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244Cairns: Eco-Ethics and Sustainability EthicsTromp TK, Shia R-L, Allen M, Eller JM, Yung YL (2003) Potential environmental impact of a hydrogen economyon the stratosphere. Science 300:1740–1741Wackernagel MW, Rees WE (1996) Our ecological footprint: reducing human impact on Earth. New SocietyPublishers, Gabriola Island, BC, CanadaWackernagel M, Onistro L, Bello P, Linares A, Falfan I, Garcia I, Guerrero A, Guerrero M (1999) National naturalaccounting with ecological footprint concept. Ecol Econ 29:375–390Wackernagel M, Schulz NB, Deumling D, Linares AC, and 7 others (2002) Tracking the ecological overshootof the human economy. Proc Nat Acad Sci 99(14):9266–9271Wirzba N (ed) (2003) The essential agrarian reader. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
245Article 28Reproduced from Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics (ESEP) with permission of Inter-ResearchESEP 2004:33–38www.esep.deSustainability and SpecializationJohn Cairns, Jr.Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.E-mail: jcairns@vt.eduABSTRACT: Society depends heavily on its major universities and independent research organizationsfor new ideas. Arguably, sustainable use of the planet will require conceptual paradigmsunprecedented in human history. Educational systems, especially major universities and researchorganizations, must produce students in all phases of the education continuum who are capable oftransdisciplinary activities. A much larger group of such students will be required to implementthese new undertakings. Until the perception of the need for transdisciplinary education becomeswidespread, nothing significant is likely to happen. One major obstacle is the lack of employmentfor transdisciplinary individuals. A commitment to sustainable use of the planet will provideemployment and make better use of increasingly scarce resources.KEY WORDS: Sustainability · Academic specialization · Educational system · Transdisciplinary ·Data integration · Co-evolutionary process · Environmental educationWhen environmental ethicists create a separate, distinct discipline with its own terms and assumptions,they disqualify themselves as the integrative contributors they could be if their disciplines were built inpublic discourse, the rich, highly textured language upon which we fall back when we are faced with acrisis or problem and must decide collectively what to do about it. Bryan G. Norton, 2003This well-meaning but narrow-minded nanny of an institution ensures that scientists work according toconventional wisdom and not as curiosity or inspiration moves them. Lacking freedom they are in dangerof succumbing to a finicky gentility or of becoming, like medieval theologians, the creatures of dogma.James Lovelock, 2000The ongoing fragmentation of knowledge and resulting chaos in philosophy are not reflections of the realworld but artifacts of scholarship. Edward O. Wilson, 1998INTEGRATION OF DATASustainable use of the planet is a policy goal that requires input from all disciplines, professions,and special interest groups. The disciplines are essential for academic quality control; however, ifthey remain in the present degree of isolation from each other, sustainability is unlikely to be
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