Rebecca Shapiro Thesis (11 May 2011).pdf - Brandeis Institutional ...
Rebecca Shapiro Thesis (11 May 2011).pdf - Brandeis Institutional ... Rebecca Shapiro Thesis (11 May 2011).pdf - Brandeis Institutional ...
colleges. Similar to the early women on college campuses, these minorities faced a greatdeal of isolation and discrimination. The traditional fraternities barred minorities fromjoining their organization. Explicitly Christian content in the initiation rituals, the customof beginning meals with invoking the name of "Our Lord", mandatory monthly Churchattendance and the use of insignia, such as crosses, discouraged membership from non-Christians. 44For those still interested, judicial barriers within the fraternities implemented inthe 1870s and 1880s officially banned non-Christians. Membership was limited to thosewho were "Caucasian," "White Christian," "born a Christian of two Christian parents," or"of full Aryan blood." 45 Because fraternities were private social organizations andmember selection was private, college officials rarely protested the blatantdiscrimination. 46Discrimination against Jewish students was not unique to the Greeksystem. Literary clubs, gymnastics societies and other organizations likewise refusedentrance to Jewish students.A handful of Jewish students received entrance despite barriers. Those whoreceived bids to fraternities often disguised their Jewish heritage or if they did not havestereotypically Jewish feature, changed their names. 47 Some, who were products ofupper-class intermarriage, raised Christian, or particularly outstanding athletes weresimilarly admitted. Certain fraternities, such as Phi Delta Theta- Φ∆Θ, a fraternityfounded in 1848, regularly accepted Jewish men, and added an "Aryan" clause in 1912 torestrict Asians on the West Coast while maintaining their Jewish ties. Other known44 Sanua, 3945 Sanua, 39-4046 Sanua, 4047 Sanua, 4313
accepting fraternities included Phi Gamma Delta- ΦΓ∆, Delta Upsilon- ΔΥ, Beta ThetaPi- ΒΘΠ, Phi Kappa Psi- ΦΚΨ and Chi Phi- XΦ. 48The minority groups saw the advantages of fraternity life and vowed to createorganizations of their own. The Catholic students formed Phi Kappa Sigma (ΦΚΣ), atBrown University in 1889, which stood for "Fraternity of Catholic Students." 49ThetaKappa Phi (TKΦ) in 1914, Alpha Delta Gamma (ΑΔΓ), and Theta Phi Alpha (ΘΦΑ)Sorority in 1912 followed suit. 50Similarly, African American students created Alpha PhiAlpha (AΦΑ) Fraternity in 1906, followed by Alpha Kappa Alpha (AKA) Sorority in1908, Kappa Alpha Psi (KAΨ) and Omega Psi Phi (ΩΨΦ) fraternities in 1911, DeltaSigma Theta (ΔΣΘ) Sorority in 1913, Zeta Phi Beta (ΖΦΒ) Sorority in 1920 and SigmaGamma Rho Sorority (ΣΓΡ) in 1922. 51 In 1916, Chinese students came together andfounded Rho Psi (ΡΨ), the first Chinese fraternity. 52 Each group establishedorganizations in which they too could share in the privileges of the Greek system andmaintain a family while away from home.Like the other minority groups, the Jewish community established fraternities.The origins of secret societies go back to medieval European centers such as Oxford,Paris, Bologna in which Jewish men participated fully until the 1880's. 53However, withthe increase of antisemitism in the late 19 th century, Jewish students were banned fromfraternity life in much of Europe, and specifically in Austria. The father of modernZionism, Theodore Herzl, was a member of a fraternity, Albia, known as "Young Foxes"48 AEPI, 2049 Sanua, 4650 Sanua, 4751 Walter M. Kimbrough, Black Greek 101: the Culture, Customs, and Challenges of Black Fraternitiesand Sororities (Madison Teaneck [N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2003).52 Parks, 8553 Sanua, 3114
- Page 1 and 2: The Untapped Potential of Jewis
- Page 3 and 4: Jewish network, which brought Jewis
- Page 5 and 6: their interest in my research, and
- Page 7 and 8: Table of ContentsAcknowledgements..
- Page 9 and 10: The “future” section uses curre
- Page 11 and 12: Organizations provided them with a
- Page 13 and 14: organizations. Like ΦΒΚ, many fr
- Page 15 and 16: fraternities to close. Despite the
- Page 17 and 18: criticism progressed, the four wome
- Page 19: themselves and in official document
- Page 23 and 24: Fraternities noted "undergraduates
- Page 25 and 26: maintain a nonsectarian constitutio
- Page 27 and 28: C. Moskowitz, played basketball for
- Page 29 and 30: Ida Bienstock Landau, Minna Goldsmi
- Page 31 and 32: universities, less formally educate
- Page 33 and 34: The Jewish Greeks stood at the fore
- Page 35 and 36: and sororities. The Council however
- Page 37 and 38: Other fraternities engaged in the m
- Page 39 and 40: purposes of the College Fraternity,
- Page 41 and 42: Board meeting in which Alpha Epsilo
- Page 43 and 44: served in the Canadian forces. 129
- Page 45 and 46: eleven pounds of cakes, cookies, pr
- Page 47 and 48: This act, better known as the GI Bi
- Page 49 and 50: families in their own homes or care
- Page 51 and 52: living. Another argued "There are m
- Page 53 and 54: PresentPresently, the following org
- Page 55 and 56: Responding to the absence of Jewish
- Page 57 and 58: Tikkun Olam. Rabbi Isaac Luria saw
- Page 59 and 60: always be within fifteen feet of a
- Page 61 and 62: AEPI has made Jewish philanthropy a
- Page 63 and 64: cultivating a lifelong commitment t
- Page 65 and 66: ainchild of AEPI that is now run by
- Page 67 and 68: Conference (Maccabi is an affiliate
- Page 69 and 70: eferring to itself as a Jewish frat
accepting fraternities included Phi Gamma Delta- ΦΓ∆, Delta Upsilon- ΔΥ, Beta ThetaPi- ΒΘΠ, Phi Kappa Psi- ΦΚΨ and Chi Phi- XΦ. 48The minority groups saw the advantages of fraternity life and vowed to createorganizations of their own. The Catholic students formed Phi Kappa Sigma (ΦΚΣ), atBrown University in 1889, which stood for "Fraternity of Catholic Students." 49ThetaKappa Phi (TKΦ) in 1914, Alpha Delta Gamma (ΑΔΓ), and Theta Phi Alpha (ΘΦΑ)Sorority in 1912 followed suit. 50Similarly, African American students created Alpha PhiAlpha (AΦΑ) Fraternity in 1906, followed by Alpha Kappa Alpha (AKA) Sorority in1908, Kappa Alpha Psi (KAΨ) and Omega Psi Phi (ΩΨΦ) fraternities in 19<strong>11</strong>, DeltaSigma Theta (ΔΣΘ) Sorority in 1913, Zeta Phi Beta (ΖΦΒ) Sorority in 1920 and SigmaGamma Rho Sorority (ΣΓΡ) in 1922. 51 In 1916, Chinese students came together andfounded Rho Psi (ΡΨ), the first Chinese fraternity. 52 Each group establishedorganizations in which they too could share in the privileges of the Greek system andmaintain a family while away from home.Like the other minority groups, the Jewish community established fraternities.The origins of secret societies go back to medieval European centers such as Oxford,Paris, Bologna in which Jewish men participated fully until the 1880's. 53However, withthe increase of antisemitism in the late 19 th century, Jewish students were banned fromfraternity life in much of Europe, and specifically in Austria. The father of modernZionism, Theodore Herzl, was a member of a fraternity, Albia, known as "Young Foxes"48 AEPI, 2049 Sanua, 4650 Sanua, 4751 Walter M. Kimbrough, Black Greek 101: the Culture, Customs, and Challenges of Black Fraternitiesand Sororities (Madison Teaneck [N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2003).52 Parks, 8553 Sanua, 3<strong>11</strong>4
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