Rebecca Shapiro Thesis (11 May 2011).pdf - Brandeis Institutional ...
Rebecca Shapiro Thesis (11 May 2011).pdf - Brandeis Institutional ... Rebecca Shapiro Thesis (11 May 2011).pdf - Brandeis Institutional ...
College. By corralling men into small communities, the fraternities filled the emotionaland social vacuum left by the removal of students from their families and homecommunities. 10 Fraternities additionally offered escapes from the monotony of prayersand studies, by institutionalizing diversions such as "drinking, smoking, card playing,singing, and seducing." 11 John Heath, Thomas Smith, Richard Booker, Armistead Smith,and John Jones founded the first fraternity, Phi Beta Kappa (ΦΒΚ), referred to as PhiBete, on December 5 th , 1776. 12The letters ΦΒΚ translates as “Love of Learning is theGuide of Life.” 13 ΦΒΚ began as a literary society, and members engaged in essaywriting, debates and orations, however they provided social activities in addition to theirscholarly acitivities, and devised hand shakes, passwords, and mottos to identifyinitiates. 14 Of the original five founders, two were Masons, which explains the Masonicinfluence on the Greek system, such as the use of pins, badges, secret initiations andGreek letters. While ΦΒΚ is better known contemporarily as an academic honor society,the founders -- students at the College of William and Mary -- established theorganization to meet the literary and social needs of the men on campus. 15ΦΒΚ spreadto other colleges, first in the South, and then in the North.Though the first fraternity founded in 1776, the next national fraternity did notappear until 1812. From 1776-1812, a handful of organized groups of men petitioned toΦΒΚ for membership. In 1812, a group of four men, previously members of ΦΒΚ,organized Kappa Alpha and the men therefore decided to establish their own10 Rudolph, 14611 Rudolph, 15712 Tamara L. Brown, Gregory Parks, and Clarenda M. Phillips, African American Fraternities andSororities: the Legacy and the Vision (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2005), 37.13 http://www.pbk.org/infoview/PBK_InfoView.aspx?t=&id=1614 Brown, 4315 Sanua, Marianne R. "Jewish College Fraternities in the United States, 1895-1968: An Overview."Journal of American Ethnic History 19, no. 2 (Winter 2000): 7.5
organizations. Like ΦΒΚ, many fraternities and sororities use between two and fourGreek letters to represent a motto known only to initiates. At Union College, threeorganizations, Kappa Alpha (1825), Sigma Phi (1827) and Delta Phi (1827), later knownas the Union Triad, launched the fraternity movement. They were followed by PhiUpsilon (1833), Chi Psi (1841), and Theta Delta Chi (1847), all of which were alsofounded at Union College. As a result, Union College is referred to as the "Mother ofFraternities." 16The original fraternities sought to bring together young men on campusand to help them fill the void left by separation from their family and their homecommunity.The early fraternity movement faced adversity between 1826-1854. During thistime period, the Anti-Masonry movement developed which launched the anti-secretsociety movement, which combated the Freemasons and the Fraternities. 17People fearedthat which they did not know, and social theorists held that secret societies "possessed aninherent potential for aggression" . The antisecrecy movement took hold, prompted bythe strange disappearance of William Morgan, a stonemason living in Batavia, GeneseeNew York. Morgan, after rejection from the Freemasons vowed to publish a book thatexposed the secrets of Masonry. 18 Shortly after his declaration, he disappeared, and theblame fell on the Masons, blamed with the kidnapping and murder of Morgan. Thisevent allowed the anti-secrecy movement to gain momentum, calling for the end of allsecret societies.16 Brown, 4517 Ronard P. Formisano and Kathleen Smith Kutolowski, "Antimasonry and Masonry: The Genesis ofProtest, 1826-1827," American Quarterly 29, no. 2 (Summer 1977): 142.18 Formisano, 1426
- Page 1 and 2: The Untapped Potential of Jewis
- Page 3 and 4: Jewish network, which brought Jewis
- Page 5 and 6: their interest in my research, and
- Page 7 and 8: Table of ContentsAcknowledgements..
- Page 9 and 10: The “future” section uses curre
- Page 11: Organizations provided them with a
- Page 15 and 16: fraternities to close. Despite the
- Page 17 and 18: criticism progressed, the four wome
- Page 19 and 20: themselves and in official document
- Page 21 and 22: accepting fraternities included Phi
- Page 23 and 24: Fraternities noted "undergraduates
- Page 25 and 26: maintain a nonsectarian constitutio
- Page 27 and 28: C. Moskowitz, played basketball for
- Page 29 and 30: Ida Bienstock Landau, Minna Goldsmi
- Page 31 and 32: universities, less formally educate
- Page 33 and 34: The Jewish Greeks stood at the fore
- Page 35 and 36: and sororities. The Council however
- Page 37 and 38: Other fraternities engaged in the m
- Page 39 and 40: purposes of the College Fraternity,
- Page 41 and 42: Board meeting in which Alpha Epsilo
- Page 43 and 44: served in the Canadian forces. 129
- Page 45 and 46: eleven pounds of cakes, cookies, pr
- Page 47 and 48: This act, better known as the GI Bi
- Page 49 and 50: families in their own homes or care
- Page 51 and 52: living. Another argued "There are m
- Page 53 and 54: PresentPresently, the following org
- Page 55 and 56: Responding to the absence of Jewish
- Page 57 and 58: Tikkun Olam. Rabbi Isaac Luria saw
- Page 59 and 60: always be within fifteen feet of a
- Page 61 and 62: AEPI has made Jewish philanthropy a
organizations. Like ΦΒΚ, many fraternities and sororities use between two and fourGreek letters to represent a motto known only to initiates. At Union College, threeorganizations, Kappa Alpha (1825), Sigma Phi (1827) and Delta Phi (1827), later knownas the Union Triad, launched the fraternity movement. They were followed by PhiUpsilon (1833), Chi Psi (1841), and Theta Delta Chi (1847), all of which were alsofounded at Union College. As a result, Union College is referred to as the "Mother ofFraternities." 16The original fraternities sought to bring together young men on campusand to help them fill the void left by separation from their family and their homecommunity.The early fraternity movement faced adversity between 1826-1854. During thistime period, the Anti-Masonry movement developed which launched the anti-secretsociety movement, which combated the Freemasons and the Fraternities. 17People fearedthat which they did not know, and social theorists held that secret societies "possessed aninherent potential for aggression" . The antisecrecy movement took hold, prompted bythe strange disappearance of William Morgan, a stonemason living in Batavia, GeneseeNew York. Morgan, after rejection from the Freemasons vowed to publish a book thatexposed the secrets of Masonry. 18 Shortly after his declaration, he disappeared, and theblame fell on the Masons, blamed with the kidnapping and murder of Morgan. Thisevent allowed the anti-secrecy movement to gain momentum, calling for the end of allsecret societies.16 Brown, 4517 Ronard P. Formisano and Kathleen Smith Kutolowski, "Antimasonry and Masonry: The Genesis ofProtest, 1826-1827," American Quarterly 29, no. 2 (Summer 1977): 142.18 Formisano, 1426
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