WATER POVERTY IN THE NORTHEASTERN HILL REGION (INDIA)
WATER POVERTY IN THE NORTHEASTERN HILL REGION (INDIA) WATER POVERTY IN THE NORTHEASTERN HILL REGION (INDIA)
WATER POVERTY IN THE NORTHEASTERN HILL REGION (INDIA): POTENTIAL ALLEVIATION THROUGH MULTIPLE-USE WATER SYSTEMSii.Non inclusion of certain householdsSome of the households for various reasons could not be included in the MUS program. The reasonswere landlessness and single headed households beside some of the households who were not initiallyconvinced of the benefits of the project.iii.Technological problemsSome of the farmers reported problem relating to the drip kit itself such as clogging of holes,breakage of pipe-fitting and low tank capacity etc. Also, farmers who wanted to expand the areafelt that the tank had inadequate capacity. But from the equity perspective, allowing expansion ofarea by some of the farmers would have affected other users. However, these issues can be resolvedwith proper capacity building and quality control of the material.5. ConclusionIn the water abundant northeastern region of India, the societal water use is less than 5 per cent of theexisting potential and vast water resources of the region remain unutilised for economic activities. Theunutilised and excessive water supplies create vast devastation and miseries during the rainy seasonand the households face acute water shortages for both consumptive (domestic, livestock, enterprise)and productive purposes during post-rainy season periods. Though majority of the population is stilldependent on agriculture, the region generally practices very low yielding rainfed monocropping orthe more destructive shifting (Jhum) cultivation. The ratio of percent irrigated area to net sown areafor the NE region as a whole is abysmally low at 10.6%. This leads to poor crop yields, low croppingintensity and little incentive for diversified or high value agriculture. Among other things, assuredwater supply, though for a limited area (homestead gardens, bari) is a pre-requisite for moving up thevalue chain and sustainable livelihoods.Water poverty mapping based on household surveys in a typical village in Mon district(Nagaland) showed that all the households fared very poorly in terms of the most componentsof Water Poverty Index (WPI): Water Use (0.15), Water Resource (0.38), Water Access (0.40)and Capacity (0.40) with an overall value of 0.44. ‘Access’ and ‘Capacity’ are the two majorfactors contributing to water poverty in the study village and applicable to similar othervillages in Nagaland and the NEH region. This was also reflected through low levels of incomeand high prevalence (44% of households) of malaria, tuberculosis and other water-bornediseases. The villages still practice traditional Jhum cultivation with very low yields of rice andmillets and ever-shortening period of Jhum-cycle. Alternative to this practice has been amplydemonstrated through excellent demonstrations of improved crops,varieties and practices atthe ICAR Livelihood Improvement Project site. But the community immediately needs simple,small, low-cost and relatively high-value agriculture models which can provide for the basicwater needs and also improve their incomes.Improving the accessibility to water resourcesand per capita income would significantly reduce the water poverty and thus improve thelivelihoods.40
WATER POVERTY IN THE NORTHEASTERN HILL REGION (INDIA): POTENTIAL ALLEVIATION THROUGH MULTIPLE-USE WATER SYSTEMSMultiple-Use Water Systems developed and implemented successfully in the similar agroecologicalhill regions of Nepal are cost-effective, flexible, provide water supply both for householdneeds and micro-irrigation for small high-value agriculture plots (homestead gardens), haslow pay-back period with low household investments. More importantly, these systems reducedrudgery for women, improve sanitation and hygiene, provide significant financial incentivesand ensure high-levels of community participation. The most innovative part of the technologywas to facilitate productive utilisation of locally available small water soucres in the hills- thesprings and rivulets through a water storage system (low-cost water tanks), water conveyanceand optimally placed distribution system and a simple and small water application system. Eachsystem is normally designed to meet water needs of 10 to 40 households with an all inclusive costof about US$ 200 per household . With additional annual income of about US$ 190 throughsale of surplus produce the system has a pay back period of only 1 year and is very attractive.The market linkage along with collection centers for the surplus produce was important in thedevelopment of the technology. The only constraining factors were the availability of an adequateand reliable water source in the village neighbourhood and certain technological problems in theinitial period which can be resolved through proper capacity building of the farmers and schemefunctionaries.The suggested Multiple-Use Water Systems is quite appropriate to the high rainfall hilly states of thenortheast hill region. The present and new drinking water supply schemes in these regions need to bedesigned more innovatively on the suggested pattern by integration of public health, irrigation andagriculture development schemes . The success of the schemes shall greatly depend upon the motivationand participation of the village communities for which the local NGOs, government functionaries,village chiefs and village level institutions shall play an important role. The suggested model has a greatpotential in reducing the water poverty, saving time and reducing drudgery, increase household income,improve hygiene and sanitation, empower women, ensure community participation and thus improvethe livelihoods of poor households in the north-eastern and other hill region states of India and elsewherethrough improved use of the water and land resources of the region.6. ReferencesAdhikary, D.L. 2009. Background of the micro-irrigation and MUS development in Nepal. SpecialTraining Program on “ Multiple Water Use Systems for the Hilly Areas”, (3-5 March, 2009),International Water Management Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal.Agarwal, A.; Narain, S. 1997. Dying Wisdom- Rise, fall and potential of India’s traditional waterharvesting systems. Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi. pp. 54-70.Cullis, J., Gorgens, A. 2006. Water poverty mapping as a tool for the effective allocation of resource toaddress water poverty in South Africa. Paper presented at WISA Biennial Conference and Exhibition,Durban, South Africa, 2006.Goswami, D.C. 1992. Zonal planning in water. In. Planning perspectives for the north-eastern andeastern zone, Adiseshiah, M.S. (ed), Lancer Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, pp. 9-22.41
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<strong>WATER</strong> <strong>POVERTY</strong> <strong>IN</strong> <strong>THE</strong> NOR<strong>THE</strong>ASTERN <strong>HILL</strong> <strong>REGION</strong> (<strong>IN</strong>DIA): POTENTIAL ALLEVIATION THROUGH MULTIPLE-USE <strong>WATER</strong> SYSTEMSii.Non inclusion of certain householdsSome of the households for various reasons could not be included in the MUS program. The reasonswere landlessness and single headed households beside some of the households who were not initiallyconvinced of the benefits of the project.iii.Technological problemsSome of the farmers reported problem relating to the drip kit itself such as clogging of holes,breakage of pipe-fitting and low tank capacity etc. Also, farmers who wanted to expand the areafelt that the tank had inadequate capacity. But from the equity perspective, allowing expansion ofarea by some of the farmers would have affected other users. However, these issues can be resolvedwith proper capacity building and quality control of the material.5. ConclusionIn the water abundant northeastern region of India, the societal water use is less than 5 per cent of theexisting potential and vast water resources of the region remain unutilised for economic activities. Theunutilised and excessive water supplies create vast devastation and miseries during the rainy seasonand the households face acute water shortages for both consumptive (domestic, livestock, enterprise)and productive purposes during post-rainy season periods. Though majority of the population is stilldependent on agriculture, the region generally practices very low yielding rainfed monocropping orthe more destructive shifting (Jhum) cultivation. The ratio of percent irrigated area to net sown areafor the NE region as a whole is abysmally low at 10.6%. This leads to poor crop yields, low croppingintensity and little incentive for diversified or high value agriculture. Among other things, assuredwater supply, though for a limited area (homestead gardens, bari) is a pre-requisite for moving up thevalue chain and sustainable livelihoods.Water poverty mapping based on household surveys in a typical village in Mon district(Nagaland) showed that all the households fared very poorly in terms of the most componentsof Water Poverty Index (WPI): Water Use (0.15), Water Resource (0.38), Water Access (0.40)and Capacity (0.40) with an overall value of 0.44. ‘Access’ and ‘Capacity’ are the two majorfactors contributing to water poverty in the study village and applicable to similar othervillages in Nagaland and the NEH region. This was also reflected through low levels of incomeand high prevalence (44% of households) of malaria, tuberculosis and other water-bornediseases. The villages still practice traditional Jhum cultivation with very low yields of rice andmillets and ever-shortening period of Jhum-cycle. Alternative to this practice has been amplydemonstrated through excellent demonstrations of improved crops,varieties and practices atthe ICAR Livelihood Improvement Project site. But the community immediately needs simple,small, low-cost and relatively high-value agriculture models which can provide for the basicwater needs and also improve their incomes.Improving the accessibility to water resourcesand per capita income would significantly reduce the water poverty and thus improve thelivelihoods.40
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