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270Cairns: Eco-Ethics and Sustainability EthicsNational Research Council (1992) The restoration of aquatic ecosystems: science, technology, and publicchoice. National Academy Press, Washington, DCPanayoton T (1993) Green markets. Institute for Contemporary Studies Press, San FranciscoPostman N (1986) Amusing ourselves to death. Penguin Press, New YorkPostel S (1999) Pillars of sand. WW Norton, LondonRoodman DM (1998) The natural wealth of nations: harnessing the market for the environment. WW Norton,New YorkTainter J (1998) The collapse of complex civilizations. Cambridge University Press, CambridgeTullock G (1994) The economics of non-human societies. Pallas Press, Tucson, AZUnited Nations (2001) World population prospects: the 2000 revision. United Nations Press, New YorkUnited Nations Administrative Committee on Coordination and the International Food Policy ResearchInstitute (2000)United Nations Commission on Environment and Development (1987) Our common future. Oxford UniversityPress, OxfordUnited Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (1994) Financial resources and mechanisms forsustainable development: overview of current issues and development. United Nations Press, New YorkUS Department of Agriculture (2002) World agricultural supply and demand estimate. Washington, DCVitousek P, Ehrlich PR, Ehrlich AH, Matson P (1986) Human appropriation of the products of photosynthesis.BioScience 36:368–373Wackernagel M, Rees W (1996) Our ecological footprint. New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, BritishColumbia, CanadaWorld Bank (1997) Rural development: from vision to action. Environmentally and Socially SustainableDevelopment Studies and Monographs Series No. 12. World Bank, Washington, DC
271Article 31Reproduced from Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics (ESEP) with permission of Inter-ResearchESEP 2004:29–31www.esep.deSmall Islands: Harbingers of Earth’s Ecological Fate?John Cairns, Jr.Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.E-mail: jcairns@vt.eduHow would you like your pain served?Michael Sutton, Packard FoundationA colleague, P. Kullberg, sent me an article from Le Monde Diplomatique about the effects of climatechange on the world’s fragile islands. 1 In the approximately 600 islands of Micronesia in theSouth Pacific, about half of the 150,000 inhabitants have had houses damaged or destroyed bystorms more frequent and violent than before. Sea level rise in the last half of the twentieth centuryand above normal high tides and unpredictable rain have exacerbated the intensity of the storms.Arguably, Darwin was the first person to use islands to study speciation and other biological phenomenathat occur more rapidly on islands than on large land masses. Islands are still very usefulsystems for observing the early effects of global warming. Low-lying islands are particularly vulnerableto sea level rise and climate change. Now, in the twenty-first century, islands may offerinsights into ecological processes comparable to those discovered by Darwin. However, theinsights will be at the systems level rather than the species level.Since humankind persists in carrying out a global experiment (e.g. global warming) with theplanet’s ecological life support system, islands are already serving as an early warning of systemlevel effects before the effects can be discerned readily in larger systems. The Alliance of SmallIsland States has been acutely aware of the problems of sea level rise and climate change on smallislands. The problem is to communicate their distress to the global community. These small islandsmay be an important harbinger of Earth’s ecological fate. Will a sufficient number of people, especiallythose with large ecological footprints, feel it is an ethical imperative to reduce markedly theproduction of greenhouse gases to arrest global warming?The people of the Maldives are already preparing for worsening conditions. 2 They have startedbuilding an artificial island 2 m above sea level which eventually will serve 100,000 people. Risingwater levels, increased surface water temperatures, and violent storms already threaten the coralreefs of the archipelago (Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change 2001). If the coral reefs are1 See Sinai A (2004) Climate change: the world’s fragile islands. La Monde Diplomatique, available at http://mondediplo.com/2004/02/15climate2 See Footnote 1
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