802 1.802Steel Sheet 2.284 2.284Paint, water based 2.077 2.077Fired clay brick 0.246 0.246Glass fibre insulation 1.66 1.66PE membrane (building wrap) 2.368 2.368Fibre Cement Sheet 0.697 0.697Aluminium, extruded. 11.312 11.312Glass 1.36 1.36GIB ® plasterboard 0.34 0.34Sawn timber, kiln dried (10%) 0.154 -1.68Particle Board 0.279 -1.55Western Red Cedar (imported) 0.83 12 -1.00Laminated Veneer Lumber 0.377 -1.45Plywood 0.21 -1.62Table 9.2. GWP (tonnes CO 2 equiv.) for all materials in each of the four buildings.Concrete Steel Timber TimberPlusConcrete 17.5 MPA 6.2 6.3 5.4 5.4Concrete 40.0 MPA 107.3 342.9 207.9 207.9Concrete pre-cast 781.2 17.2 0.0 0.0Steel (NZ) 10.5 139.5 7.3 7.3Steel (Au) 31.8 478.7 10.0 10.0Steel sheet 38.1 35.8 0.0 0.0Stainless steel 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Reinforcing steel 51.4 10.8 8.7 8.7Glass 65.8 65.8 65.8 44.7Timber -18.5 -17.5 -98.0 -209.3Western Red Cedar 0.0 0.0 0.0 -22.8LVL 0.0 0.0 -498.7 -498.7Plywood -6.6 -6.6 -88.2 -105.0MDF -3.1 -3.1 -3.1 -109.5Aluminium 75.0 75.0 75.0 12.0Aluminium sheet mix 308.4 308.4 308.4 0.0Plasterboard 13.2 19.1 14.7 0.0Paint 1.4 1.6 2.1 2.3Fibreglass insulation 5.6 14.1 13.4 14.2Polystyrene insulation 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0Fibre cement 25.4 31.3 51.5 0.0Net total 1,499 1,519 82 -63312 An updated coefficient for Western Red Cedar in NZ is 0.434 Kg CO 2 equiv. which would reduce emissionsdue to this material by around 10 tonnes CO 2 equiv.
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Environmental Impacts ofMulti-Store
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ContentsGlossary...................
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6.3.4.3 Maintenance related embodie
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- 9 -GlossaryCO 2 stored - refers t
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- 11 -Chapter 7Chapter 8Chapter 9Ch
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- 13 -An alternative end-of-life sc
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- 15 -designers and a shortage of b
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- 17 -• Ministry for the Environm
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- 19 -which it can be fashioned to
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- 21 -For fire safety, the New Zeal
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- 23 -buildings for low seismic are
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- 25 -4 The Buildings4.1 Constructi
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- 27 -the building. The basement le
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- 29 -4.3.2 Common Design Principle
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- 31 -Figure 4.5: South-west façad
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- 33 -the three longitudinal frames
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- 35 -4.3.5.2 Floor and RoofThe str
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- 37 -4.4 Multi-Storey Timber Build
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- 39 -Several different solutions h
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- 41 -5 Operational Energy5.1 Gener
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- 43 -Table 5.1: Simulation inputs
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- 45 -Table 5.3: Areas of office en
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- 47 -Modifying the design to achie
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- 49 -• Standards New Zealand (NZ
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- 51 -6 Life Cycle Assessment6.1 In
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- 53 -6.2.3.3 Impact AssessmentThe
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- 55 -6.3.2.2 System BoundariesThe
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- 57 -For more information see:http
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- 59 -6.3.3 Inventory Analysis6.3.3
Page 61 and 62: - 61 -Table 6.2: Net tonnes CO 2 eq
Page 63 and 64: - 63 -Growing timber takes up CO 2
Page 65 and 66: - 65 -6.3.4 Impact AssessmentTotal
Page 67 and 68: - 67 -8000700060005000GWP (t CO2 eq
Page 69 and 70: - 69 -As explained above, carbon st
Page 71 and 72: - 71 -Figure 6.10: Total embodied e
Page 73 and 74: - 73 -Table 6.9: Total GWP of each
Page 75 and 76: - 75 -8,0007,0006,0005,000GWP (t CO
Page 77 and 78: - 77 -45000400003500030000GWP (kg C
Page 79 and 80: - 79 -assumed to be identical for t
Page 81 and 82: - 81 -6.4.3.2 Green Star Recycling
Page 83 and 84: - 83 -Table 6.16: Green Star result
Page 85 and 86: - 85 -The contribution of initial e
Page 87 and 88: - 87 -results, the reutilisation sc
Page 89 and 90: - 89 -7.1.1 Platform and Balloon Co
Page 91 and 92: - 91 -buildings has been analysed a
Page 93 and 94: - 93 -Figure 7.5: Construction sche
Page 95 and 96: - 95 -8.2 Source and Availability o
Page 97 and 98: - 97 -It would be incorrect, howeve
Page 99 and 100: - 99 -8.5 Additional Opportunities
Page 101 and 102: - 101 -example, removal of CCA trea
Page 103 and 104: - 103 -The Waste Minimisation Bill
Page 105 and 106: - 105 -9 Discussion9.1 The Building
Page 107 and 108: - 107 -• The buildings tend to be
Page 109 and 110: - 109 -9.4.3 Data Sets9.4.3.1 Gener
Page 111: - 111 -The following assessment wil
Page 115 and 116: - 115 -Figure 9.2 shows that the ne
Page 117 and 118: - 117 -placing and retaining materi
Page 119 and 120: - 119 -Net CO 2 emissions - that is
Page 121 and 122: - 121 -The LVL specified for the st
Page 123 and 124: - 123 -10 ConclusionsThe following
Page 125 and 126: - 125 -building types, instead subs
Page 127 and 128: - 127 -In summary, reutilisation sh
Page 129 and 130: - 129 -• What is the ranking of t
Page 131 and 132: - 131 -• What is the comparison i
Page 133 and 134: - 133 -Connell Wagner (2007): Combu
Page 135 and 136: - 135 -Suzuki, Michiya, and Tatsuo
Page 137 and 138: - 137 -C O N C R E T E B U I L D I
Page 139 and 140: - 139 -S T E E L B U I L D I N Gm m
Page 141 and 142: - 141 -T I M B E R B U I L D I N Gm
Page 143 and 144: - 143 -T I M B E R B U I L D I N G
Page 145 and 146: - 145 -T Exterior Wall Cladding 581
Page 147 and 148: - 147 -Appendix B. Life times of bu
Page 149 and 150: - 149 -Appendix D: Transport scenar
Page 154 and 155: - 151 -Appendix F: Warren and Mahon
Page 156 and 157: Timber Plus ProjectSummary of the T
Page 158 and 159: Timber Plus ProjectGreen Star Ratin
Page 160 and 161: Timber Plus ProjectVolatile Organic
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Timber Plus ProjectThe Forest Stewa
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Timber Plus ProjectStain and Clear
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Timber Plus ProjectINTERIOR WALL CL
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Timber Plus ProjectWINDOW REVEALSMa
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Timber Plus ProjectSOFFIT FRAMINGMa
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Timber Plus ProjectEXTERIOR WALL CL
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Timber Plus ProjectAdditional Oppor
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Appendix AResene Expected Paint Sys
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- 152 -Appendix G: Green Star Asses
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New Zealand Forest Research Institu
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Executive SummaryA common building
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1 IntroductionA common building des
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Timber pluso The same assumptions a
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Table 1-1-1: Weightings in Green St
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The science behind LCA is still dev
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In comparison the LCA results have
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All four buildings in this research
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1.4 Further WorkThe difficulty in m
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