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300Cairns: Eco-Ethics and Sustainability EthicsNoss RL, Parsons DJ, Peterson CH, Turner MG and Woodmansee RG. The report of the Ecological Societyof America Committee on the Scientific Basis for Ecosystem Management. Ecological Applications1996;6:665–91Filho WL and Wright TSA. Barriers on the path to sustainability: European and Canadian perspectives inhigher education. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 2002;9:179-86Hardin G. Filters Against Folly. New York: Penguin Books; 1985Hawken P. The Ecology of Commerce: A Declaration of Sustainability. New York: Harper Business Publications;1993Hawken PA, Lovins A. and Lovins H. Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution. New York:Little, Brown; 1999Kosko B. Junk science pervades the courtrooms. The Roanoke Times 2002;June 7:A15Likens GE and Bormann FH. Biogeochemistry for a Forested Ecosystem, 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag;1995Lovelock J. The Ages of Gaia. New York: WW Norton; 1980Lovins AB and Lovins LH. Brittle Power: Energy Strategy for National Security. Andover, MA: Brick HousePublishers; 1982MacArthur R and Wilson EO. An equilibrium theory of insular biogeography. Evolution 1963;17:373–87McNeill JR. Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-century World. NewYork: WW Norton; 2000Menzel P. Material World: A Global Family Portrait. San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books; 1994Myers N and Kent J. Perverse Subsidies: Tax $s Undercutting Our Economies and Environment Alike. Washington,DC: Island Press; 2001National Research Council. Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems: Science, Technology, and Public Policy.Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1992Navratil W. Free beer not enough motivation for voters. The Roanoke Times 2002;Nov 3:A–1, A–4Orr DW. Ecological Literacy: Education and the Transition to a Postmodern World. Albany, NY: State Universityof New York Press; 1992Patrick R. A proposed biological measure of stream conditions based on a survey of the Conestoga Basin,Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia1949;101:277-341Postel S. Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last? New York: WW Norton; 1999Redclift M. Sustainable Development: Exploring the Contradictions. New York: Methuen Publications; 1987Robèrt K-H, Daly H, Hawken P and Holmberg J. Compass for sustainable development. Stockholm: TheNatural Step Environmental Institute, undatedRobin V. A Declaration of Independence — From Overconsumption. Seattle, WA: The New Road Map Foundation;1994Tansley AG. The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms. Ecology 1935;16:284–307Todd J and Todd N. Bioshelters, Ocean Arks, City Farming: Ecology as the Basis of Design. San Francisco,CA: Sierra Club Books; 1984US National Academy of Sciences, Royal Scientific Society of Jordan, Israel Academy of Sciences andHumanities, and Palestine Academy for Science and Technology. Water for the Future: The West Bankand Gaza Strip, Israel, and Jordan. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1999Wackernagel M and Rees W. Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human impact on the Earth. GabriolaIsland, British Columbia, Canada: New Society Publishers; 1996World Commission on Environment and Development. Our Common Future. New York: Oxford UniversityPress; 1987
301Article 36Reproduced from Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics (ESEP) with permission of Inter-ResearchESEP 2004:65–68www.esep.deSustainability and the Anthropogenic Alteration of EvolutionaryProcessesJohn Cairns, Jr.Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.E-mail: jcairns@vt.eduABSTRACT: Persuasive evidence indicates that Earth is now experiencing a major biotic crisis.Even if humankind ceases severe stress on natural systems, the crisis will probably disrupt thebasic evolutionary processes that characterized the period preceding the agricultural and industrialrevolutions. Proliferation of drug and pesticide resistant species and opportunistic species thatthrive in human-dominated ecosystems will become increasingly common. The effect onhumankind of altering basic evolutionary processes is uncertain because the understanding ofthese processes is not robust. The probable result will not be an environment as favorable tohumans as the one that has existed for most of human history. Humans probably have altered theenvironment since Homo sapiens first appeared. However, only in the last two centuries has thedegree and rate of change reached levels now considered by many people to be ‘normal’, eventhough the record shows they are not. Greatly improved technology has facilitated increasedexploitation of natural resources to unsustainable levels. This exploitation, in turn, has led to exponentialhuman population growth, which has depleted natural capital (living systems and theservices they provide). Economic globalization has ensured that ecosystems far distant from consumerscan be and are profitably exploited. Economic growth has become a universal mantra thatis coupled with a conviction that such growth can continue indefinitely on a finite planet. A majorparadigm shift is essential if sustainable use of the planet is to become a reality.KEY WORDS: Evolution · Sustainability ethics · Destruction of natural capital · Human occupancyof Earth · Alteration of biosphere · Biotic extinctions · Economic globalization… when we regard every production of nature as one which has had a history; when we contemplateevery complex structure and instinct as the summing up of many contrivances, each useful to thepossessor… how far more interesting, I speak from experience, will the study of natural history become!Charles Darwin(As quoted in Mayr 1977)
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