Rebecca Shapiro Thesis (11 May 2011).pdf - Brandeis Institutional ...
Rebecca Shapiro Thesis (11 May 2011).pdf - Brandeis Institutional ... Rebecca Shapiro Thesis (11 May 2011).pdf - Brandeis Institutional ...
always valued its Jewish origins, it had never limited membership to Jewish students, andas such was free from the debate. In 1948, they demonstrated this freedom by openlydeclaring in their organization’s convention their "pride and pleasure in the creation ofthe State of Israel" and pledged its support to the new Jewish state. 152Otherorganizations however, such as ZBT and SAM, that had remained exclusively Jewishfrom its inception, were forced to tackle what was known as the "S" question, formallyaddressing whether or not they would become secular. 153 The universities continued tothreaten organizations that remained Sectarian. SAM officially removed its restrictiveclauses in 1953, and ZBT followed suit in 1954.ZBT chapters first removed restrictive clauses from the public charter andconstitution in 1950, however the final debate that took place at the National conventionAugust 28, 1954, was on the ritual in which brothers stated "A believer in God and theBrotherhood of Man; I am a Jew." 154 Stanley Relkin, a ZBT brother studying for theRabbinate stated that removal of the words would be "striking the heart from thefraternity." 155 Another brother, Frank Fleischer, forced fellow attendees to imaginethemselves as alumnae, thirty years after the removal of Jewish aspects in the rituals. Hequestioned "You might be the outstanding Jewish leader in your community. I am suremost of us will…How would you like to have it known that your ZBT is now a Gentilefraternity? This could very easily happen if we go through with this." 156However, thesepleas for remaining proudly Jewish were met with protest. Some argued that Jews havesurvived bigger obstacles; others argued that they must set the example for harmonious152 Toll, 206153 Sanua, 275154 Sanua, Here's To Our Fraternity, 195155 Sanua, Here's To Our Fraternity, 197156 Sanua, Here's To Our Fraternity, 19843
living. Another argued "There are men with standards as good as ours who are Gentileand who will probably make wonderful fraternity brothers, they will only help us." 157 Avote of 25 2/3 to 23 ½ ruled in favor of removal of the clauses. ZBT was the lastorganization to remove its restrictive clauses. They later changed the rules of theGottheil Medal, ZBT's highest award. Previously presented only to someone who haddone the most for Jewry, the award was no longer granted only to Jews. For example, in1963 Pope John XXIII posthumously received the Gottheil Medal. Similarly, The LouisMarshall Cup, previously extended to a chapter with the highest level of involvement inJewish affairs, was now opened to a chapter that conducted the best program "inspiringinterfaith brotherhood." Since 1954, exclusively Jewish fraternities no longer exist.The calls and actions to remove discrimination from American institutionstransformed Greek life and abruptly ended the Jewish life once vibrant within JewishGreek organizations. The 1960's and 1970's brought more troubles for Greek life. Thecollege population in these decades, particularly the Jewish population, was concernedwith Vietnam, Soviet Jewry, and worldly concerns, which left little room for fraternitiesand sororities. While the Jewish sororities remained relatively stable during both WorldWars, the Korean War and Vietnam, many of the fraternities closed, merged, anddecreased substantially in membership. In 1961, Kappu Nu merged with Phi Epsilon Pi,then in 1969-1970, ZBT took over Phi Sigma Delta and Phi Epsilon Pi.The liberal movements of the 1960's and 1970's also introduced drug abuse intothe fraternity system. Although drug use struck all of the groups involved in Americansociety, Greek life's closed doors and protection from influential alumni or backersallowed fraternity houses to become breeding grounds for distribution. ZBT particularly,157 Sanua, Here's To Our Fraternity, 20244
- Page 1 and 2: The Untapped Potential of Jewis
- Page 3 and 4: Jewish network, which brought Jewis
- Page 5 and 6: their interest in my research, and
- Page 7 and 8: Table of ContentsAcknowledgements..
- Page 9 and 10: The “future” section uses curre
- Page 11 and 12: Organizations provided them with a
- Page 13 and 14: organizations. Like ΦΒΚ, many fr
- Page 15 and 16: fraternities to close. Despite the
- Page 17 and 18: criticism progressed, the four wome
- Page 19 and 20: themselves and in official document
- Page 21 and 22: accepting fraternities included Phi
- Page 23 and 24: Fraternities noted "undergraduates
- Page 25 and 26: maintain a nonsectarian constitutio
- Page 27 and 28: C. Moskowitz, played basketball for
- Page 29 and 30: Ida Bienstock Landau, Minna Goldsmi
- Page 31 and 32: universities, less formally educate
- Page 33 and 34: The Jewish Greeks stood at the fore
- Page 35 and 36: and sororities. The Council however
- Page 37 and 38: Other fraternities engaged in the m
- Page 39 and 40: purposes of the College Fraternity,
- Page 41 and 42: Board meeting in which Alpha Epsilo
- Page 43 and 44: served in the Canadian forces. 129
- Page 45 and 46: eleven pounds of cakes, cookies, pr
- Page 47 and 48: This act, better known as the GI Bi
- Page 49: families in their own homes or care
- Page 53 and 54: PresentPresently, the following org
- Page 55 and 56: Responding to the absence of Jewish
- Page 57 and 58: Tikkun Olam. Rabbi Isaac Luria saw
- Page 59 and 60: always be within fifteen feet of a
- Page 61 and 62: AEPI has made Jewish philanthropy a
- Page 63 and 64: cultivating a lifelong commitment t
- Page 65 and 66: ainchild of AEPI that is now run by
- Page 67 and 68: Conference (Maccabi is an affiliate
- Page 69 and 70: eferring to itself as a Jewish frat
- Page 71 and 72: Executive Vice President of America
- Page 73 and 74: Jewish fraternity. These three frat
- Page 75 and 76: through in higher education is the
- Page 77 and 78: This wave of growth centered around
- Page 79 and 80: Greek organization. A speaker able
- Page 81 and 82: Unfortunately, Greek Life is often
- Page 83 and 84: BibliographyAlpha Phi Alpha. Access
- Page 85 and 86: http://www.aepi.org/?page=TheLion."
living. Another argued "There are men with standards as good as ours who are Gentileand who will probably make wonderful fraternity brothers, they will only help us." 157 Avote of 25 2/3 to 23 ½ ruled in favor of removal of the clauses. ZBT was the lastorganization to remove its restrictive clauses. They later changed the rules of theGottheil Medal, ZBT's highest award. Previously presented only to someone who haddone the most for Jewry, the award was no longer granted only to Jews. For example, in1963 Pope John XXIII posthumously received the Gottheil Medal. Similarly, The LouisMarshall Cup, previously extended to a chapter with the highest level of involvement inJewish affairs, was now opened to a chapter that conducted the best program "inspiringinterfaith brotherhood." Since 1954, exclusively Jewish fraternities no longer exist.The calls and actions to remove discrimination from American institutionstransformed Greek life and abruptly ended the Jewish life once vibrant within JewishGreek organizations. The 1960's and 1970's brought more troubles for Greek life. Thecollege population in these decades, particularly the Jewish population, was concernedwith Vietnam, Soviet Jewry, and worldly concerns, which left little room for fraternitiesand sororities. While the Jewish sororities remained relatively stable during both WorldWars, the Korean War and Vietnam, many of the fraternities closed, merged, anddecreased substantially in membership. In 1961, Kappu Nu merged with Phi Epsilon Pi,then in 1969-1970, ZBT took over Phi Sigma Delta and Phi Epsilon Pi.The liberal movements of the 1960's and 1970's also introduced drug abuse intothe fraternity system. Although drug use struck all of the groups involved in Americansociety, Greek life's closed doors and protection from influential alumni or backersallowed fraternity houses to become breeding grounds for distribution. ZBT particularly,157 Sanua, Here's To Our Fraternity, 20244
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