Medical Physics Hand.. - Voss Associates

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survey instrument. Older camera lenses (1950s-1970s)oftenemployed coatings of thorium-232 to alter the index ofrefraction.Fertilizer. Commercial fertilizers are designed to providevarying levels of potassium, phosphorous, and nitrogen. Suchfertilizers can be measurably radioactive for two reasons:potassium is naturally radioactive, and the phosphorous canbe derived from phosphate ore that contains elevated levelsof uranium. The abundance of radioactive K-40 in naturalpotassium is 0.0118%. Phosphate ore leaches out andconcentrates any natural uranium ore it is in contact with.Food. Food contains a variety of different types and amountsof naturally occurring radioactive materials. Although therelatively small quantities of food in the home contain too littleradioactivity for the latter to be readily detectable, bulkshipments of food have been known to set off the alarms ofradiation monitors at border crossings. One exception wouldbe low-sodium salt substitutes that contain enoughpotassium-40 to be detectable with a radiation detector.Water Softener. Water softeners often use potassiuminstead of sodium to exchange the hardness in water with amore soluble chemical. The natural potassium contains K-40.Tritium Exit Signs. Tritium exit signs typically contain 8curies of tritium. The tritium is contained in vials along with achemical that gives off light in reaction to the beta radiationemitted by the tritium. The bremsstrahlung radiationproduced by material reaction with the tritium beta can bedetected with a radiation detector.survey instrument. Older camera lenses (1950s-1970s)oftenemployed coatings of thorium-232 to alter the index ofrefraction.Fertilizer. Commercial fertilizers are designed to providevarying levels of potassium, phosphorous, and nitrogen. Suchfertilizers can be measurably radioactive for two reasons:potassium is naturally radioactive, and the phosphorous canbe derived from phosphate ore that contains elevated levelsof uranium. The abundance of radioactive K-40 in naturalpotassium is 0.0118%. Phosphate ore leaches out andconcentrates any natural uranium ore it is in contact with.Food. Food contains a variety of different types and amountsof naturally occurring radioactive materials. Although therelatively small quantities of food in the home contain too littleradioactivity for the latter to be readily detectable, bulkshipments of food have been known to set off the alarms ofradiation monitors at border crossings. One exception wouldbe low-sodium salt substitutes that contain enoughpotassium-40 to be detectable with a radiation detector.Water Softener. Water softeners often use potassiuminstead of sodium to exchange the hardness in water with amore soluble chemical. The natural potassium contains K-40.Tritium Exit Signs. Tritium exit signs typically contain 8curies of tritium. The tritium is contained in vials along with achemical that gives off light in reaction to the beta radiationemitted by the tritium. The bremsstrahlung radiationproduced by material reaction with the tritium beta can bedetected with a radiation detector.survey instrument. Older camera lenses (1950s-1970s)oftenemployed coatings of thorium-232 to alter the index ofrefraction.Fertilizer. Commercial fertilizers are designed to providevarying levels of potassium, phosphorous, and nitrogen. Suchfertilizers can be measurably radioactive for two reasons:potassium is naturally radioactive, and the phosphorous canbe derived from phosphate ore that contains elevated levelsof uranium. The abundance of radioactive K-40 in naturalpotassium is 0.0118%. Phosphate ore leaches out andconcentrates any natural uranium ore it is in contact with.Food. Food contains a variety of different types and amountsof naturally occurring radioactive materials. Although therelatively small quantities of food in the home contain too littleradioactivity for the latter to be readily detectable, bulkshipments of food have been known to set off the alarms ofradiation monitors at border crossings. One exception wouldbe low-sodium salt substitutes that contain enoughpotassium-40 to be detectable with a radiation detector.Water Softener. Water softeners often use potassiuminstead of sodium to exchange the hardness in water with amore soluble chemical. The natural potassium contains K-40.Tritium Exit Signs. Tritium exit signs typically contain 8curies of tritium. The tritium is contained in vials along with achemical that gives off light in reaction to the beta radiationemitted by the tritium. The bremsstrahlung radiationproduced by material reaction with the tritium beta can bedetected with a radiation detector.survey instrument. Older camera lenses (1950s-1970s)oftenemployed coatings of thorium-232 to alter the index ofrefraction.Fertilizer. Commercial fertilizers are designed to providevarying levels of potassium, phosphorous, and nitrogen. Suchfertilizers can be measurably radioactive for two reasons:potassium is naturally radioactive, and the phosphorous canbe derived from phosphate ore that contains elevated levelsof uranium. The abundance of radioactive K-40 in naturalpotassium is 0.0118%. Phosphate ore leaches out andconcentrates any natural uranium ore it is in contact with.Food. Food contains a variety of different types and amountsof naturally occurring radioactive materials. Although therelatively small quantities of food in the home contain too littleradioactivity for the latter to be readily detectable, bulkshipments of food have been known to set off the alarms ofradiation monitors at border crossings. One exception wouldbe low-sodium salt substitutes that contain enoughpotassium-40 to be detectable with a radiation detector.Water Softener. Water softeners often use potassiuminstead of sodium to exchange the hardness in water with amore soluble chemical. The natural potassium contains K-40.Tritium Exit Signs. Tritium exit signs typically contain 8curies of tritium. The tritium is contained in vials along with achemical that gives off light in reaction to the beta radiationemitted by the tritium. The bremsstrahlung radiationproduced by material reaction with the tritium beta can bedetected with a radiation detector.
Gas Lantern Mantles. W hile it is less common than itonce was, some brands of gas lantern mantlesincorporate thorium-232. In fact it is the heating of thethorium by the burning gas that is responsible for theemission of light. Such mantles are sufficientlyradioactive that they are often used as a check sourcefor radiation detectors.Antique Radioactive Curative Claims. In the past,primarily 1920 through 1950, a wide range of radioactiveproducts were sold as cure-alls, for example, radiumcontainingpills, pads, solutions, and devices designedto add radon to drinking water. The states generallyhave regulatory authority over these devices. In somecases, a state might even require that these devices beregistered or licensed. Most such devices are relativelyharmless but occasionally one can be encountered thatcontains potentially hazardous levels of radium. If thereis any question about the safety of such devices, thepublic is strongly encouraged to contact the stateradiation-control program for advice.For further information contact the following:National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements, “Radiation Exposure of the U.S.Population from Consumer Products and MiscellaneousSources,” NCRP Report No. 95, Bethesda, MD, 1987.U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, “Systematic27Gas Lantern Mantles. W hile it is less common than itonce was, some brands of gas lantern mantlesincorporate thorium-232. In fact it is the heating of thethorium by the burning gas that is responsible for theemission of light. Such mantles are sufficientlyradioactive that they are often used as a check sourcefor radiation detectors.Antique Radioactive Curative Claims. In the past,primarily 1920 through 1950, a wide range of radioactiveproducts were sold as cure-alls, for example, radiumcontainingpills, pads, solutions, and devices designedto add radon to drinking water. The states generallyhave regulatory authority over these devices. In somecases, a state might even require that these devices beregistered or licensed. Most such devices are relativelyharmless but occasionally one can be encountered thatcontains potentially hazardous levels of radium. If thereis any question about the safety of such devices, thepublic is strongly encouraged to contact the stateradiation-control program for advice.For further information contact the following:National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements, “Radiation Exposure of the U.S.Population from Consumer Products and MiscellaneousSources,” NCRP Report No. 95, Bethesda, MD, 1987.U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, “Systematic27Gas Lantern Mantles. W hile it is less common than itonce was, some brands of gas lantern mantlesincorporate thorium-232. In fact it is the heating of thethorium by the burning gas that is responsible for theemission of light. Such mantles are sufficientlyradioactive that they are often used as a check sourcefor radiation detectors.Antique Radioactive Curative Claims. In the past,primarily 1920 through 1950, a wide range of radioactiveproducts were sold as cure-alls, for example, radiumcontainingpills, pads, solutions, and devices designedto add radon to drinking water. The states generallyhave regulatory authority over these devices. In somecases, a state might even require that these devices beregistered or licensed. Most such devices are relativelyharmless but occasionally one can be encountered thatcontains potentially hazardous levels of radium. If thereis any question about the safety of such devices, thepublic is strongly encouraged to contact the stateradiation-control program for advice.For further information contact the following:National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements, “Radiation Exposure of the U.S.Population from Consumer Products and MiscellaneousSources,” NCRP Report No. 95, Bethesda, MD, 1987.U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, “Systematic27Gas Lantern Mantles. W hile it is less common than itonce was, some brands of gas lantern mantlesincorporate thorium-232. In fact it is the heating of thethorium by the burning gas that is responsible for theemission of light. Such mantles are sufficientlyradioactive that they are often used as a check sourcefor radiation detectors.Antique Radioactive Curative Claims. In the past,primarily 1920 through 1950, a wide range of radioactiveproducts were sold as cure-alls, for example, radiumcontainingpills, pads, solutions, and devices designedto add radon to drinking water. The states generallyhave regulatory authority over these devices. In somecases, a state might even require that these devices beregistered or licensed. Most such devices are relativelyharmless but occasionally one can be encountered thatcontains potentially hazardous levels of radium. If thereis any question about the safety of such devices, thepublic is strongly encouraged to contact the stateradiation-control program for advice.For further information contact the following:National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements, “Radiation Exposure of the U.S.Population from Consumer Products and MiscellaneousSources,” NCRP Report No. 95, Bethesda, MD, 1987.U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, “Systematic27
Page 3: PhUSE 2012methods, Wang-Tsiatis and
Page 6: Inhalation TreatmentThere are sever
Page 12 and 13: Chemical FormThe chemical form of r
Page 14 and 15: 600 REM - < 800 REM (6 - 8 Sv)all o
Page 16 and 17: machine or with a more sophisticate
Page 18 and 19: Typical Effective Radiation Dosefro
Page 22 and 23: Iridium-192 (74 d): Supplied in wir
Page 24 and 25: Cobalt-57 (272 d): Used as a marker
Page 26 and 27: CONSUMER PRODUCTS CONTAININGRADIOAC
Page 30 and 31: Radiological Assessment of Exemptio
Page 32 and 33: Coastal EngineeringMeasurement of e
Page 34 and 35: Beta Dose Rates in rad/hr per mCiMe
Page 36 and 37: Ci / g = 3.578E5 / (T 1/2 in years
Page 38 and 39: Rem/hr / Ci Sv/hr / GBqHalf-Life Ci
Page 48 and 49: Energy & Yield of neutrons from the
Page 50 and 51: CHARACTERISTIC RADIATIONS OFCOMMONL
Page 52 and 53: 48Sc48Ti-â 482 (10.01), 657 (89.99
Page 54 and 55: 68Ge68Ga EC270.9d 67.7m Ga x-rays 1
Page 56 and 57: 129I129Xe-â 194 (100)1.57E7y S ã
Page 58 and 59: 192Ir192Pt-â 256 (5.65), 536 (41.4
Page 60 and 61: 249Bk249Cf-â 126 (100)320d 350.6d2
Page 62 and 63: Progeny kev and % abundanceProgenyk
Page 64 and 65: Progeny kev and % abundance222Rn is
Page 66 and 67: SI and US “Traditional” Units64
Page 68 and 69: CONVERSION OF UNITSCONVERSION OF UN
Page 70 and 71: Radiological1 rad = 100 ergs / g1 e
Page 72 and 73: Power1 joule/sec = 1E7 ergs/sec 1 e
Page 74 and 75: 7272UNITS AND TERMINOLOGY“Special
Page 76 and 77: EMERGENCY RESPONSEEMERGENCY RESPONS
Page 78 and 79:
Major Injuries Occurring in Hazardo
Page 80 and 81:
PUBLIC RADIATION DOSESAverage per c
Page 82 and 83:
COMPARATIVE RISKS OF RADIATION EXPO
Page 84 and 85:
Government Agency Websiteswww.cdc.g
Page 86 and 87:
ANNEXTc-99m Heart Stress TestPatien
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Medical Physics Hand.. - Voss Associates

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