Rebecca Shapiro Thesis (11 May 2011).pdf - Brandeis Institutional ...
Rebecca Shapiro Thesis (11 May 2011).pdf - Brandeis Institutional ... Rebecca Shapiro Thesis (11 May 2011).pdf - Brandeis Institutional ...
College. By corralling men into small communities, the fraternities filled the emotionaland social vacuum left by the removal of students from their families and homecommunities. 10 Fraternities additionally offered escapes from the monotony of prayersand studies, by institutionalizing diversions such as "drinking, smoking, card playing,singing, and seducing." 11 John Heath, Thomas Smith, Richard Booker, Armistead Smith,and John Jones founded the first fraternity, Phi Beta Kappa (ΦΒΚ), referred to as PhiBete, on December 5 th , 1776. 12The letters ΦΒΚ translates as “Love of Learning is theGuide of Life.” 13 ΦΒΚ began as a literary society, and members engaged in essaywriting, debates and orations, however they provided social activities in addition to theirscholarly acitivities, and devised hand shakes, passwords, and mottos to identifyinitiates. 14 Of the original five founders, two were Masons, which explains the Masonicinfluence on the Greek system, such as the use of pins, badges, secret initiations andGreek letters. While ΦΒΚ is better known contemporarily as an academic honor society,the founders -- students at the College of William and Mary -- established theorganization to meet the literary and social needs of the men on campus. 15ΦΒΚ spreadto other colleges, first in the South, and then in the North.Though the first fraternity founded in 1776, the next national fraternity did notappear until 1812. From 1776-1812, a handful of organized groups of men petitioned toΦΒΚ for membership. In 1812, a group of four men, previously members of ΦΒΚ,organized Kappa Alpha and the men therefore decided to establish their own10 Rudolph, 14611 Rudolph, 15712 Tamara L. Brown, Gregory Parks, and Clarenda M. Phillips, African American Fraternities andSororities: the Legacy and the Vision (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2005), 37.13 http://www.pbk.org/infoview/PBK_InfoView.aspx?t=&id=1614 Brown, 4315 Sanua, Marianne R. "Jewish College Fraternities in the United States, 1895-1968: An Overview."Journal of American Ethnic History 19, no. 2 (Winter 2000): 7.5
organizations. Like ΦΒΚ, many fraternities and sororities use between two and fourGreek letters to represent a motto known only to initiates. At Union College, threeorganizations, Kappa Alpha (1825), Sigma Phi (1827) and Delta Phi (1827), later knownas the Union Triad, launched the fraternity movement. They were followed by PhiUpsilon (1833), Chi Psi (1841), and Theta Delta Chi (1847), all of which were alsofounded at Union College. As a result, Union College is referred to as the "Mother ofFraternities." 16The original fraternities sought to bring together young men on campusand to help them fill the void left by separation from their family and their homecommunity.The early fraternity movement faced adversity between 1826-1854. During thistime period, the Anti-Masonry movement developed which launched the anti-secretsociety movement, which combated the Freemasons and the Fraternities. 17People fearedthat which they did not know, and social theorists held that secret societies "possessed aninherent potential for aggression" . The antisecrecy movement took hold, prompted bythe strange disappearance of William Morgan, a stonemason living in Batavia, GeneseeNew York. Morgan, after rejection from the Freemasons vowed to publish a book thatexposed the secrets of Masonry. 18 Shortly after his declaration, he disappeared, and theblame fell on the Masons, blamed with the kidnapping and murder of Morgan. Thisevent allowed the anti-secrecy movement to gain momentum, calling for the end of allsecret societies.16 Brown, 4517 Ronard P. Formisano and Kathleen Smith Kutolowski, "Antimasonry and Masonry: The Genesis ofProtest, 1826-1827," American Quarterly 29, no. 2 (Summer 1977): 142.18 Formisano, 1426
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College. By corralling men into small communities, the fraternities filled the emotionaland social vacuum left by the removal of students from their families and homecommunities. 10 Fraternities additionally offered escapes from the monotony of prayersand studies, by institutionalizing diversions such as "drinking, smoking, card playing,singing, and seducing." <strong>11</strong> John Heath, Thomas Smith, Richard Booker, Armistead Smith,and John Jones founded the first fraternity, Phi Beta Kappa (ΦΒΚ), referred to as PhiBete, on December 5 th , 1776. 12The letters ΦΒΚ translates as “Love of Learning is theGuide of Life.” 13 ΦΒΚ began as a literary society, and members engaged in essaywriting, debates and orations, however they provided social activities in addition to theirscholarly acitivities, and devised hand shakes, passwords, and mottos to identifyinitiates. 14 Of the original five founders, two were Masons, which explains the Masonicinfluence on the Greek system, such as the use of pins, badges, secret initiations andGreek letters. While ΦΒΚ is better known contemporarily as an academic honor society,the founders -- students at the College of William and Mary -- established theorganization to meet the literary and social needs of the men on campus. 15ΦΒΚ spreadto other colleges, first in the South, and then in the North.Though the first fraternity founded in 1776, the next national fraternity did notappear until 1812. From 1776-1812, a handful of organized groups of men petitioned toΦΒΚ for membership. In 1812, a group of four men, previously members of ΦΒΚ,organized Kappa Alpha and the men therefore decided to establish their own10 Rudolph, 146<strong>11</strong> Rudolph, 15712 Tamara L. Brown, Gregory Parks, and Clarenda M. Phillips, African American Fraternities andSororities: the Legacy and the Vision (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2005), 37.13 http://www.pbk.org/infoview/PBK_InfoView.aspx?t=&id=1614 Brown, 4315 Sanua, Marianne R. "Jewish College Fraternities in the United States, 1895-1968: An Overview."Journal of American Ethnic History 19, no. 2 (Winter 2000): 7.5