the life cycle performance of sustainable renovation concepts

APPENDICESTHE LIFE CYCLE PERFORMANCEOF SUSTAINABLE RENOVATIONCONCEPTSA PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF WARMBOUWENCONTENT:TITLE:SUBTITLE:MASTER THESISTHE LIFE CYCLE PERFORMANCE OF SUSTAINABLE RENOVATION CONCEPTSA PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF WARMBOUWENNAME:J.P. VINKSTUDENT NUMBER: 0048267UNIVERSITY:MASTER TRACK:INTERNSHIP:UNIVERSITY OF TWENTECONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT & ENGINEERINGLOCAL COMPANY, AMSTERDAMSUPERVISORS: PROF.DR.IR. J.I.M. HALMAN UNIVERSITY OF TWENTEDR.IR. E. DURMISEVIC UNIVERSITY OF TWENTEDRS. P. BOSWINKEL MRE MRICS LOCAL COMPANYDATE: 10/20/20101

APPENDIX A - EVALUATION RESPONDENTSThe selection criteria of the selected experts in this research are presented in paragraph2.5, page 16 of the main report.The interviewed experts listed below were cooperative in this research by giving aninterview, which shows that they were willing to share their information. The providedinformation by the experts has been compared with each other and with information fromliterature, which results in objective information about the subjects.The interviewed experts had specialist knowledge on at least one of the aspects because:- Mr. Tielkes is a senior policymaker at housing corporation Stadgenoot. Therefore, heis directly involved in the development of a policy regarding the current housing stockand the development of a sustainable strategy to improve the current housing stockof the corporation. He has got a lot of expertise in the field of large scale housingimprovement. As a result of his function he has got a lot of knowledge and acomprising view on the sustainable improvement of houses.- Mr. van Eeuwijk works on a day-to-day basis at the improvement and sustainabledevelopment of offices at ING REIM. Mr. van Eeuwijk has got a lot of knowledge inthis field, especially on the financial aspects of sustainability.- Mrs. O. van Kampen is specialist on the execution of life cycle costs calculations atS&G en Partners, which is the company that developed the software tool LCC-Lite.Mrs. van Kampen gives lecture in the execution of life cycle costs calculations and hasa lot of experience at executing LCC-calculations.- Mr. Mak is director of W/E Adviseurs, which is the company that developed thesustainability assessment tool “GPR Gebouw”. Mr. Mak has got a lot of expertise andknowledge in the field of several aspects of sustainability as environmental impact,energy performance, comfort and quality, and health.- Mr. Dansen is project manager of the Dutch Green Building Council. DGBC is anindependent organization that strives after the lasting sustainable improvement of thebuilt environment in the Netherlands and is responsible for the implementation theBREEAM assessment tool in the Netherlands.- Mr. van Kessel is partner at Local Company and is specialized in the economicfeasibility of sustainable measures in commercial real estate. Mr. van Kessel has got alot of experience in sustainable concept development.- Mr. Vandeginste has nine years experience in real estate development and real estateinvestment. In his career he has worked a lot in the field of sustainability andtherefore, has a lot of knowledge in the field of the relation between sustainabilityand real estate development and real estate investment.3

APPENDIX B - INTERVIEWSPHASE 1 – EXPLORATION OF THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDIn the first phase, expert interviews are executed to gather relevant information aboutimportant research subjects. These interviews are executed to contribute to the definitionof the background of the research and to provide information about the researchconcepts. Figure 1 provides an overview of the selected experts in phase 1.Name Function CompanyI. Opstelten Program manager energy in the built ECNenvironmentG. Abdalla Ph. D. – energy infrastructure University of EindhovenP. Oei Program director InnovatieNetwerk/SIGNM. de Gier Architect KBNG ArchitectsP. Boswinkel Partner Local CompanyFIGURE 1 - SELECTED EXPERTS PHASE 1PHASE 2 – IDENTIFICATION FACTORS OF INFLUENCEIn the second phase, expert interviews are executed to create a comprising view on thefactors that have an influence on the performance of sustainable renovation concepts.Figure 2 provides an overview of the selected experts in phase 2.Name Function CompanyP. Tielkens Senior policy maker StadgenootR. van Eeuwijk Asset manager ING REIMO. van Kampen Life cycle costs specialist S&G en PartnersJ. Mak Director W/E AdviseursM. Dansen Project Manager Dutch Green Building CouncilA. van Kessel Partner Local CompanyP. Vandeginste Acquisition and sales manager ASR Real Estate & Capital ManagementFIGURE 2 - SELECTED EXPERTS PHASE 2Also, interviews with involved experts at the renovation project “De Tempel” areexecuted to identify barriers for the practical execution of the renovation concept and toidentify factors that influence the practical execution of the WarmBouwen concept. Figure3 provides an overview of the selected experts.Name Function RepresentsR. van der Veeken Real estate manager Municipality of The Hague (Tenant)B. Hoogvliet Project manager Roodenburg (Installation company)D. van der Wal Real estate developer Aurelius Monumenten (Owner)FIGURE 3 - SELECTED EXPERTS PHASE 2IDENTIFICATION OF WARMBOUWEN CHARACTERISTICSTo identify the characteristics of WarmBouwen, four experts are consulted. Figure 4provides an overview of the consulted experts.Name Function CompanyP. Boswinkel Director LocalM. Karthaus Architect KBNG ArchitectsM. de Gier Architect KBNG ArchitectsG. Verbaan Senior sectormanagerbouwfysicaDMGRFIGURE 4 - CONSULTED EXPERTS FOR WARMBOUWEN4

INTERVIEW R. VAN DER VEEKENInterviewer:Jetse VinkGeinterviewde:Ronald van der VeekenFunctie:Dienst Stedelijke Ontwikkeling – Gemeente Den HaagIn project:Representant van de gebruikerInterview gehouden op: 12-04-2010 om 11.15hVraag 1: Is er een verschil tussen het ontwerpproces zoals dat bij de Tempel isgeweest en het reguliere/traditionele bouwproces zoals u dat kent?- Ja, er is zeker een groot verschil. Normaliter krijgt de gemeente als huurder eengebouw casco opgeleverd, waarna ze hun eigen voorzieningen er separaat in gaanbrengen. Dat gaat dan weer met behulp van het doen van een aanbesteding.Er komt dan dus een Programma van Eisen voor de klimaatinstallaties. Daar huren zedan een advisuer voor in die ze daarbij helpt (opstellen van een PvE), vervolgenswordt er een bestek gemaakt, waarna de aanbesteding volgt. De gemeente is dandus opdrachtgever van de aannemers. Gemeente stuurt dan zelf op de geselecteerdeaannemer/installateur. Aannemer levert op aan gemeente en vervolgens gaatgemeente een onderhoudscontract aan met de aannemer.- Bij De Tempel heeft de eigenaar een sterke drang om duurzaamklimaatbeheersingssysteem toe te passen. Gemeente gaat hierin mee. Als eigenaarminder had aangedrongen op een A-label, had gemeente eerder gekozen voor een C-label. De voorzieningen voor klimaatbeheersing is geen standaard W-installatie. Het isnamelijk een geintegreerd geheel, zowel W, E als bouwkundig (wanden , vloeren etc).De gemeente heeft wel PvE geformuleerd, maar heeft geen ervaring met dit soortsystemen. Adviseur worstelt er ook een beetje mee (geen ervaring).- Gemeente heeft in dit geval dan ook functionele eisen geformuleerd, bijvoorbeeld:Geen tocht, binnentemperatuur moet tussen de 17-20 graden zijn. Normaal doet degemeente dat niet. In dit geval gebeurt het wel, omdat er geen kennis is van detechniek. Gemeente vaart dus volledig blind op de expertise van het installatiebedrijf.Gemeente is dus ook geen opdrachtgever van het installatiebedrijf, want dat is deeigenaar. Daarom zie je in dit proces dat dingen heel snel gaan glijden in de tijd (veeltijdverlies) Dit komt omdat er zoveel partijen zijn betrokken die allemaal wat vindenen moeten doen, waardoor je makkelijk gaan glijden in de tijd. Dit heeft zeker temaken met het innovatieve systeem waar je mee te maken hebt.- Ook voor het installatiebedrijf is dit moeilijk. Als je een “installed base” hebt van 30projecten (30 projecten al afgerond) dat gaat het een stuk sneller en makkelijker.Ook voor bijvoorbeeld het installatiebedrijf.- Extra moeilijk hier was het feit dat we te maken hebben met een monument. Ditbrengt extra complexiteit met zich mee, omdat er eisen zijn aan het renoveren vaneen monument.Vraag 2: Is het moeilijk voor de gemeente/huurder dat ze blind moeten gaan opde expertise van het installatiebedrijf?- Nee, gemeente heeft het hier niet moeilijk mee. Je komt op een vertrouwensgebiedterecht dan. Niet op de kennis en kunde van een installatiebedrijf. Dat komt ook metname door de wijze waarop Roodenburg hier mee om gaat. Hierdoor wordtvertrouwen gekweekt bij de gemeente. Aanvankelijk was er wel wat strubbelingtussen verschillende adviseurs. In de loop van de tijd groeiden verschillende partijennaar elkaar toe. Als een soort huwelijk. De rol van het installatiebedrijf is hier wel ergbelangrijk in geweest. Door de instelling van de installateur, die zeer flexibelomgegaan is met allerlei zaken tijdens het proces, werd er vertrouwen gewonnen bijde gemeente.- In dit proces is wel heel veel tijd nodig. En tijd staat gelijk aan kosten.6

- 2 e wat speelt is het bouwfraude verhaal. Wat speelt is dat overheidspartijen verplichtzijn om openbaar aan te besteden. In dit geval kan dat gewoon niet. De eigenaar wilnamelijk persee met Roodenburg in zee en hij mag dat bepalen. Als gemeente kan jehem wel aanbesteden, maar er zijn niet veel bedrijven die dit kunnen. Er zijn maareen aantal bedrijven die geequipeerd zijn om dit soort producten uit te voeren. Ophet kostenaspect is het wel heel erg moeilijk om dan de garantie te geven naar deaccountants intern. Het is moeilijk om te bewijzen dat dit het beste product is voor debeste prijs. Wat ze wel kunnen doen is het geven van een iets grotere rol aan deinstallatieadviseur, zodat deze meer verantwoordelijkheden krijgt (dat is in dit gevaldan ook gebeurd). Alle kostenaspecten worden, naast de interne accountants, ookgoedgekeurd door van Toorenburg (adviseur).- Engineerskosten zijn binnen dit project ontzettend hoog voor het installatiebedrijf.(=12%, logisch doordat het een nieuwe techniek is) Dat maakt het nog eens extracomplex, omdat je met een bedrijf een deal maakt dat veel meer vraagt voor hunwerkzaamheden dan normaal gesproken. Juist omdat je die goede verhouding hebtgerealiseerd met de betrokken partijen (installateur) is dat niet erg. De transparantieen eerlijkheid van de installateur is daarbij heel erg belangrijk. Mede door dezegetoonde transparantie heb je veel vertrouwen.Vraag 3: Wat is in uw ogen cruciaal op het gebied van de instelling van debetrokken partijen om tot een succesvolle realisatie van een project te komen?- Ten eerste heb je daar projectmanagement voor nodig die daar goed mee omgaat.De rol van de opdrachtgever is heel belangrijk. Je moet de boel niet laten escaleren.In dit geval gedaan door Ronald van der Veeken en David van der Wal (huurder eneigenaar). Hebben samen gefungeerd als 2 koppige leiding. Dat ging goed. Het werdmogelijk om snel beslissingen te maken en dat was ook nodig.- Daarnaast heb je vertrouwen in elkaar nodig. Daar is hard aan gewerkt in dit proces.RV noemt het teamgeest. Vergelijk het met een voetbalelftal: 11 goede spelersmaken nog geen goed team. De vraag is of de projectleider(s) het team kunnensmeden en de angels eruit kunnen halen.- In dit proces moeite geweest met adviseur vanuit huurder. Relatie adviseur huurderen adviseur eigenaar was niet heel goed. Maar in de loop van de tijd zijn de scherpekantjes er af geraakt. Er kwam meer teamgeest en meer een instelling waarinmensen elkaar wilden helpen!- Er is een belangrijke rol weggelegd voor de procesbewaker. Deze moet doorhebbenwat er gebeurt. En: Moet overal een vinger aan de pols hebben v.w.b. deprojectaspecten geld, tijd, organisatie etc.- Een “wij gevoel” is belangrijk. Teamgeest moet je creeren. Vertrouwen moet jecreeren. Open en eerlijkheid. Niet bang zijn om te zeggen als je iets niet weet. Zeggewoon: moet ik nog even uitzoeken en horen jullie morgen. Dat is erg belangrijkvoor het vertrouwen.- Aannemer/installateur moet innovatief kunnen denken. Zeker in bouwbedrijven isdat heel moeilijk. In dit concept moeten betrokkenen heel innovatief / flexibel omkunnen gaan met klantwensen en ontwerpveranderingen.Vraag 4: Wat zijn dingen in het proces die goed gegaan zijn en welke dingenhadden beter gekund?- In sommige gevallen heeft de OG er iets te makkelijk over gedacht. Dat had betergekund. In de 2 e of 3 e vergadering werd er al gesproken over deadlines en DO‟s etc.Terwijl we nog helemaal niet zo ver waren in het proces. Hierdoor kreeg je valsehoop. Je moet veel meer luisteren naar deskundigen over wat wel en niet kan. In hetbegin is het teveel gebeurd dat mensen te makkelijk de bal bij de installateur7

neerlegden, terwijl de installateur dan zegt dat hij ook afhankelijk is vanbudget/architect/vergunning etc.- Volgend project: veel meer tijd nemen voor voorbereidingstraject. Want aanbestedenhoeft niet (win je 3 maanden mee) Als alles duidelijk is en teamgeest is er, dankunnen er snel beslissingen gemaakt worden.- Het is onderschat hoe ingewikkeld het proces is.Vraag 5: Wat was voor u het moeilijkst om mee om te gaan tijdens proces?- Vond het over het algemeen niet moeilijk. Heeft al veel ervaring. Had soms wel watergernis. Ergenis in de zin dat mensen niet naar elkaar luisteren. Geen begrip voorelkaar hebben. Heeft heel lang geduurd totdat er een beetje teamgeest kwam en erbeter werd geluisterd.- Had zelf als procesbegeleider dat anders aangepakt. Eerder op inspringen als er nietgoed geluisterd werd. Eerst een team creeren. De softe kant moet eerst op orde,voordat je aan project begint. Eerst organisatie opzetten. Organogram: hoe liggen deverantwoordelijkheden, wie legt verantwoording af aan wie? Hoe liggencomunicatielijnen en beslislijnen? Communicatiestructuur & beslisstructuur. Derandvoorwaarden moeten duidelijk zijn voordat je aan het project begint.Vraag 6: Zou dit project gelukt zijn als je een traditioneel proces alsuitgangspunt neemt?- Nee, is onmogelijk. Het is onmogelijk om in dit geval als huurder te zeggen tegen deeigenaar: lever maar casco op. Want als de eigenaar dan oplevert, dan moet dehuurder vervolgens alles weer gaan slopen om de installaties erin te krijgen.- Het zou een gigantische verspilling van geld zijn- Je hebt te maken met een geïntegreerde toepassing. Taak van levering en taak vangebruiker zijn niet los te trekken.- Daarnaast kan de huurder dit proces niet zelf ontwikkelen, omdat ze de kennis vanhet duurzame concept niet hebben. Deze kennis is nu door Phlip Boswinkelingebracht.Vraag 7: Wat zou er gebeurd zijn als je niet direct vanaf het begin hetduurzaamheidskarakter en WarmBouwen mee had genomen in het proces?- Als dit niet vanaf het begin er zo duidelijk op had gelegen, was het nooit in de matewaarin het nu toegepast is, toegepast. Zoals als eerder gezegd was de gemeente dangegaan voor een standaard “label C” kantoor, zonder een innovatieverenovatietechniek als WarmBouwen.- In Tempel heeft eigenaar samen met huurder besloten tot het duurzame karakter vande tempel. Hierover was overeenstemming voordat het project begon.- De randvoorwaardelijke uitgangstpunten moeten voordat je start duidelijk vastliggenen daar moet overeenstemming over zijn.Vraag 8: Is er een verschil tussen de mate van vertrouwen in WarmBouwentussen begin en einde van het project?- Is niet echt meer geworden. In het begin was bij een aantal partijen geen 100%vertrouwen in de kwaliteiten van het duurzame concept. Dat is niet meer geworden.- WarmBouwen is een visie geweest die gedefinieerd is vooraf.- Omdat je niet zeker weet wat de output van het systeem is, moet je altijd eenbepaalde gereserveerdheid moet hebben t.o.v. het systeem.- Omdat het de eerste keer is dat een systeem wordt toegepast, ontstaat er twijfel overde kwaliteit ervan. Niemand weet eigenlijk of het werkt. Stel dat het concept al 10keer succesvol is toegepast, dan is het vertrouwen in een techniek direct al een stukbeter.8

INTERVIEW B. HOOGVLIETInterviewer:Jetse VinkGeinterviewde:Bryan HoogvlietFunctie:Projectleider – Roodenburg InstallatiebedrijfIn project:Representant van installatiebederijfInterview gehouden op: 19-04-2010 om 10.15hVraag 1: Is er een verschil tussen het ontwerpproces zoals dat bij de Tempel isgeweest en het reguliere/traditionele bouwproces?- Ja er is duidelijk een verschil met een regulier project. Bij de Tempel is hetvoornamelijk veel chaotischer verlopen dan in een regulier proces. Dat komt ook dooronervarenheid van de conceptontwikkelaar en opdrachtgever. Dit wisten niet goedgenoeg wat de bedoeling was.- Een renovatieproject is altijd apart. Bij nieuwbouw kun je veel makkelijker eenstrakke planning maken en de installaties erin engineeren. Bij renovatie komt je altijdonverwachte dingen tegen. Dat vergt extra flexibilietit van de installateur. Tijdens ditproces moest we op een gegeven moment oppassen dat we het gebouw niet gingenoverdimensioneren op het gebied van de installaties.- Bij renovatieprojecten is het altijd moeilijk om een goede planning te maken. Vaaksteken onvoorziene zaken de kop op. Hierdoor moet je als installateur veel zaken opde bouwplaats beslissen en oplossen.- In een renovatieproces wordt meer gecoördineerd dan bij een nieuwbouwproces.Daar kun je zaken veel makkelijker duidelijk maken en kunnen betrokken partijenveel beter aan de slag zonder dat ze heel veel met elkaar meoten afstemmen enoverleggen. In dit geval zal er veel overlegd moeten worden, omdat veel partijensnijvlakken hebben met elkaar.- Het proces is een leerschool geweest voor iedereen. Ook bijvoorbeeld deopdrachtgever. Hij wist niet genoeg van het concept af en ook kwamen er op anderevlakken inhoudelijk zaken op hem af waar hij geen rekening mee had gehouden ofkennis van had.Vraag 2: Wat zijn dingen in het proces die goed gegaan zijn en welke dingenhadden beter gekund?- Wat de opdrachtgever aanvankelijk dacht dat de opdracht zou gaan worden, is andersgebleken. Het eindproduct is anders dan dat wat de opdrachtgever aanvankelijk ingedachten had. Dit heeft voor veel onrust en onzekerheid geleid.- De manier waarop het proces in de Tempel is aangepakt, geeft veel verstoring t.o.v.het reguliere proces. Er moet heel veel worden afgestemd. Adviseurs kunnen elkaarmoeilijk vinden. Er is veel tijd nodig om vertrouwen in elkaar te krijgen. Het isgebleken dat veel oponthoud is ontstaat in dit proces.- Wat beter had gekund is een betere voorbereiding door de opdrachtgever. Omdat erbij de OG niet genoeg bekend was in het begin van het proces is veel tijd verlorengegaan in het vinden van een ieders rol en het bepalen van het eindproduct. Toeneenmaal het eindproduct duidelijk was en de verantwoordelijkheden en rollenverdeeld en duidelijk waren, ging het een stuk beter met het proces.- Als we ditzelfde proces nog een keer zouden moeten doen met de ervaringen die weals bouwteam nu hebben, dan had het een stuk beter gegaan.- De OG had meer moeten investeren in een duidelijk startpunt. De randvoorwaardenhadden duidelijker moeten zijn, zodat betrokken partijen weten wat het einddoel is.Dat was nu niet zo en dat zorgde voor veel vertraging en verstoring van het proces.Aan het begin van het proces had meer tijd uitgetrokken moeten worden voor hetbepalen van het einddoel en het definiëren van verantwoordelijkheden en rollen inhet proces.9

Vraag 3: Wat was voor u het moeilijkst om mee om te gaan tijdens proces?- Een paar keer in de clinch gelegen met adviseur van de gebruiker die moeite had methet concept dat neergezet werd. Het was moeilijk om alle neuzen 1 kant op tekrijgen.- Een installatiebedrijf zoals Roodenburg heeft standaardprocedures voor projecten. Bijrenovatieprojecten zijn deze procedures anders dan bij nieuwbouw projecten, omdatrenovatieprojecten gewoon een stuk minder voorspelbaar zijn. Er is een flexibelere rolnodig van de installateur dan bij nieuwbouwprojecten. Als er dan tijdens eenrenovatieproject zoals deze, ook nog eens gebruik gemaakt wordt van eeninnovatieve techniek, dan wordt het nog moeilijker om het proces te beheersen. Diteist een nog flexibelere houding van de betrokken partijen. Ook van installateur dus.Vraag 4: Zou dit project gelukt zijn als je het proces traditioneel insteekt?- Dit project had ook wel gerealiseerd kunnen worden als er een traditioneel procesgebruikt was, maar dan had het wel veel en veel meer tijd gekost.- Als je alles volgens de bestaande procedures binnen het bedrijf zou gaan doen, danzou het niks worden. We hebben hier vaak dingen gedaan zonder dat daar formeelopdracht voor gegeven is. Normaal doe je alles volgens de bepalingen van hetcontract, omdat dat ook veel strakker geregeld is normaal gesproken. Nu was allesveel losser geregeld en werd er dus zo nu en dan werk verricht, zonder dat daarformeel een opdracht woor was. Het is dus wel nodig geweest om buiten de paden tegaan die we als bedrijf normaal gesproken kennen. Hadden we dat niet gedaan, danwas het niks geworden.- Als installatiebedrijf moesten we vertrouwen hebben in de andere betrokken partijenen voornamelijk onze directe opdrachtgever, omdat we werk moesten verrichtenzonder dat daar een formele opdracht voor was.Vraag 5: Is WarmBouwen technisch haalbaar volgens u?- We hebben ons er als installateur wel echt in moeten verdiepen. Maar er staat nu weleen concept waar garantie voor wordt afgegeven. Wij hebben er als installatiebedrijfwel vertrouwen in dat het een werkend concept is.- Voor de installateur is er heel veel denkwerk aan vooraf gegaan in dit proces. Wehebben te maken gehad met een innovatieve techniek in een renovatieproject.Daarvoor moeten de engineers en de mensen die het principeschema bedenken veelnadenken en zich verdiepen in de technieken die gebruikt worden in het project.- Door het aantrekken van ervaren en innovatieve aannemers van de gebruiktetechnieken is er een concept tot stand gebracht waar wij als hoofdaannemer onzegarantie voor gaan afgeven. Binnen het bedrijf is er dus vertrouwen in de werkingvan het concept WarmBouwen.INTERVIEW D. VAN DER WALInterviewer:Jetse VinkGeinterviewde:David van der WalFunctie:Projectmanager Motonic Real EstateIn project:Representant van de eigenaarInterview gehouden op: 10-05-2010 om 10.15hVraag 1: Is er een verschil tussen het ontwerpproces zoals dat bij de Tempel isgeweest en het reguliere/traditionele bouwproces zoals u dat kent?- Er zijn twee relevante zaken welke het project De Tempel anders maken dan eentraditioneel project. Ten eerste is het een renovatieproject. Ten tweede wordt er eeninnovatief concept toegepast voor de klimaatinrichting van het gebouw.10

- Ook waren er in de project nog veel zaken onduidelijk toen er begonen werd met hetproject. Het was niet zo dat vooraf alles al bepaald kon worden.- Het heeft redelijk wat voeten in de aarde gehad om het concept WarmBouwen tevertalen naar het pand. Normaal is dit niet heel ingewikkeld, maar doordat het eenmonument is dat gerenoveerd wordt en doordat er een innovatief concept wordttoegepast, was deze vertaalslag complexer dan gebruikelijk.- In dit project was de organisatievorm niet leading. Het doel was leading en dat heeftook vanaf het begin voorop gestaan.- In een traditioneel proces zijn de verantwoordelijkheden gescheiden, in dit proceswas de verantwoordeijkheid gedeeld. Het mooie hiervan is dat de gebruiker en deeigenaar hetzelde doel hadden en dus daarom wel goed moesten samenwerken. Datgebeurde ook.Vraag 2: Wat is in uw ogen cruciaal op het gebied van de instelling van debetrokken partijen om tot een succesvolle realisatie van een project te komen?- Het doel voor ogen houden is het belangrijkste. Dit vergt wel flexibiliteit eninlevingsvermogen van alle betrokken partijen.Vraag 3: Wat zijn dingen die goed gegaan zijn en welke dingen hadden betergekund?- Soms was het proces best complex. Er waren zo nu en dan complexe, maar ooktroebele omstandigheden waar mee om gegaan moest worden. In deze gevallen hader beter van tevoren met elkaar overlegd moeten worden wat dedoelen/randvoorwaarden waren op het betreffende gebied.- Er zijn kleine geschillen geweest tussen de verschillende adviseurs. De adviseur vande eigenaar en adviseur van de gebruiker konden elkaar niet vinden in destandpunten.Vraag 4: Wat was voor u het moeilijkst om mee om te gaan tijdens proces?- Sommige betrokkenen zijn hun eigen subdoelen belangrijker gaan vinden dat hethoofddoel. Dat was moeilijk om mee om te gaan.- Er waren heel veel factoren die gemanaged moesten worden in dit proces. Datmaakte het erg complex (maar niet persee moeilijk)Vraag 5: Zou dit project gelukt zijn als je een traditioneel proces alsuitgangspunt neemt?- Ja dat kan. Dan duurt het alleen veel langer. Dan gaat iedereen namelijk apart zijnstukjes inleveren. Belangrijker was: het stellen van een gemeenschappelijk doel.Hierdoor gaan partijen elkaar namelijk begrijpen en helpen.INTERVIEW P. TIELKESInterviewer:Geinterviewde:Functie:Interview gehouden op:Jetse VinkPatrick Tielkessenior beleidsmedewerker – Stadgenoot (WBC)06-07-2010 om 11.00 uurVraag 1: Wat is het standpunt van Stadgenoot op het gebied van renoveren vande woningvoorraad?- Er wordt zoals altijd gekeken naar de voorraad en in gevallen dat het nodig is, wordtonderhoud toegepast. Het concreet uitvoeren van renovatieprojecten ligt anders,want dan moet je ook gaan nadenken over het verplaatsen van bewoners.Vraag 2: Wat vindt u van het life cycle performance model? Wat zoudenfactoren zijn die u graag opgenomen zou zien in het model?11

- Er zijn een heleboel belangrijke indicators in opgenomen. Dit model gaat veel verderdan de manier waarop we binnen stadgenoot op dit moment naar renovatie kijken.Bij beslismodellen wordt er voornamelijk veel minder goed gekeken naar de milieuimpact van alternatieven. Vaak zijn de financiele haalbaarheid en de energieprestatievan de huizen wel in beeld, maar op een minder omvattende manier dan als ze in ditmodel zijn opgenomen.- Ik mis de eigenschappen van de concepten die je tegen elkaar afzet. Wat zijnbijvoorbeeld de eigenschappen van de aspecten op het gebied van koeling encomfort?- In mijn ogen moet je naar de LCC kijken, maar wel in samenhang met de daarbijbehorende opbrengsten. Het gaat om financiele haalbaarheid, dat betekent dus dat jeook kijkt naar zaken als: Wat is het comfort en de duurzaamheid en welke impactheeft dat om mij maximale huurprijs? Wat is het risico van een concept. Etc.- In het model wordt niks gezegd over kwaliteit van een renovatieconcept. Daar zou ikwat over willen weten. Hoewel het moeilijk is om dit aspect te onderzoeken en tekwantificeren, is dit geen reden om dit niet mee te nemen in het model.- Voor Stadgenoot is de initiële investering ook van belang. Als de initiele investeringlaag is, is dit een minder grote barriere om tot uitvoering te komen, dan als de initiëleinvestering hoog is.- Wat is de impact van concepten op bewoners? Kan een concept toegepast worden,terwijl de bewoner er nog in zit, of moeten deze tijdelijk nieuw onderkomen hebben?INTERVIEW R. VAN EEUWIJKInterviewer:Geinterviewde:Functie:Interview gehouden op:Jetse VinkRutger van EeuwijkAsset Manager – ING Real Estate Investment Management07-07-2010 om 11.00 uurVraag 1: Wordt er geïnvesteerd in duurzaam vastgoed / het renoveren vanvastgoed door ING REIM?- De vastgoed ontwikkelaars zijn begonnen met het doorvoeren van duurzaamheid invastgoed. Bij nieuwbouw in de huidige markt is duurzaamheid een gegeven. Wordtaltijd geintegreerd in het concept.Vraag 2: Wat is de martkontwikkeling m.b.t. renoveren?- Op dit moment komt de vraag naar duurzaamheid voornamelijk voort uit de wens vande klant/huurder. Veel bedrijven willen duurzaamheid uitstralen en werken aan ditimago door hun wens tot duurzaam renoveren of verhuizen naar duurzaam pand uitte spreken naar vastgoed belegger.Vraag 3: Wat vindt u van het life cycle performance evaluation model? Watzouden factoren zijn die volgens u opgenomen zouden moeten worden?- Volgens mij zitten alle aspecten die van belang zijn voor een vastgoedbelegger erin.Bij vastgoedbelegger wordt voornamelijk gekeken naar de financiele haalbaarheid enhet verwachte rendement op een investering. Dit is goed verwerkt in de life cyclecosting module.- Kwaliteit van het gebouw en beleving bij de huurder zou je eigenlijk opgenomenwillen zien in het model, want dit heeft zijn weerslag op de verwachteinkomstenstroom. Is echter heel erg moeilijk om te bepalen of te kwantificeren. Eenoplossing zou kunnen zijn om een prijs/kwaliteit scoring op te nemen.- In de renovatie projecten die wij tot nu toe hebben doorgevoerd zijn we tegen hogeomvormingskosten aangelopen. Dit betekent dat er veel kosten gaan zitten in hetverwijderen van het oude systeem voor warmte/koude en electriciteit en hetaanbrengen van het nieuwe systeem. Blijkbaar brengt dit veel moeilijkheden met zich12

mee. Ik zie deze kostenpost niet opgenomen in dit model, terwijl het er wel in zoumoeten staan.INTERVIEW A. VAN KESSELInterviewer:Geinterviewde:Functie:Interview gehouden op:Jetse VinkArnout van KesselPartner – Local Company28-07-2010 om 14.00 uurVraag: Wat is de procedure van Local bij het opstellen van duurzame renovatieconcepten voor opdrachtgevers- Als Local concepten opstelt voor haar opdrachtgevers, wordt er altijd eerst bekekenwat de ambitie van een opdrachtgever is. Dat wil zeggen, wat is het budget en waarligt de focus van de opdrachtgever. Een opgesteld concept kan heel erg verschillenper ambitie niveau. De ambitie om van G naar A label te gaan, levert totaal andererenovatieconcepten op dan de ambitie om van G label naar C label te gaan narenovatie.- Wat heel belangrijk is bij duurzaamheid en daar focust Local zich ook altijd op, is hetbedrijfseconomische gedeelte van duurzaamheid. Wij vinden duurzaamheid invastgoed heel erg belangrijk, maar wel op een manier dat het bedrijfseconomsichverantwoord is. Dat kan ook, maar om dat te realiseren moet je wel goed de situatieanalyseren, ambitie vaststellen, budget bepalen en slim gebruik maken vanvoorhanden zijnde middelen als subsidie en contracten.- Je moet kijken naar een gebouw en bepalen wat goed is. Op basis daarvan ga je dande prestatie/ambitie bepalen op basis van een bestaande meetlat.Vraag: Wat vind je van het ‘performance evaluation model’ zoals dat nu isopgesteld? Wat kan hier aan verbeterd worden?- Dit model geeft grotendeels weer waar het om draait als je kijkt naar het evaluerenvan een duurzaam renovatie concept. Er zit duurzaamheid in op het gebied van milieuimpact. Dit is een gebied dat nog vaak wordt overgeslagen, terwijl het wel degelijkvan groot belang is en ook steeds belangrijker zal worden.- Ook de kosten zijn meegenomen in het model. Dat is erg belangrijk, want alsduurzaamheid alleen maar geld kost, dan wordt het alleen toegepast door de groepmensen of opdrachtgevers die dat doen vanuit ideëel oogpunt. Door het inzichtelijkmaken van de financiële voordelen van duurzaamheid, kun je ook mensen aanzettentot renovatie die puur vanuit financieel oogpunt handelen.- De EPC is een belangrijk onderdeel van de duurzaamheidsprestatie van eenrenovatieconcept, omdat het de taal is waarin wordt gepsproken, als je het hebt overduurzaamheid in de woningbouw in Nederland. In bijvoorbeeld het nieuwe WoningWaarderings Stelsel voor sociale verhuur, worden punten toegekend aan delabelscore van een woning. Iedereen begrijpt waar je het over hebt als je het hebtover de labelscore van een woning.- Wat mist in mijn ogen in dit model is de kwaliteit die geleverd wordt door hettoegepaste renovatieconcept. De geleverde kwaliteit zegt namelijk ook iets over definanciele haalbaarheid van een concept. Als je bijvoorbeeld de optie tot koelen hebt,is een gebouw meer waard, of kan een verhuurder een hogere huur vragen. Ook ishet erg belangrijk of de toegepaste techniek te begrijpen en te bedienen is door degebruiker. Ik zou een aspect kwaliteit toevoegen aan het model. Daarin zouden desubaspecten: Thermisch comfort, gebruikergemak (is het voor oudere mensen enminder technisch aangelegde mensen te begrijpen en te onderhouden?), mate vaninvloed van de gebruiker (een mens wil altijd een invloed kunnen uitoefenen op zijndirecte omgeving. Dus bijvoorbeeld zijn de ramen te openen), toekomstbestendigheid(in welke mate sluit het concept aan bij ontwikkelingen die te verwachten zijn in detoekomst? Wat is de verwachte compabiliteit met toekomste technieken en13

omstandiheden?) en flexibiliteit (in welke mate zijn wijzigingen in en buiten dewoning door te voeren, zonder dat dit een invloed heeft op het renovatieconcept ophet gebied van kosten, prestaties etc.) toevoegen.- In het model zou je ook moeten spelen met de waarde van de woning. Dit zegt watover de opbrengstenkant van een woning met een bepaalde toegepast concept.Immers, de kosten in relatie met de opbrengsten bepalen de financiele haalbaarheidvan een concept. De oplossing die je kiest voor het renoveren van een gebouw, zegtiets over de waarde van je gebouw, want dit heeft een invloed op bijvoorbeeld detoekomstbestendheid- De factoren die zijn opgenomen in het model zijn geen factoren die voor burgersherkenbaar zijn. Om het makkelijk begrijpbaar te maken voor iedereen, zou jekunnen kijken of je deze factoren op een manier kunt weergeven, waarop iedereenhet begrijpt.- Kijk een naar de Sphere van ARUP. Die hebben een spindiagram m.b.t. sustainabilitypijlers.INTERVIEW J. MAKInterviewer:Geinterviewde:Functie:Interview gehouden op:Jetse VinkJohn MakDirecteur W/E Adviseurs13-08--2010 om 10.00 uurPersoonlijke geschiedenisHeeft een bouwkundige achtergrond en is vanaf de jaren ‟90 werkzaam in de sectorduurzaam bouwen. Zijn drijfveer is het vormen van de brug tussen kennis en debouwpraktijk. Met de bouwpraktijk wordt bedoeld de architecten, ontwikkelaars,adviseurs & aannemers die een rol spelen in de huidige bouwkolom. Binnen W/Eadviseurs streeft meneer Mak naar een organisatie waarin iedereen zich betrokken voelt.Mede daarom is W/E adviseurs ook een stichting, waarin de medewerkers zelfzeggenschap hebben over de te varen koers voor het bedrijf.In 1995 is W/E begonnen met het oprichten van GPR Gebouw in opdracht van degemeente Tilburg. Gemeente Tilburg zocht destijds een middel om duurzaamheid tekunnen meten en te kunnen communiceren. GPR gebouw is een afgeleide van NPR(Nederlandse Praktijk Richtlijn) en staat voor Gemeentelijke Praktijk Richtlijn. GPRGebouw wordt momenteel door veel gemeenten en commerciële partijen gebruikt. Op ditmoment gebruiken ongeveer 150 gemeenten en 150 commerciële bedrijven de tool.Vraag: Kunt u wat vertellen over W/E en de geschiedenis van GPR Gebouw?W/E Adviseurs is een bedrijf waar 25 personen werkzaam zijn. Het bedrijf is bewust kleingehouden, omdat je dan het bedrijf mean en lean kan houden.Vraag: welke aspecten binnen GPR Gebouw zijn minder van toepassing oprenovatie? En waarom is gekozen voor de huidige weergave ?- Aspecten als water, light & visual comfort, social safety zijn niet typische facetten dieworden verbeterd door het toepassen van een renovatie.- Geluid is een van de grootste binnenmilieuproblemen in de Nederlandsewoningsector. Zeker bij gestapelde woningbouw,veel (sociale) verhuur, duscorporaties hebben last van deze klachten. Is een veel meer gehoord probleem danenergielasten van de bewoners.- In GPR Gebouw is bewust geen weging van factoren meegenomen. Daarmee verliesje namelijk heel veel informatie die erg nuttig kan zijn. Elke opdrachtgever heeftnamelijk andere belangen, daardoor verschilt het per opdrachtgever op welkeaspecten hij de nadruk wil leggen, waar hij goed op wil scoren. Bij het toepassen van14

vooraf bepaalde weegfactoren en het integreren van de deelscores per module in eeneindscore, gaat op deze manier veel kostbare informatie verloren.- Een enkele score kan je wel gebruiken binnen je model, maar dan moet je weltransparant zijn in hoe deze tot stand komt. Dus leg je weging uit en laat deonderbouwing van de eindscore ook zien. In de onderbouwing zit dan een boelinformatie die interessant is voor opdrachtgevers.- Primaire redenen om te renoveren zijn:o Energie (kosten)o Gezondheid- Redenen om te renoveren zijn niet:o Milieu impact (LCEI)o Watergebruik- De kwaliteit van een concept kun je voorspellen op basis van fysischerandvoorwaarden. Specialisten met kennis van constructies kunnen op basis van hunexpertise voorspellen wat de prestatie van een gebouw zullen zijn, gegeven debouwkundige eigenschappen van een gebouw.- GPR Gebouw is ontwikkeld, zodat de stakeholders in de bouwkolom er zelf mee aande slag kunnen. Zo moet een architect zelf aan de hand van een GPR gebouwberekening die hij zelf heeft uitgevoerd, in 2-3 uur kunnen bepalen wat deeigenschappen van een gebouw zijn op de opgestelde modules.Vraag: Waarom is het onderdeel kosten niet opgenomen in het model?- Kosten is echt een vak apart.- Daarnaast is het erg moeilijk om duurzaamheid en de invloed daarvan op devastgoedwaarde in kaart te brengen. Er spelen een heleboel facetten een rol. Veelmensen zijn er van overtuigd dat de waarde van vastgoed stijgt, niet alleen als deenergieprestatie van een gebouw hoger is, maar ook als andere kwaliteitsaspectenbeter scoren.- Dit heeft bijvoorbeeld ook betrekking op het begrip waardebeleving. Dit is typisch eenerg gevoelsmatig aspect van duurzaamheid, waarvan iedereen er eigenlijk wel vanovertuigd is dat het een waarde heeft, maar waarvan het heel erg moeilijk is om dezewaarde te kwantificeren of kapitaliseren.Vraag: Welke aspecten zouden volgens u moeten worden opgenomen in eenperformance evaluatie model voor renovatieconcepten?- De aspecten die zijn opgenomen in het GPR gebouw model. Dus dat zijno Energieprestatieo Milieu impacto Kwaliteitsaspecten- De kosten zouden hier ook bij moeten, want om duurzaamheid breed toegepast tekrijgen moet een concept financieel aantrekkelijk zijn om de partijen die vanuitfinanciële oogpunt handelen over de streep te kunnen trekken om duurzaamheid teimplementeren.INTERVIEW P. VANDEGINSTEInterviewer:Geinterviewde:Functie:Interview gehouden op:Jetse VinkPieter VandeginsteSenior Acquisitie & Verkoopmanager17-08-2010 om 13.30 uurPersoonlijke geschiedenisMeneer Vandeginste is 9 jaar actief geweest als vastgoed ontwikkelaar (woningbouw) enis tijdens zijn loopbaan veel bezig geweest met duurzaamheid vanuit de ontwikkelaar. Hijis tijdelijk directeur geweest van een vastgoedontwikkelaar en werkt nu als acquisitie enverkoopmanager bij een vastgoedbelegger. In zijn huidige functie is hij bezig met deontwikkeling van vastgoed vanuit de belegger.15

Vraag: Kunt u wat meer vertellen over duurzaamheid in devastgoedontwikkeling en de manier waarop u dat heeft zien veranderen tijdensuw loopbaan?- Tijdens mijn loopbaan zie ik de relatie tussen vastgoedontwikkelaar envastgoedbelegger steeds nauwer worden. Een ontwikkelaar probeert tegenwoordigalle risico‟s die te maken hebben met de realisatie van een project neer te leggen bijde aannemer. Aan de andere kant probeert hij alle risico‟s die te maken hebben metde exploitatie neer te leggen bij de belegger. Ofwel, de rol van devastgoedontwikkelaar wordt steeds kleiner.- De toegevoegde waarde van een ontwikkelaar wordt steeds minder, tenzij je alsontwikkelaar onderscheidend vermogen kunt leveren op een nichemarkt.Duurzaamheid is een voorbeeld van zo´n nichemarkt waar je je als ontwikkelaar opzou kunnen focussen en onderscheiden. Als je dat goed kan, heb je echt toegevoegdewaarde in de kolom. Als je dit onderscheidende vermogen niet hebt, wordt je rolsteeds kleiner.- In mijn optiek gaat het toevoegen van vastgoed een steeds minder belangrijke rolspelen in de gebouwde omgeving. Wat steeds belangrijker wordt is het vervangenvan bestaande vastgoed, renovatie dus.Vraag: Op welke manier en naar welke aspecten van duurzaamheid wordtgekeken vanuit een vastgoedontwikkelaar / vastgoedbelegger?- Een belegger kijkt op twee manieren naar vastgoedo Wat is mijn directe marktrendement? (komt binnen via de huur)o Wat is mijn eindwaarde? (exit yield)- De huurinkomsten voor een belegger in de woningbouw wordt voornamelijk bepaalddoor het WWS. (Woningwaarderingstelsel)- Voor een belegger zijn kosten, opbrengsten en risico van belang. Kort samengevatzijn dat de enige drie factoren die een rol spelen in de wereld van eenvastgoedontwikkelaar en vastgoedbelegger- De relatie tussen kosten en opbrengsten is erg belangrijk. Als je het hebt overduurzaamheid, kan een concept met hogere kosten, ook hogere opbrengstengenereren of minder risico leveren, waardoor het toch interessant is om voor hetconcept te kiezen dat hogere kosten kent dan alternatieven.- Persoonlijk denk ik dat de financiele kant van duurzaamheid het belangrijkte is. Kijkmaar naar de auto mobiel industrie. Auto‟s als de Prius gingen pas super goed lopentoen er vanuit de overheid een subsidie werd verstrekt op de bijtelling van diewagens. Toen begon de auto populair te worden. Hieruit kun je afleiden dat de keuzevoor deze auto niet voortkwam vanuit de duurzaamheidsgedachte, maar vanuitfinanciele overwegingen. Ditzelfde principe geldt ook voor woningen. Aanpassingenmoeten door de gebruikers! In positieve zin voelbaar zijn in de portemonnee. Daarligt de sleutel tot succes.Vraag: Wat vindt u van het opgestelde model en welke factoren zou u daar aantoe willen voegen?- EPC is in mijn ogen meer een randvoorwaarde. Niet zozeer een prestatie van eenrenovatieconcept. Ook is het geen goed communicatiemiddel, omdat niemand EPCsnapt. Ik zou deze daarom, vanuit ontwikkelaars/beleggersoogpunt, niet opnemen inhet model.- Module kwaliteit toevoegen- Life cycle opbrengsten opnemen in het model. Dan kun je namelijk financielehaalbaarheid in kaart brengen. Alleen kosten zegt te weinig over een concept.- Je zou kunnen kijken wat een bepaald renovatieconcept voor invloed heeft op derisico opslag voor stukken vastgoed in de portefeuille.16

CONSULT M. DANSENInterviewer:Geconsulteerde:Functie:Geconsulteerd op:Jetse VinkMaarten DansenProject Manager – Dutch Green Building Coucil13-08-2010 om 13.30 uurVragenWat vindt u van de opgenomen aspecten in het model?De basis doet me denk aan de NEN EN 15978, die nu in ontwikkeling is: EPBD, LCC, LCA.Ik vroeg me even af voor wie de tool is? Je spreekt over waardebepaling voor deeigenaar. In hoeverre is de LCA van materialen relevant voor een belegger? Of eenparticuliere eigenaar? Een LCA waarde van een product zegt weinig over de noodzaak totrenovatie.Zijn er aspecten die missen in het model?Denk hierbij aan risico analyses voor een woningportefeuille: voorzieningen in de buurt,openbaar vervoer, school, sportvereniging etc. Of kijk eens naar Politie Keurmerk VeiligWonen of Woonkeur.Zijn er aspecten waarvan u denkt dat deze er niet in thuis horen, of beter opeen andere manier weergegeven zouden moeten worden?Geheel afhankelijk van de doelgroep, zoals de genoemde LCA.Heeft u aanvullingen op de lijst van kwaliteitsaspecten die nu nog niet zijnopgenomen in bovenstaande lijst met aspecten die nog verwerkt zullenworden?Er ontbreken management aspecten, kwaliteitscontrole (commissioning, het niet goedinregelen veroorzaakt problemen zoals bekend: Vathorst), instructies voor de gebruiker(De gebruiker is erg belangrijk: Het goed instureren van de gebruiker kan al eenenergiebesparing opleveren van 50%: Centre for People and Buildings).Termische test / blowerdoor testen zetten druk op de aannemer en voorkomenkoudebruggen.Hoe zou u de genoemde kwaliteitscriteria scoren? Om toch een vergelijking tekunnen maken tussen verschillende concepten?Concentreer je op de dingen die goed te kwantificeren zijn en hou de rest als wisselgeld.Heeft u tips voor mij m.b.t.Wat betreft die "financiele winsten" verwijs ik je graag naar het consumentenonderzoek'Baat het niet, dan gaat het niet' waarvan verslag wordt gedaan in het NAW DossierConsument en Duurzaamheid van april 2010.Dat betreft een grootschalig landelijk onderzoek naar markt en prijsacceptatie vanenergiezuinige woningen onder uiteindelijk (betreft immers een driefasenonderzoek,zowel kwalitatief als kwantitatief en oa gebaseerd op de Theory of the PlannedBehaviour) verhuisgeneigde kopers van nieuwbouwwoningen. Onderzoek te downloadenvia www.naw.nl/dossierDaarnaast is er nog een onderzoek van Annelinda van Eck over Willingness to Pay voorduurzame woningen (tu delft)En heeft Nils Kok en Dirk Brounen ook onderzoek gedaan naar de energielabels.Bekijk ook eens Neprom PRO feb 2010 nummer 15 “Zo wil ik wonen”.- “Waarde creatie: hoe stuurbaar is het” (Kees Graaf, Frank van Dam en AnkeBodewes)- De prijs van een plek, Ruimtelijk planbureau, apr 2006 www.pbl.nl- Naar een woningmarkt voor en door bewoners, visie consumentgericht bouwenNVM sep 09.17

RESULTS EXPERT INTERVIEWSFor this research seven experts are interviewed to identify factors that influence theperformance of renovation concepts. To create a comprising view on factors of influenceon the performance of renovation concepts, experts that are active in different marketsectors are interviewed. In this research experts are interviewed that are active in thesectors real estate development, real estate investment, social housing market,sustainability assessment sector, and sustainable development sector. The mentionedfactors during the interviews are listed in figure 5.RespondentP. Tielkes(Housingcorporation)R. van Eeuwijk(Real estateinvestment)A. Van Kessel(Sustainabledevelopment)J. Mak(Sustainabilityassessment)P. Vandeginste(Real estatedevelopment)M. Dansen(Sustainabilityassessment)O. van Kampen(life cycle costing)Mentioned factors of influence on the sustainableperformance of renovation concepts- Financial feasibility (costs and yields)- Energy performance- Specifications of the concept- Comfort- Quality- Initial investment- Impact of concept on current tenants- Financial feasibility (costs and yields)- Change over costs are important in renovation projects- Quality- Environmental impact- Costs- Quality• Comfort• Future value• Easy to use• Influence of user• Flexibility- Energy performance- Value for the dwelling (yields)- Energy performance- Health• Acoustic comfort is currently very important- Environmental impact- User quality- Future value- Costs- Real estate value- Yields (primary and secundary)- Risk- Costs- Quality- Area facilities• Public transport facilities• School / sportclub- Management aspects• Quality controle• Regulating / settings of the system• User instructions- Information about the integrated factors of a LCC calculation.FIGURE 5 - MENTIONED FACTORS OF INFLUENCE BY RESPONDENTS18

APPENDIX C - MODEL APPLICATIONThis appendix provides an elaboration of the model application. The boundary conditions,model input, model output, and model results are successively elaborated.C1. BOUNDARY CONDITIONSIn this part of the appendix, information is provided about the input on the boundaryconditions. The scope, reference building, scenarios for lifespan of building and scenariosfor lifespan of elements/change rate of the house are elaborated.SCOPEIn this assessment, 3 alternatives for the renovation are evaluated and compared. Theselected alternatives are:1. No renovation2. Standard renovation3. WarmBouwen renovationNO RENOVATIONThe renovation alternative no renovation is defined to evaluate whether or not it iseffective to apply sustainability measures to houses at all. Characteristics of the „norenovation‟ alternative are stated in the bullets below.- No constructive sustainability measures are applied- No sustainable installation measures are applied- No ventilation measures are applied- Existing elements are replaced during the life cycle based on the lifespan of elementsassumption.STANDARD RENOVATIONTo determine the performance of the„WarmBouwen renovation‟ alternative withconventional renovation measures, a standardrenovation alternative is defined. The standardrenovation alternative as defined in this researchis based on the doctoral thesis of Hoppe (2009).Figure 6 shows a table that describes differentsustainability measures that can be applied atrenovations, and to what extend each of thesemeasures are applied in the Netherlands. In thisresearch the standard renovation concept iscomposed by the current broadly appliedmeasures in the Netherlands.Energy measure ConcretemeasureIncreasedefficiency ofheating systemInsulation offacadesA* B** C*** A* B** C***Individual CHsystem92% 93% 63% 82% 85% 58%High-Efficiencyboiler next toindividual CHsystem* Duplex house55% 43% 80% 30% 30% 21%Floor on 1 st floor 41% 37% 30% 11% 27% 42%Roof 67% 73% 57% 37% 56% 72%Facade 54% 53% 33% 45% 60% 52%Windows 76% 74% 63% 54% 63% 76%Solar heat system 2% 1%

Figure 7 points out that a row house is themost common type of house in theNetherlands. Therefore, this type of houseis selected as the reference house in thisresearch. If we look to the constructionperiods of row houses in figure 7, it can besaid that especially between 1946 and1975 a lot of these houses have beenbuilt. From the report „Voorbeeldwoningenbestaande bouw 2007‟ it can be derivedthat the energy performance of the rowhouses built between 1946 and 1965 isnearly the same as the energyperformance of the row houses between1966 and 1975. Figure 8 shows a pictureof a typical Dutch row house.FIGURE 8 - TYPICAL DUTCH ROW HOUSECONSTRUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS REFERENCE BUILDINGFigure 9 presents the constructive characteristics of a row house, which is built between1945 and 1965. These constructive characteristics are input for the determination of theenergy performance coefficient of the house.Constructive aspectsGeneralAspect Value UnitySurface 95,8 [m 2 ]Orientation N/S front/backAwning not present -TransmissionAspect Surface [m 2 ] U-value [W/m 2 K] Rc-value [m 2 K/W]Ground level - floor 42,5 2,44 0,15Roof (slope) 55,5 0,47 1,97Front facade 17,2 1,89 0,36Glass type 1 - front facade 5,1 5,10 0,20Glass type 2 - front facade 3,4 3,10 0,32Back facade 17,2 1,89 0,36Glass type 1 - back facade 5,1 5,10 0,20Glass type 2 - back facade 3,4 3,10 0,32InfiltrationAspect [dm 3 /s] [dm 3 /s/m 2]Qv;10 characteristic 232,31 2,425Thermal capacityTraditional - mixed heavyFIGURE 9-CONSTRUCTIVE ASPECTS ROW HOUSE (SENTERNOVEM, 2007)INSTALLATION CHARACTERISTICS REFERENCE BUILDINGFigure 10 provides information about the installation technical aspects of a row housewithout renovation. These aspects are input for the determination of the energyInstallationsperformance coefficient of thehouse.HeatingAspectHeating systemTypeType of emmissionValueindividual central heating systemefficiency boilerradiatorsCoolingAspectType of coolingValueno coolingWarm tap waterAspectHeating systemgas fired combi boilerClassification of system n/aVentilationNo ventilationSolar energy systemsNo solar energy systemsFIGURE 10-INSTALLATION ASPECTS ROW HOUSE (SENTERNOVEM, 2007)21

LIFESPAN OF BUILDINGThe lifespan of a building after application of a sustainable renovation influences theperformance of a sustainable renovation concept. If the lifespan of a house afterrenovation is short (e.g. 10 years), other renovation measures are interesting than if thelifespan of a house after renovation is long (e.g. 75 years). Therefore, three scenarios forthe lifespan of a building after renovation are defined in this section.Figure 11 shows three definitions of functional time levels of buildings in case of newdevelopment.Functional time level of constructionsDuffy 50-75 yearsBrand30-300 yearsBuilding code New Zealind >50 yearsFIGURE 11 - FUNCTIONAL TIME LEVELS OF BUILDING S (DURMISEVIC, 2006)Figure 11 shows that experts define different lifespan of buildings. In the report“Duurzaamheid loont”, Bijdendijk (2007) describes that the current social dwellings in theNetherland have an average lifespan of 50 years.For a comprising view on the life cycle performance of the renovation concepts that areevaluated in this research, different scenarios are elaborated. Figure 12 shows thescenarios for lifespan extension after renovation that are elaborated in this research.These scenarios are based on information from the report „Transformable BuildingStructures‟ (Durmisevic, 2006).Extension of the building's lifespanScenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3Extension is lowerthan expectedExtension is asexpectedLIFESPAN OF ELEMENTSExtension is higherthan expected25 years 50 years 75 yearsFIGURE 12 - EXTENSION OF BUILDING'S LIFESPAN AFTER RENOVATIONThe functional lifespan of the applied elements of a renovation concept influences thesustainable performance of a renovation concept. To define this boundary condition, theelements of a system and their technical- and functional lifespan are analyzed.In the doctoral thesis „Transformable Building Structures‟, Durmisevic (2006) states thatdifferent building components and -systems have different degrees of durability. Figure13 presents four components of a building with different degrees of durability.FIGURE 13 - DEGREES OF DURABILITY OF BUILDING PARTS22

Durmisevic (2006) also states that due to all the present changes in the world, therequirements for houses and its functionalities also changes. Research by a housingcorporation in Amsterdam points out that the changing sequence in dwellings isincreasing. Figure 14 shows the pulse of change in dwellings (Rigo, 1999).5 years 10 years 15 years 20 years 25 yearsliving roombedroomkitchenworking roombathroomFIGURE 14 - PULSE OF CHANGE IN DWELLINGSFigure 14 shows the change rate of different rooms in dwellings. Despite the technicalstatus of different rooms in a house, changes are implemented during the life cycle of ahouse, which leads to an increase of costs and environmental impact. Thus, the technicaldurability of elements varies from the functional variability due to the change rate indwellings.This concept also accounts for elements of renovation concepts. There is a differencebetween technical life span and functional life span. The functional life span is related tothe use of a building or component while the technical life span is determined by itstechnical state (Durmisevic, 2006). For this research the functional life cycles of theimplemented elements are relevant, because the functional life cycle determines thechange rate and thereby the impact on the sustainable performance.It is hard to predict what the average functional life span of elements of the threedifferent renovation concepts will be. Therefore, three scenarios are elaborated toprovide a comprising view on the effect of flexibility and change rate on the costs andenvironmental impact of renovation concepts.Durmisevic (2006) describes different definitions of functional time levels of buildingcomponents. Figure 15 gives an overview of these different definitions.Duffy's modelComponent Interpretation of componentFIGURE 15- LIFE SPAN DEFINITIONS OF BUILDING ELEMENTS (DURMISEVIC, 2006)Life span (years)Shell Main structure of the building 50-75Services cabling, plumbing, conditioning, vertical communications 15-20Scenery Partitions, ceilings, finishes 5-7Set Furniture 0Brand's modelComponent Interpretation of componentLife span (years)Site Urban location eternalStructure Foundation of load bearing elements 30-300Skin Exterior finishing 20Services Heating, ventilation, airconditioning, communication, electrical wiring 7-15Space plan Interior lay out including vertical partitioning 3Stuff Furniture 0Building code in New ZealandComponent Interpretation of componentLife span (years)Structure building elements such as floors and walls for structural stability >50Services with difficult acces and for hidden fixes >50Other fixings 15It can be concluded that there is not a one-sided answer to the question: What is thefunctional life span of renovation elements? Therefore this research elaborates threescenarios for the life span of building element in the three alternative concepts forrenovation.23

Scenario 1: Functional lifespan of the elements is lower than expected & functionalchange rate is higher than expected.Scenario 2: Functional lifespan of the elements is as expected & functional change rate isas expectedScenario 3: Functional lifespan of the elements is higher than expected & functionalchange rate is slower than expected.The change rate of a building and lifespan of elements in the three selected renovationconcepts are elaborated in figure 16.Functional lifespan of renovation elementsElement Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3Change rate of Change rate of Change rate ofConstructive elements dwelling: once in 5 dwelling: once in dwelling: once inyears.10 years.20 years.Lifecycle of installationsElement Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3No renovationBoiler 10 15 20Standard renovationBoiler 10 15 20Mechanical ventilation 5 10 15WarmBouwen renovationHeat pump 10 15 20Acquifer 25 50 75FIGURE 16 - SCENARIOS FOR CHANGE RATES AND LIFE SPANS OF INSTALLATION ELEM ENTSThe impact of the lifespan of elements and functional changes on the life cycleperformance of a renovation concept is determined by assuming a scenario change of thehouse. More information about this scenario change is provided in appendix R.24

C2. INPUT MODEL ASPECTSThis subparagraph elaborates the input that is used to determine the results of theidentified factors of influence. The input on the aspects life cycle cost, life cycle yields, lifecycle environmental impact, quality, and energy performance coefficient are successivelyelaborated. Assumptions that are made for determining the input of the model aspectsare listed in appendix S.C2.1. LIFE CYCLE COSTSThis appendix provides information about the input parameters that are used todetermine the performance on the factor „life cycle costs‟ of each alternative at thedifferent defined scenario. To determine the output on the factor „life cycle costs‟, thesoftware tool LCC-Lite, developed by S&G en Partners is used.FINANCIAL FACTORSINITIAL INVESTMENTThe initial investment that is required to execute the three renovation concepts areelaborated in this section.No renovationElement Costs (€) SourceRadiator + piping 3500 (350*10) Maat b.v. (expert consult)Efficiency boiler 2490 www.milieucentraal.nlTotal 5990FIGURE 17 - INITIAL INVESTMENT NO RENOVATIONStandard renovationElement Costs (€) SourceRadiator + piping 3500 (350*10) Maat b.v. (expert consult)High efficiency boiler 3430 www.milieucentraal.nlRoof insulation 4913 Toolkit bestaande bouwFloor insulation 1419 Toolkit bestaande bouwFaçade insulation 2432 Toolkit bestaande bouwDouble glazing 2666 Toolkit bestaande bouwVentilation system 5961 Toolkit bestaande bouwTotal 24321WarmBouwen renovationElement Costs (€) SourceRoof insulation 4913 Toolkit bestaande bouwWindows 2666 Toolkit bestaande bouwAquifer CONFIDENTIAL Case: Forteck “Krayenhoff”Heat pump CONFIDENTIAL Case: Forteck “Krayenhoff”Wall heating system CONFIDENTIAL Case: De TempelTotalCONFIDENTIALOPERATING COSTSThe operating costs consist of the costs that are involved at energy use during the lifecycle of the house. The yearly operating costs are described per alternative.The table below shows the input parameters that are used in the operating costscalculation.25

Aspect Value SourceCaloric value of gas 33,41 MJ/m 3 nl.wikipedia.orgPrice of gas 0.61 €/m 3 www.lage-energierekening.nlPrice of electricity 0.23 €/kWh www.lage-energierekening.nlNo renovationAspectEnergy Used energy Costs (€)source (MJ)Heating Gas 60858 1111Secondary heating energy Electricity 4743 303Warm tap water Gas 29247 534Summer comfort Electricity 441 28Fixed costs for connection to - - 237electricity gridFixed costs for connection to gas - - 180,21gridEnergy tax decrease - - -379,16Total 2014Standard renovationAspectEnergy Used energy Costs (€)source (MJ)Heating Gas 24815 453Secondary heating energy Electricity 2243 143Warm tap water Gas 18229 333Ventilation Electricity 3095 524Summer comfort Electricity 1994 127Fixed costs for connection to - - 237electricity gridFixed costs for connection to gas - - 180,21gridEnergy tax decrease - - -379,16Total 1619WarmBouwen renovationAspectEnergy Used energy Costs (€)source (MJ)Heating Electricity 11296 722Secondary heating energy Electricity 969 62Warm tap water Electricity 13499 862Summer comfort Electricity 339 22Fixed costs for connection to - - 237electricity gridEnergy tax decrease - - -379,16Total 1526MAINTENANCE COSTSThis section describes the yearly maintenance costs of elements in the renovationalternatives.No renovationMaintenance element Costs (€) SourceBoiler 141 Ministerie van EZ, 200926

Standard renovationMaintenance element Costs (€) SourceBoiler 141 Ministerie van EZ, 2009Ventilator 85 Forteck, Ontwikkelaarsinformatiemap, 2009WarmBouwen renovationMaintenance element Costs (€) SourceHeat pump 133 www.senternovem.nlAquifer 20 A. van Kessel, Local CompanyDISPOSAL COSTSTo determine the disposal costs, the assumption is made that the disposal costs for thethree renovation concepts are equal (see assumption #5, appendix S). The end-of-lifedisposal cost of a house is not significantly influenced by the applied renovationalternative.The figure below shows the end-of-life disposal costs for the renovation concepts.Alternative Costs (€) SourceNo renovation 1300 Mr. Steenbeek, Heijn HeunStandard renovation 1300 Mr. Steenbeek, Heijn HeunWarmBouwen renovation 1300 Mr. Steenbeek, Heijn HeunCHANGE OVER COSTSThe changeover costs are equal to the disposal costs. The changeover costs of the threerenovation alternatives are equal. The figure below shows the changeover costs for therenovation concepts.Alternative Costs (€) SourceNo renovation 1300 Mr. Steenbeek, Heijn HeunStandard renovation 1300 Mr. Steenbeek, Heijn HeunWarmBouwen renovation 1300 Mr. Steenbeek, Heijn HeunREPLACEMENT COSTS OF ELEMENTSThe replacement costs of elements of a renovation alternative during the life cycle of ahouse depend on two factors:1. Lifespan of the building2. Lifespan of elementsFor both of these factors, 3 scenarios are defined in this research (see appendix C1). Todetermine the replacement costs of elements for the three renovation alternatives on allscenarios, a time bar is made. To give more insight in the determination of thereplacement costs of elements, one example of the time bar method is elaborated in thissection.ExampleScenario: 2.2.2.x- Standard renovation- Lifespan of building: as expected (=50 years)- Lifespan of elements/change rate: as expectedFigure 18 shows a time bar that indicates which elements are replaced during the lifecycle of the house in scenario 2.2.2.x. Based on this time bar the replacements costs aredetermined and processed in the life cycle costs calculation. This calculation is executed27

for each alternative in each scenario. The results from these calculations are described inappendix C3.A = Replacing boilerB = Replacing ventilatorC = Replacing radiatorsD = Replacing windowsE = Replacing wallsBCEABCDEABCEBCDEA0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50t = 50FIGURE 18 - LIFE CYCLE TIME BAR FOR DETERMINING REPLACEMENTFor determining the replacement of radiators and interior walls, assumption #8 (seeappendix R) is made.EXTERNAL FACTORSDISCOUNT RATEYear Discount ratesAverage %Average %Year Discount ratesper yearper year2009 1,45 2,52 2005 4,082009 1,45 2005 4,082009 1,45 2004 4,43 4,432009 1,77 2004 4,432009 1,77 2003 3,95 4,232009 1,77 2003 3,952009 2,22 2003 4,82009 2,22 2002 5,06 5,062009 2,74 2001 5,23 5,782009 3,47 2001 6,332009 4,99 2000 5,7 5,702009 4,99 2000 5,72008 5,36 5,09 1999 5,61 4,902008 5,36 1999 4,762008 5,36 1999 4,762008 4,59 1999 4,762008 4,59 1999 4,762008 5,19 1999 4,762008 5,19 1998 4,93 5,662007 5,42 4,94 1998 4,932007 5,42 1998 5,952007 4,62 1998 5,952007 4,62 1998 5,952007 4,62 1998 5,952006 4,36 4,10 1998 5,952006 4,36 1997 5,56 5,562006 4,362006 3,7 Total average discount rate 4,682006 3,7Plus 100 points for2005 4,08 2,84 calcution value5,682005 4,082005 4,082005 4,08FIGURE 19 - DISCOUNT RATE EUThe average discount rate for funding in themodel is determined based upon the discount ratethat the European Union prescribes togovernments. This discount rate kept up from1997.Figure 19 shows the discount rates that havebeen determined by the European Union. Theanalysis show that the reference rate is 4,68.Depending on the use of the reference rate, theappropriate margins have still to be added. Forthe discount rate this means that a margin of 100basis points has to be added(http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/legislation/reference_rates.html, 2010)The discount rate that is defined for this researchis: 5.68%.28

DEVELOPMENT ENERGY PRICEThe development of the gas price and electricity price has an impact on the performanceon the factor „life cycle costs‟ of a renovation concept. Therefore, the development of thisfactor is analyzed. For the calculation of life cycle costs in this research, the assumptionis made that the development in future will be the same as the development between theyears 1996 and 2009, which is analyzed in figure 20.FIGURE 20 - DEVELOPMENT ENERGY PRICES. SOURCE: CBSFigure 20 shows that the gas price in the Netherlands increased with 8% - 8,7% per yearduring the last fourteen years. An average household in the Netherlands uses about 1600m 3 gas. Therefore the percentage that is defined for this research is the average betweenthe increase for a usage of 500m 3 and a usage of 200 m 3 (see figure 20).The average gas price increases with= 8.34% per year in the Netherlands.For the calculation of the average price increase of electricity in the Netherland theassumption is made that fifty percent of the Dutch electricity users use single rateelectricity and the other fifty percent of the users use double rate electricity.The average electricity price increases with= 8.59% per year in theNetherlands.There is uncertainty about the development of the energy price. Therefore threescenarios are defined. These scenarios are defined based on the analysis above:Scenario 1: development is =5% per year (lower than expected)Scenario 2: development is =8% per year (expected)Scenario 3: development is =11% per year (higher than expected)29

C2.2. LIFE CYCLE YIELDSThe life cycle yields calculation is outside the scope of this research. However, in thissection a suggestion for an approach is described. This suggestion is based oninformation from expert interviews with A. van Kessel & P. Vandeginste.To score renovation alternatives on the aspect of life cycle yields, a score must bedetermined for the factors that compose the life cycle yields. The factors that composethe life cycle yields are:- Primary returns – rent- Secondary returns – exit yield- RiskPrimary returnsTo determine the approximate performance of the three renovation alternatives on theaspect of primary returns, the new “woning waarderingsstelsel (WWS)” is used. This newWWS will be implemented in 2011 in the Netherlands and is used to determine the scoreof a house. Based on this score a housing corporation determines the maximum rent forthat house. The quality and energy performance coefficient of a house are factors thatinfluence the score of a house, and thereby influence the rent and life cycle yields of ahouse. Appendix U shows an overview of the factors that influence the score of a housein the new “woning waarderingsstelsel” and provides more information about the newWWS. Figure 21 presents the score on primary returns of the three renovationalternatives that are defined in this research.ScoresAspect of WWS No renovation Standard renovation WarmBouwen renovation1 70 70 702 7,5 7,5 7,53 9 9 94 8 32 405 4 4 46 8 8 88 4 4 49 12 12 1210 10 10 1011 -10 -10 -1012 0 0 0Total 122,5 146,5 154,5Rent per point (€) 4,5 4,5 4,5Rent 551,25 659,25 695,25Normalized scores 0,79 0,95 1,00FIGURE 21 - PRIMARY RETURNS BASED ON WWS 2010Secondary returnsInvestments in real estate are written off in a certain period. The write off perioddepends on variables as level of investment, purpose of investment, nature ofinvestment, etc. For sustainable renovation measures, which can be constructive as wellas installation technical measures, it is plausible to assume that the average write offperiod of an investment is 20 years (Boswinkel, 2010). That means that the investmentsare written off at the moment that the houses are sold. However, renovated housesprovide a higher level of quality and comfort and have a better energy performance, alsoat the moment of selling. Therefore, it can be assumed that the selling price, whichdetermines the secondary returns, is influenced by the level of sustainability and quality.Figure 22 presents the assumption for the secondary return of the three renovationalternatives in the research. This assumption is based on the case study “De meerwaardevan vastgoed” , executed by G. Berkhout (2010). This case study points out that eachlabel improvement (e.g. from label C to label D) results in 2% higher selling price.30

No renovation Standard renovatoin WarmBouwen renovationQuality 0,9 0,97 1Energy label E B A+Assumed secundaryreturns 0,9 0,96 1FIGURE 22 - SECONDARY RETURNS BASED ON QUALITY AND ENERGY PERFORMANCERiskVarious risks play a role at the exploitation of a house. Analyzing these risks anddetermining the impact of the risks on the exploitation is outside the scope of thisresearch. However, in the bullets below a first identification of risks is given. Based onthese risks and the characterizations of the three evaluated renovation concepts in thisresearch, an assumption is made for the performance on the aspect risks of eachrenovation alternative.Risks- Maintenance costs are higher than expected- Replacement costs are higher than expected- The percentage of debtors is higher than expected- The vacancy is higher than expected- System performance coefficient is lower than expectedBased on these risks and the characterizations of the three renovation concepts, thescore of each concept is expressed on a +/- scale. To determine a score, a plus results in+1 point, a zero results in +0 points, and minus results in -1 point.Thus, the performance of the three renovation alternatives is compared with each other.Based on the comparison a score is dedicated on each risk.NorenovationRisksScore Points Score Points Score PointsMaintenance + 2 - 0 0 1Replacement + 2 - 0 0 1Debtors 0 1 0 1 0 1Vacancy - 0 0 1 + 2System performance 0 1 - 0 + 2Total points 6 2 7Normalized score 0,86 0,29 1FIGURE 23 - RISKS AT EXPLOITATIONStandardrenovationWarmBouwenrenovation31

C2.3. LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTThis appendix provides information about the input parameters that are used todetermine the performance on the factor „life cycle environmental impact‟ of eachalternative on the different defined scenario. To determine the output on the factor „lifecycle environmental impact‟, the software tool SimaPro, developed by PRé is used.ASSEMBLYMATERIALSIn this section, the materials that are applied during the life cycle of the three evaluatedrenovation alternatives are described. The quantities of materials and the accompanyingunity are given. Appendix S describes the assumptions that are made in thesecalculations, and the processes that are required to produce the applied elements.Figures 24, 25 and 26 show the quantity of materials that is used during the whole lifecycle of the house. The sources that provided input parameters for these figures arepresented in appendix D.No renovationComponent Elements Materials Weight UnityCentral heating Boiler Aluminum 6.5 kgsystemSteel 23 kgCast iron 5 kgCopper 2 kgPiping Aluminum 60 g/mPE 41 g/mRadiator Steel 33 kg/m 1Expansion Steel 3.4 kgbarrelRubber 0.645 kgEpoxy 0.126 kgABS 0.045 kgBrass 0.15Windows Glass Single glass 11.25 kg/m 2Internal walls Wall Sand-lime bricks 750 kg/m 3FIGURE 24 - QUANTITIES „NO RENOVATION‟ ALTERNATIVEBase plaster 1200 kg/m 3Standard renovationComponent Elements Materials Weight UnityCentral heating Boiler Aluminum 6.5 kgsystemSteel 23 kgCast iron 5 kgCopper 2 kgPiping Aluminum 60 g/mPE 41 g/mRadiator Steel 33 kg/m 1Expansion Steel 3.4 kgbarrelRubber 0.645 kgEpoxy 0.126 kgABS 0.045 kgBrass 0.15 kg32

Windows Glass Double glass 22.5 kg/m 2Internal walls Wall Sand-lime bricks 750 kg/m 3Base plaster 1200 kg/m 3Ventilation Ventilator Steel 3 kgABS 0.4 kgPE 0.5 kgPiping Steel 1.41 kg/m 1Roof insulationInsulation Glass wool 25 kg/m 3materialGypsum board Gypsum 800 kg/m 3Facade insulation Insulation PUR 28 kg/m 3materialFloor insulation InsulationmaterialPUR 28 kg/m 3FIGURE 25 - QUANTITIES 'STANDARD RENOVATION' ALTERNATIVEWarmBouwen renovationComponent Elements Materials Weight UnityWarmBouwen system Heat pump Cast iron 168.21 kgCopper 35.3 kgBarite 4.23 kgBauxite 48.61 kgBentonite 7.32 kgLead 2.23 kgChromium 0.7 kgManganese 0.09 kgNickel 0.63 kgSilver 2.9 kgZinc 0.17 kgTin 1.62 kgAquifer Piping PVC 19.8 kg/m 1Steel 7930 kg/m 3Pumps Steel 24 kgWall heating system Gypsum board Gypsum fibre board 21.5 kg/m 2Insulation #1 PIR 30 kg/m 3Insulation #2 PE 35.2 kg/m 3Piping Aluminum 60 g/mPE 41 g/mWindows Glass Double glass 22.5 kg/m 2Roof insulationInsulation Glass wool 25 kg/m 3materialGypsum board Gypsum 800 kg/m 3Internal walls Wall Sand-lime bricks 750 kg/m 3FIGURE 26 - QUANTITIES 'WARMBOUWEN RENOVATION' ALTERNATIVEBase plaster 1200 kg/m 3PROCESSING & MANUFACTURINGAppendix S described the processes that are required to produce the applied elements.33

TRANSPORTTo determine the environmental impact due to transport of materials and elements, threetransport scenarios are defined. The scenarios are defined, based on expert consultsduring the research.Three different transport scenarios have been defined for the determining theenvironmental impact due to transport of elements:Scenario 1: 200 kmScenario 2: 600 kmScenario 3: 1000 kmFigure 27 presents the elements of the three renovation alternatives and the transportscenario that is assigned to each element.Element Applied in alternative TransportScenarioBoiler No renovation / Standard renovation 3Heat pump WarmBouwen renovation 3Expansion barrel No renovation / Standard renovation 3Glass All 1Piping All 2Ventilator Standard renovation 2Piping (air) Standard renovation 2Roof insulation Standard renovation / WarmBouwen renovation 1Gypsum board Standard renovation / WarmBouwen renovation 1Floor insulation Standard renovation 1Facade insulation Standard renovation 1Aquifer piping WarmBouwen renovation 3Aquifer pumps WarmBouwen renovation 3Insulation #1 WB WarmBouwen renovation 3Insulation #2 WB WarmBouwen renovation 3Fixed wall elements All 1Flexible wall elements WarmBouwen renovation 1FIGURE 27- TRANSPORT SCENARIOS PER ELEMENTAppendix S provides information about the selected lorry for transportation activities atthe model application in this research.34

WarmBouwen renovationStandard renovationNo renovationASSEMBLY – QUANTITY OF MATERIALSThe figures in this appendix section present the determined quantities of materials forthe determination of the life cycle environmental impact, per scenario and per renovationalternative.Alternative x.1.1.yLife cycle: (years) 25Boiler 2Windows changes 1Ventilator changes 4Radiator/piping changes 16Piping 0Acquifer changes 0Distances alternatives (km) 200 600 1000Sub- W eig htW eig htC han T o t alElementSub element s sub ( kg )( kg )g es weig ht T KM ' sBoiler Boiler aluminium 1 2 initial 2 per boiler 2 6 109,52 1 initial 1 per boiler 2 33 2 initial 2 per boiler 2 64 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 2 4,5Boiler steel 1 12 initial 12 per boiler 2 362 0,5 initial 0,5 per boiler 2 1,53 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 2 4,54 9 initial 9 per boiler 2 27Boiler cast iron 5 initial 5 per boiler 2 15Boiler copper 2 initial 2 per boiler 2 6Piping Piping (rest) 3,034 initial 0,3034 per change 16 7,8884 11,6594Piping aluminium 4,44 initial 0,444 per change 16 11,544Radiators 495 initial 49,5 per radiator change 16 1287 772,2Expansion barrel Expansion barrel (rest) 1 0,215 initial 0,215 per barrel 2 0,645 6,69962 0,042 initial 0,042 per barrel 2 0,1263 0,015 initial 0,015 per barrel 2 0,0454 0,05 initial 0,05 per barrel 2 0,15Expansion barrel steel 3,4 initial 3,4 per barrel 2 10,2Glass 191,25 initial 191,25 per change 1 382,5 76,5Fixed walls Wall elements 8093 1696,54Plasterwork 389,68Boiler Boiler aluminium 1 2 initial 2 per boiler 2 6 109,52 1 initial 1 per boiler 2 33 2 initial 2 per boiler 2 64 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 2 4,5Boiler steel 1 12 initial 12 per boiler 2 362 0,5 initial 0,5 per boiler 2 1,53 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 2 4,54 9 initial 9 per boiler 2 27Boiler cast iron 5 initial 5 per boiler 2 15Boiler copper 2 initial 2 per boiler 2 6Piping Piping (rest) 3,034 initial 0,3034 per change 16 7,8884 11,6594Piping aluminium 4,44 initial 0,444 per change 16 11,544Radiators 495 initial 49,5 per radiator change 16 1287 772,2Expansion barrel Expansion barrel (rest) 1 0,215 initial 0,215 per barrel 2 0,645 6,69962 0,042 initial 0,042 per barrel 2 0,1263 0,015 initial 0,015 per barrel 2 0,0454 0,05 initial 0,05 per barrel 2 0,15Expansion barrel steel 3,4 initial 3,4 per barrel 2 10,2Glass 382,5 initial 382,5 per change 1 765 153Ventilator Ventilator (rest) 1 0,4 initial 0,4 per change 4 2 10,82 1 initial 1 per change 0 1Ventilator steel 3 initial 3 per change 4 15Piping (air) 35,25 initial 35,25 per change 0 35,25 21,15Insulation material (roof) 145,7 total 0 per change 0 145,7 29,14Gypsum board 555 total 0 per change 0 555 111Insulation material (facade) 86 total 0 per change 0 86 17,2Insulation material (floor) 84 total 0 per change 0 84 16,8Fixed walls Wall elements 8093 1696,54Plasterwork 389,68Heat pump Heat pump (rest) 1 4,23 initial 4,23 per heat pump 2 12,69 816,032 48,61 initial 48,61 per heat pump 2 145,833 7,32 initial 7,32 per heat pump 2 21,964 2,23 initial 2,23 per heat pump 2 6,695 0,7 initial 0,7 per heat pump 2 2,16 0,09 initial 0,09 per heat pump 2 0,277 0,63 initial 0,63 per heat pump 2 1,898 2,9 initial 2,9 per heat pump 2 8,79 0,17 initial 0,17 per heat pump 2 0,5110 1,62 initial 1,62 per heat pump 2 4,86Heat pump cast iron 168,21 initial 168,21 per heat pump 2 504,63Heat pump copper 35,3 initial 35,3 per heat pump 2 105,9Acquifer Acquifer (rest) 1980 initial 1980 per acquifer 0 1980 1314,6Acquifer steel 1 211 initial 211 per acquifer 0 2112 48 initial 48 per pump change 2 144 144Gypsum board 739,6 total 0 per change 0 739,6 147,92Piping Piping (rest) 12,6936 total 0 per change 0 12,694 6,25392Piping aluminium 18,576 total 0 per change 0 18,576Insulation material 1 30,96 total 0 per change 0 30,96 6,192Insulation material 2 3,63 total 0 per change 0 3,63 0,726Glass 382,5 initial 382,5 per change 1 765 153Insulation material (roof) 145,7 total 0 per change 0 145,7 29,14Gypsum board 555 total 0 per change 0 555 111Fixed walls Wall elements 8093 1696,54Plasterwork 389,68FIGURE 28 - QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS, SCENARIO X.1.1.Y35

WarmBouwen renovationStandard renovationNo renovationAlternative x.1.2.yLife cycle: (years)Boiler/heat pump/pump/expansion barrel replacementsWindows changes2511Ventilator changesRadiator/piping changesPiping (air)/ventilator roof unit changesAcquifer changes2800Distances alternatives (km) 200 600 1000Sub- W eig htW eig htC han T o t alElementSub element s sub ( kg )( kg )g es weig ht T KM ' sBoiler Boiler aluminium 1 2 initial 2 per boiler 1 4 732 1 initial 1 per boiler 1 23 2 initial 2 per boiler 1 44 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 1 3Boiler steel 1 12 initial 12 per boiler 1 242 0,5 initial 0,5 per boiler 1 13 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 1 34 9 initial 9 per boiler 1 18Boiler cast iron 5 initial 5 per boiler 1 10Boiler copper 2 initial 2 per boiler 1 4Piping Piping (rest) 3,034 initial 0,3034 per change 8 5,4612 8,07192Piping aluminium 4,44 initial 0,444 per change 8 7,992Radiators 495 initial 49,5 per radiator change 8 891 534,6Expansion barrel Expansion barrel (rest) 1 0,215 initial 0,215 per barrel 1 0,43 4,46642 0,042 initial 0,042 per barrel 1 0,0843 0,015 initial 0,015 per barrel 1 0,034 0,05 initial 0,05 per barrel 1 0,1Expansion barrel steel 3,4 initial 3,4 per barrel 1 6,8Glass 191,25 initial 191,25 per change 1 382,5 76,5Fixed walls Wall elements 4046,5 848,14Plasterwork 194,22Boiler Boiler aluminium 1 2 initial 2 per boiler 1 4 732 1 initial 1 per boiler 1 23 2 initial 2 per boiler 1 44 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 1 3Boiler steel 1 12 initial 12 per boiler 1 242 0,5 initial 0,5 per boiler 1 13 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 1 34 9 initial 9 per boiler 1 18Boiler cast iron 5 initial 5 per boiler 1 10Boiler copper 2 initial 2 per boiler 1 4Piping Piping (rest) 3,034 initial 0,3034 per change 8 5,4612 8,07192Piping aluminium 4,44 initial 0,444 per change 8 7,992Radiators 495 initial 49,5 per radiator change 8 891 534,6Expansion barrel Expansion barrel (rest) 1 0,215 initial 0,215 per barrel 1 0,43 4,46642 0,042 initial 0,042 per barrel 1 0,0843 0,015 initial 0,015 per barrel 1 0,034 0,05 initial 0,05 per barrel 1 0,1Expansion barrel steel 3,4 initial 3,4 per barrel 1 6,8Glass 382,5 initial 382,5 per change 1 765 153Ventilator Ventilator (rest) 1 0,4 initial 0,4 per change 2 1,2 6,722 1 initial 1 per change 0 1Ventilator steel 3 initial 3 per change 2 9Piping (air) 35,25 initial 35,25 per change 0 35,25 21,15Insulation material (roof) 145,7 total 0 per change 0 145,7 29,14Gypsum board 555 total 0 per change 0 555 111Insulation material (facade) 86 total 0 per change 0 86 17,2Insulation material (floor) 84 total 0 per change 0 84 16,8Fixed walls Wall elements 4046,5 848,14Plasterwork 194,22Heat pump Heat pump (rest) 1 4,23 initial 4,23 per heat pump 1 8,46 544,022 48,61 initial 48,61 per heat pump 1 97,223 7,32 initial 7,32 per heat pump 1 14,644 2,23 initial 2,23 per heat pump 1 4,465 0,7 initial 0,7 per heat pump 1 1,46 0,09 initial 0,09 per heat pump 1 0,187 0,63 initial 0,63 per heat pump 1 1,268 2,9 initial 2,9 per heat pump 1 5,89 0,17 initial 0,17 per heat pump 1 0,3410 1,62 initial 1,62 per heat pump 1 3,24Heat pump cast iron 168,21 initial 168,21 per heat pump 1 336,42Heat pump copper 35,3 initial 35,3 per heat pump 1 70,6Acquifer Acquifer (rest) 1980 initial 1980 per acquifer 0 1980 1314,6Acquifer steel 1 211 initial 211 per acquifer 0 2112 48 initial 48 per pump change 1 96 96Gypsum board 739,6 total 0 per change 0 739,6 147,92Piping Piping (rest) 12,6936 total 0 per change 0 12,694 6,25392Piping aluminium 18,576 total 0 per change 0 18,576Insulation material 1 30,96 total 0 per change 0 30,96 6,192Insulation material 2 3,63 total 0 per change 0 3,63 0,726Glass 382,5 initial 382,5 per change 1 765 153Insulation material (roof) 145,7 total 0 per change 0 145,7 29,14Gypsum board 555 total 0 per change 0 555 111Fixed walls Wall elements 4046,5 848,14Plasterwork 194,22FIGURE 29 - QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS, SCENARIO X.1.2.Y36

WarmBouwen renovationStandard renovationNo renovationAlternative x.1.3.yLife cycle: (years)Boiler/heat pump/pump/expansion barrel replacementsWindows changes2511Ventilator changesRadiator/piping changesPiping (air)/ventilator roof unit changesAcquifer changes1400Distances alternatives (km) 200 600 1000Sub- W eig htW eig htC han T o t alElementSub element s su ( kg )( kg )g es weig ht T KM ' sBoiler Boiler aluminium 1 2 initial 2 per boiler 1 4 732 1 initial 1 per boiler 1 23 2 initial 2 per boiler 1 44 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 1 3Boiler steel 1 12 initial 12 per boiler 1 242 0,5 initial 0,5 per boiler 1 13 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 1 34 9 initial 9 per boiler 1 18Boiler cast iron 5 initial 5 per boiler 1 10Boiler copper 2 initial 2 per boiler 1 4Piping Piping (rest) 3,034 initial 0,3034 per change 4 4,2476 6,27816Piping aluminium 4,44 initial 0,444 per change 4 6,216Radiators 495 initial 49,5 per radiator change 4 693 415,8Expansion barrel Expansion barrel (rest) 1 0,215 initial 0,215 per barrel 1 0,43 4,46642 0,042 initial 0,042 per barrel 1 0,0843 0,015 initial 0,015 per barrel 1 0,034 0,05 initial 0,05 per barrel 1 0,1Expansion barrel steel 3,4 initial 3,4 per barrel 1 6,8Glass 191,25 initial 191,25 per change 1 382,5 76,5Fixed walls Wall elements 1316,5 275,94Plasterwork 63,18Boiler Boiler aluminium 1 2 initial 2 per boiler 1 4 732 1 initial 1 per boiler 1 23 2 initial 2 per boiler 1 44 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 1 3Boiler steel 1 12 initial 12 per boiler 1 242 0,5 initial 0,5 per boiler 1 13 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 1 34 9 initial 9 per boiler 1 18Boiler cast iron 5 initial 5 per boiler 1 10Boiler copper 2 initial 2 per boiler 1 4Piping Piping (rest) 3,034 initial 0,3034 per change 4 4,2476 6,27816Piping aluminium 4,44 initial 0,444 per change 4 6,216Radiators 495 initial 49,5 per radiator change 4 693 415,8Expansion barrel Expansion barrel (rest) 1 0,215 initial 0,215 per barrel 1 0,43 4,46642 0,042 initial 0,042 per barrel 1 0,0843 0,015 initial 0,015 per barrel 1 0,034 0,05 initial 0,05 per barrel 1 0,1Expansion barrel steel 3,4 initial 3,4 per barrel 1 6,8Glass 382,5 initial 382,5 per change 1 765 153Ventilator Ventilator (rest) 1 0,4 initial 0,4 per change 1 0,8 4,682 1 initial 1 per change 0 1Ventilator steel 3 initial 3 per change 1 6Piping (air) 35,25 initial 35,25 per change 0 35,25 21,15Insulation material (roof) 145,7 total 0 per change 0 145,7 29,14Gypsum board 555 total 0 per change 0 555 111Insulation material (facade) 86 total 0 per change 0 86 17,2Insulation material (floor) 84 total 0 per change 0 84 16,8Fixed walls Wall elements 1316,5 275,94Plasterwork 63,18Heat pump Heat pump (rest) 1 4,23 initial 4,23 per heat pump 1 8,46 544,022 48,61 initial 48,61 per heat pump 1 97,223 7,32 initial 7,32 per heat pump 1 14,644 2,23 initial 2,23 per heat pump 1 4,465 0,7 initial 0,7 per heat pump 1 1,46 0,09 initial 0,09 per heat pump 1 0,187 0,63 initial 0,63 per heat pump 1 1,268 2,9 initial 2,9 per heat pump 1 5,89 0,17 initial 0,17 per heat pump 1 0,3410 1,62 initial 1,62 per heat pump 1 3,24Heat pump cast iron 168,21 initial 168,21 per heat pump 1 336,42Heat pump copper 35,3 initial 35,3 per heat pump 1 70,6Acquifer Acquifer (rest) 1980 initial 1980 per acquifer 0 1980 1314,6Acquifer steel 1 211 initial 211 per acquifer 0 2112 48 initial 48 per pump change 1 96 96Gypsum board 739,6 total 0 per change 0 739,6 147,92Piping Piping (rest) 12,6936 total 0 per change 0 12,694 6,25392Piping aluminium 18,576 total 0 per change 0 18,576Insulation material 1 30,96 total 0 per change 0 30,96 6,192Insulation material 2 3,63 total 0 per change 0 3,63 0,726Glass 382,5 initial 382,5 per change 1 765 153Insulation material (roof) 145,7 total 0 per change 0 145,7 29,14Gypsum board 555 total 0 per change 0 555 111Fixed walls Wall elements 1316,5 275,94Plasterwork 63,18FIGURE 30 - QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS, SCENARIO X.1.3.Y37

WarmBouwen renovationStandard renovationNo renovationAlternative x.2.1.yLife cycle: (years)Boiler/heat pump/pump/expansion barrel replacementsWindows changes5042Ventilator changesRadiator/piping changesPiping (air)/ventilator roof unit changesAcquifer changes94211Distances alternatives (km) 200 600 1000Sub- W eig htW eig htC han T o t alElementSub element s sub ( kg )( kg )g es weig ht T KM ' sBoiler Boiler aluminium 1 2 initial 2 per boiler 4 10 182,52 1 initial 1 per boiler 4 53 2 initial 2 per boiler 4 104 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 4 7,5Boiler steel 1 12 initial 12 per boiler 4 602 0,5 initial 0,5 per boiler 4 2,53 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 4 7,54 9 initial 9 per boiler 4 45Boiler cast iron 5 initial 5 per boiler 4 25Boiler copper 2 initial 2 per boiler 4 10Piping Piping (rest) 3,034 initial 0,3034 per change 42 15,777 23,3189Piping aluminium 4,44 initial 0,444 per change 42 23,088Radiators 495 initial 49,5 per radiator change 42 2574 1544,4Expansion barrel Expansion barrel (rest) 1 0,215 initial 0,215 per barrel 4 1,075 11,1662 0,042 initial 0,042 per barrel 4 0,213 0,015 initial 0,015 per barrel 4 0,0754 0,05 initial 0,05 per barrel 4 0,25Expansion barrel steel 3,4 initial 3,4 per barrel 4 17Glass 191,25 initial 191,25 per change 2 573,75 114,75Fixed walls Wall elements 17503 3669,22Plasterwork 843,6Boiler Boiler aluminium 1 2 initial 2 per boiler 4 10 182,52 1 initial 1 per boiler 4 53 2 initial 2 per boiler 4 104 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 4 7,5Boiler steel 1 12 initial 12 per boiler 4 602 0,5 initial 0,5 per boiler 4 2,53 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 4 7,54 9 initial 9 per boiler 4 45Boiler cast iron 5 initial 5 per boiler 4 25Boiler copper 2 initial 2 per boiler 4 10Piping Piping (rest) 3,034 initial 0,3034 per change 42 15,777 23,3189Piping aluminium 4,44 initial 0,444 per change 42 23,088Radiators 495 initial 49,5 per radiator change 42 2574 1544,4Expansion barrel Expansion barrel (rest) 1 0,215 initial 0,215 per barrel 4 1,075 11,1662 0,042 initial 0,042 per barrel 4 0,213 0,015 initial 0,015 per barrel 4 0,0754 0,05 initial 0,05 per barrel 4 0,25Expansion barrel steel 3,4 initial 3,4 per barrel 4 17Glass 382,5 initial 382,5 per change 2 1147,5 229,5Ventilator Ventilator (rest) 1 0,4 initial 0,4 per change 9 4 21,62 1 initial 1 per change 1 2Ventilator steel 3 initial 3 per change 9 30Piping (air) 35,25 initial 35,25 per change 1 70,5 42,3Insulation material (roof) 145,7 total 0 per change 0 145,7 29,14Gypsum board 555 total 0 per change 0 555 111Insulation material (facade) 86 total 0 per change 0 86 17,2Insulation material (floor) 84 total 0 per change 0 84 16,8Fixed walls Wall elements 17503 3669,22Plasterwork 843,6Heat pump Heat pump (rest) 1 4,23 initial 4,23 per heat pump 4 21,15 1360,052 48,61 initial 48,61 per heat pump 4 243,053 7,32 initial 7,32 per heat pump 4 36,64 2,23 initial 2,23 per heat pump 4 11,155 0,7 initial 0,7 per heat pump 4 3,56 0,09 initial 0,09 per heat pump 4 0,457 0,63 initial 0,63 per heat pump 4 3,158 2,9 initial 2,9 per heat pump 4 14,59 0,17 initial 0,17 per heat pump 4 0,8510 1,62 initial 1,62 per heat pump 4 8,1Heat pump cast iron 168,21 initial 168,21 per heat pump 4 841,05Heat pump copper 35,3 initial 35,3 per heat pump 4 176,5Acquifer Acquifer (rest) 1980 initial 1980 per acquifer 1 3960 2629,2Acquifer steel 1 211 initial 211 per acquifer 1 4222 48 initial 48 per pump change 4 240 240Gypsum board 739,6 total 0 per change 0 739,6 147,92Piping Piping (rest) 12,6936 total 0 per change 0 12,694 6,25392Piping aluminium 18,576 total 0 per change 0 18,576Insulation material 1 30,96 total 0 per change 0 30,96 6,192Insulation material 2 3,63 total 0 per change 0 3,63 0,726Glass 382,5 initial 382,5 per change 2 1147,5 229,5Insulation material (roof) 145,7 total 0 per change 0 145,7 29,14Gypsum board 555 total 0 per change 0 555 111Fixed walls Wall elements 17503 3669,22Plasterwork 843,6FIGURE 31 - QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS, SCENARIO X.2.1.Y38

WarmBouwen renovationStandard renovationNo renovationAlternative x.2.2.yLife cycle: (years)Boiler/heat pump/pump/expansion barrel replacementsWindows changes5032Ventilator changesRadiator/piping changesPiping (air)/ventilator roof unit changesAcquifer changes42210Distances alternatives (km) 200 600 1000Sub- W eig htW eig htC han T o t alElementSub element s sub ( kg )( kg )g es weig ht T KM ' sBoiler Boiler aluminium 1 2 initial 2 per boiler 3 8 1462 1 initial 1 per boiler 3 43 2 initial 2 per boiler 3 84 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 3 6Boiler steel 1 12 initial 12 per boiler 3 482 0,5 initial 0,5 per boiler 3 23 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 3 64 9 initial 9 per boiler 3 36Boiler cast iron 5 initial 5 per boiler 3 20Boiler copper 2 initial 2 per boiler 3 8Piping Piping (rest) 3,034 initial 0,3034 per change 22 9,7088 14,3501Piping aluminium 4,44 initial 0,444 per change 22 14,208Radiators 495 initial 49,5 per radiator change 22 1584 950,4Expansion barrel Expansion barrel (rest) 1 0,215 initial 0,215 per barrel 3 0,86 8,93282 0,042 initial 0,042 per barrel 3 0,1683 0,015 initial 0,015 per barrel 3 0,064 0,05 initial 0,05 per barrel 3 0,2Expansion barrel steel 3,4 initial 3,4 per barrel 3 13,6Glass 191,25 initial 191,25 per change 2 573,75 114,75Fixed walls Wall elements 8093 1696,29Plasterwork 388,44Boiler Boiler aluminium 1 2 initial 2 per boiler 3 8 1462 1 initial 1 per boiler 3 43 2 initial 2 per boiler 3 84 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 3 6Boiler steel 1 12 initial 12 per boiler 3 482 0,5 initial 0,5 per boiler 3 23 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 3 64 9 initial 9 per boiler 3 36Boiler cast iron 5 initial 5 per boiler 3 20Boiler copper 2 initial 2 per boiler 3 8Piping Piping (rest) 3,034 initial 0,3034 per change 22 9,7088 14,3501Piping aluminium 4,44 initial 0,444 per change 22 14,208Radiators 495 initial 49,5 per radiator change 22 1584 950,4Expansion barrel Expansion barrel (rest) 1 0,215 initial 0,215 per barrel 3 0,86 8,93282 0,042 initial 0,042 per barrel 3 0,1683 0,015 initial 0,015 per barrel 3 0,064 0,05 initial 0,05 per barrel 3 0,2Expansion barrel steel 3,4 initial 3,4 per barrel 3 13,6Glass 382,5 initial 382,5 per change 2 1147,5 229,5Ventilator Ventilator (rest) 1 0,4 initial 0,4 per change 4 2 11,42 1 initial 1 per change 1 2Ventilator steel 3 initial 3 per change 4 15Piping (air) 35,25 initial 35,25 per change 1 70,5 42,3Insulation material (roof) 145,7 total 0 per change 0 145,7 29,14Gypsum board 555 total 0 per change 0 555 111Insulation material (facade) 86 total 0 per change 0 86 17,2Insulation material (floor) 84 total 0 per change 0 84 16,8Fixed walls Wall elements 8093 1696,29Plasterwork 388,44Heat pump Heat pump (rest) 1 4,23 initial 4,23 per heat pump 3 16,92 1088,042 48,61 initial 48,61 per heat pump 3 194,443 7,32 initial 7,32 per heat pump 3 29,284 2,23 initial 2,23 per heat pump 3 8,925 0,7 initial 0,7 per heat pump 3 2,86 0,09 initial 0,09 per heat pump 3 0,367 0,63 initial 0,63 per heat pump 3 2,528 2,9 initial 2,9 per heat pump 3 11,69 0,17 initial 0,17 per heat pump 3 0,6810 1,62 initial 1,62 per heat pump 3 6,48Heat pump cast iron 168,21 initial 168,21 per heat pump 3 672,84Heat pump copper 35,3 initial 35,3 per heat pump 3 141,2Acquifer Acquifer (rest) 1980 initial 1980 per acquifer 0 1980 1314,6Acquifer steel 1 211 initial 211 per acquifer 0 2112 48 initial 48 per pump change 3 192 192Gypsum board 739,6 total 0 per change 0 739,6 147,92Piping Piping (rest) 12,6936 total 0 per change 0 12,694 6,25392Piping aluminium 18,576 total 0 per change 0 18,576Insulation material 1 30,96 total 0 per change 0 30,96 6,192Insulation material 2 3,63 total 0 per change 0 3,63 0,726Glass 382,5 initial 382,5 per change 2 1147,5 229,5Insulation material (roof) 145,7 total 0 per change 0 145,7 29,14Gypsum board 555 total 0 per change 0 555 111Fixed walls Wall elements 8093 1696,29Plasterwork 388,44FIGURE 32 - QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS, SCENARIOS X.2.2.Y39

WarmBouwen renovationStandard renovationNo renovationAlternative x.2.3.yLife cycle: (years)Boiler/heat pump/pump/expansion barrel replacementsWindows changes5022Ventilator changesRadiator/piping changesPiping (air)/ventilator roof unit changesAcquifer changes31610Distances alternatives (km) 200 600 1000Sub- W eig htW eig htC han T o t alElementSub element s su ( kg )( kg )g es weig ht T KM ' sBoiler Boiler aluminium 1 2 initial 2 per boiler 2 6 109,52 1 initial 1 per boiler 2 33 2 initial 2 per boiler 2 64 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 2 4,5Boiler steel 1 12 initial 12 per boiler 2 362 0,5 initial 0,5 per boiler 2 1,53 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 2 4,54 9 initial 9 per boiler 2 27Boiler cast iron 5 initial 5 per boiler 2 15Boiler copper 2 initial 2 per boiler 2 6Piping Piping (rest) 3,034 initial 0,3034 per change 16 7,8884 11,6594Piping aluminium 4,44 initial 0,444 per change 16 11,544Radiators 495 initial 49,5 per radiator change 16 1287 772,2Expansion barrel Expansion barrel (rest) 1 0,215 initial 0,215 per barrel 2 0,645 6,69962 0,042 initial 0,042 per barrel 2 0,1263 0,015 initial 0,015 per barrel 2 0,0454 0,05 initial 0,05 per barrel 2 0,15Expansion barrel steel 3,4 initial 3,4 per barrel 2 10,2Glass 191,25 initial 191,25 per change 2 573,75 114,75Fixed walls Wall elements 4046,5 848,14Plasterwork 194,22Boiler Boiler aluminium 1 2 initial 2 per boiler 2 6 109,52 1 initial 1 per boiler 2 33 2 initial 2 per boiler 2 64 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 2 4,5Boiler steel 1 12 initial 12 per boiler 2 362 0,5 initial 0,5 per boiler 2 1,53 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 2 4,54 9 initial 9 per boiler 2 27Boiler cast iron 5 initial 5 per boiler 2 15Boiler copper 2 initial 2 per boiler 2 6Piping Piping (rest) 3,034 initial 0,3034 per change 16 7,8884 11,6594Piping aluminium 4,44 initial 0,444 per change 16 11,544Radiators 495 initial 49,5 per radiator change 16 1287 772,2Expansion barrel Expansion barrel (rest) 1 0,215 initial 0,215 per barrel 2 0,645 6,69962 0,042 initial 0,042 per barrel 2 0,1263 0,015 initial 0,015 per barrel 2 0,0454 0,05 initial 0,05 per barrel 2 0,15Expansion barrel steel 3,4 initial 3,4 per barrel 2 10,2Glass 382,5 initial 382,5 per change 2 1147,5 229,5Ventilator Ventilator (rest) 1 0,4 initial 0,4 per change 3 1,6 9,362 1 initial 1 per change 1 2Ventilator steel 3 initial 3 per change 3 12Piping (air) 35,25 initial 35,25 per change 1 70,5 42,3Insulation material (roof) 145,7 total 0 per change 0 145,7 29,14Gypsum board 555 total 0 per change 0 555 111Insulation material (facade) 86 total 0 per change 0 86 17,2Insulation material (floor) 84 total 0 per change 0 84 16,8Fixed walls Wall elements 4046,5 848,14Plasterwork 194,22Heat pump Heat pump (rest) 1 4,23 initial 4,23 per heat pump 2 12,69 816,032 48,61 initial 48,61 per heat pump 2 145,833 7,32 initial 7,32 per heat pump 2 21,964 2,23 initial 2,23 per heat pump 2 6,695 0,7 initial 0,7 per heat pump 2 2,16 0,09 initial 0,09 per heat pump 2 0,277 0,63 initial 0,63 per heat pump 2 1,898 2,9 initial 2,9 per heat pump 2 8,79 0,17 initial 0,17 per heat pump 2 0,5110 1,62 initial 1,62 per heat pump 2 4,86Heat pump cast iron 168,21 initial 168,21 per heat pump 2 504,63Heat pump copper 35,3 initial 35,3 per heat pump 2 105,9Acquifer Acquifer (rest) 1980 initial 1980 per acquifer 0 1980 1314,6Acquifer steel 1 211 initial 211 per acquifer 0 2112 48 initial 48 per pump change 2 144 144Gypsum board 739,6 total 0 per change 0 739,6 147,92Piping Piping (rest) 12,6936 total 0 per change 0 12,694 6,25392Piping aluminium 18,576 total 0 per change 0 18,576Insulation material 1 30,96 total 0 per change 0 30,96 6,192Insulation material 2 3,63 total 0 per change 0 3,63 0,726Glass 382,5 initial 382,5 per change 2 1147,5 229,5Insulation material (roof) 145,7 total 0 per change 0 145,7 29,14Gypsum board 555 total 0 per change 0 555 111Fixed walls Wall elements 4046,5 848,14Plasterwork 194,22FIGURE 33 - QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS, SCENARIO X.2.3.Y40

WarmBouwen renovationStandard renovationNo renovationAlternative x.3.1.yLife cycle: (years)Boiler/heat pump/pump/expansion barrel replacementsWindows changes7573Ventilator changesRadiator/piping changesPiping (air)/ventilator roof unit changesAcquifer changes146821Distances alternatives (km) 200 600 1000Sub- W eig htW eig htC han T o t alElementSub element s su ( kg )( kg )g es weig ht T KM ' sBoiler Boiler aluminium 1 2 initial 2 per boiler 7 16 2922 1 initial 1 per boiler 7 83 2 initial 2 per boiler 7 164 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 7 12Boiler steel 1 12 initial 12 per boiler 7 962 0,5 initial 0,5 per boiler 7 43 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 7 124 9 initial 9 per boiler 7 72Boiler cast iron 5 initial 5 per boiler 7 40Boiler copper 2 initial 2 per boiler 7 16Piping Piping (rest) 3,034 initial 0,3034 per change 68 23,665 34,9783Piping aluminium 4,44 initial 0,444 per change 68 34,632Radiators 495 initial 49,5 per radiator change 68 3861 2316,6Expansion barrel Expansion barrel (rest) 1 0,215 initial 0,215 per barrel 7 1,72 17,86562 0,042 initial 0,042 per barrel 7 0,3363 0,015 initial 0,015 per barrel 7 0,124 0,05 initial 0,05 per barrel 7 0,4Expansion barrel steel 3,4 initial 3,4 per barrel 7 27,2Glass 191,25 initial 191,25 per change 3 765 153Fixed walls Wall elements 28326 5937,01Plasterwork 1359,5Boiler Boiler aluminium 1 2 initial 2 per boiler 7 16 2922 1 initial 1 per boiler 7 83 2 initial 2 per boiler 7 164 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 7 12Boiler steel 1 12 initial 12 per boiler 7 962 0,5 initial 0,5 per boiler 7 43 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 7 124 9 initial 9 per boiler 7 72Boiler cast iron 5 initial 5 per boiler 7 40Boiler copper 2 initial 2 per boiler 7 16Piping Piping (rest) 3,034 initial 0,3034 per change 68 23,665 34,9783Piping aluminium 4,44 initial 0,444 per change 68 34,632Radiators 495 initial 49,5 per radiator change 68 3861 2316,6Expansion barrel Expansion barrel (rest) 1 0,215 initial 0,215 per barrel 7 1,72 17,86562 0,042 initial 0,042 per barrel 7 0,3363 0,015 initial 0,015 per barrel 7 0,124 0,05 initial 0,05 per barrel 7 0,4Expansion barrel steel 3,4 initial 3,4 per barrel 7 27,2Glass 382,5 initial 382,5 per change 3 1530 306Ventilator Ventilator (rest) 1 0,4 initial 0,4 per change 14 6 32,42 1 initial 1 per change 2 3Ventilator steel 3 initial 3 per change 14 45Piping (air) 35,25 initial 35,25 per change 2 105,75 63,45Insulation material (roof) 145,7 total 0 per change 0 145,7 29,14Gypsum board 555 total 0 per change 0 555 111Insulation material (facade) 86 total 0 per change 0 86 17,2Insulation material (floor) 84 total 0 per change 0 84 16,8Fixed walls Wall elements 28326 5937,01Plasterwork 1359,5Heat pump Heat pump (rest) 1 4,23 initial 4,23 per heat pump 7 33,84 2176,082 48,61 initial 48,61 per heat pump 7 388,883 7,32 initial 7,32 per heat pump 7 58,564 2,23 initial 2,23 per heat pump 7 17,845 0,7 initial 0,7 per heat pump 7 5,66 0,09 initial 0,09 per heat pump 7 0,727 0,63 initial 0,63 per heat pump 7 5,048 2,9 initial 2,9 per heat pump 7 23,29 0,17 initial 0,17 per heat pump 7 1,3610 1,62 initial 1,62 per heat pump 7 12,96Heat pump cast iron 168,21 initial 168,21 per heat pump 7 1345,7Heat pump copper 35,3 initial 35,3 per heat pump 7 282,4Acquifer Acquifer (rest) 1980 initial 1980 per acquifer 1 3960 2629,2Acquifer steel 1 211 initial 211 per acquifer 1 4222 48 initial 48 per pump change 7 384 384Gypsum board 739,6 total 0 per change 0 739,6 147,92Piping Piping (rest) 12,6936 total 0 per change 0 12,694 6,25392Piping aluminium 18,576 total 0 per change 0 18,576Insulation material 1 30,96 total 0 per change 0 30,96 6,192Insulation material 2 3,63 total 0 per change 0 3,63 0,726Glass 382,5 initial 382,5 per change 3 1530 306Insulation material (roof) 145,7 total 0 per change 0 145,7 29,14Gypsum board 555 total 0 per change 0 555 111Fixed walls Wall elements 28326 5937,01Plasterwork 1359,5FIGURE 34 - QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS, SCENARIO X.3.1.Y41

WarmBouwen renovation WarmBouwen renovationAlternative x.3.1.y (flexible walls)Life cycle: (years)Boiler/heat pump/pump/expansion barrel replacementsWindows changesVentilator changes757314Radiator/piping changesPiping (air)/ventilator roof unit changesAcquifer changes6821Distances alternatives (km) 200 600 1000Fixed wallsSub- W eig htW eig htC han T o t alElementSub element s su ( kg )( kg )g es weig ht T KM ' sHeat pump Heat pump (rest) 1 4,23 initial 4,23 per heat pump 7 33,84 2176,082 48,61 initial 48,61 per heat pump 7 388,883 7,32 initial 7,32 per heat pump 7 58,564 2,23 initial 2,23 per heat pump 7 17,845 0,7 initial 0,7 per heat pump 7 5,66 0,09 initial 0,09 per heat pump 7 0,727 0,63 initial 0,63 per heat pump 7 5,048 2,9 initial 2,9 per heat pump 7 23,29 0,17 initial 0,17 per heat pump 7 1,3610 1,62 initial 1,62 per heat pump 7 12,96Heat pump cast iron 168,21 initial 168,21 per heat pump 7 1345,7Heat pump copper 35,3 initial 35,3 per heat pump 7 282,4Acquifer Acquifer (rest) 1980 initial 1980 per acquifer 1 3960 2629,2Acquifer steel 1 211 initial 211 per acquifer 1 4222 48 initial 48 per pump change 7 384 384Gypsum board 739,6 total 0 per change 0 739,6 147,92Piping Piping (rest) 12,6936 total 0 per change 0 12,694 6,25392Piping aluminium 18,576 total 0 per change 0 18,576Insulation material 1 30,96 total 0 per change 0 30,96 6,192Insulation material 2 3,63 total 0 per change 0 3,63 0,726Glass 382,5 initial 382,5 per change 3 1530 306Insulation material (roof) 145,7 total 0 per change 0 145,7 29,14Gypsum board 555 total 0 per change 0 555 111Fixed walls Wall elements 28326 5937,01Plasterwork 1359,5Flexible wallsSuElementSub element sb-suW eig ht( kg )W eig ht( kg )C hang esT o t alweig ht T KM ' sHeat pump Heat pump (rest) 1 4,23 initial 4,23 per heat pump 7 33,84 2176,082 48,61 initial 48,61 per heat pump 7 388,883 7,32 initial 7,32 per heat pump 7 58,564 2,23 initial 2,23 per heat pump 7 17,845 0,7 initial 0,7 per heat pump 7 5,66 0,09 initial 0,09 per heat pump 7 0,727 0,63 initial 0,63 per heat pump 7 5,048 2,9 initial 2,9 per heat pump 7 23,29 0,17 initial 0,17 per heat pump 7 1,3610 1,62 initial 1,62 per heat pump 7 12,96Heat pump cast iron 168,21 initial 168,21 per heat pump 7 1345,7Heat pump copper 35,3 initial 35,3 per heat pump 7 282,4Acquifer Acquifer (rest) 1980 initial 1980 per acquifer 1 3960 2629,2Acquifer steel 1 211 initial 211 per acquifer 1 4222 48 initial 48 per pump change 0 48 48Gypsum board 739,6 total 0 per change 0 739,6 147,92Piping Piping (rest) 12,6936 total 0 per change 0 12,694 6,25392Piping aluminium 18,576 total 0 per change 0 18,576Insulation material 1 30,96 total 0 per change 0 30,96 6,192Insulation material 2 3,63 total 0 per change 0 3,63 0,726Glass 382,5 initial 382,5 per change 3 1530 306Insulation material (roof) 145,7 total 0 per change 0 145,7 29,14Gypsum board 555 total 0 per change 0 555 111Flexible walls Steel 478,66 initial 478,66 per change 0 478,66 95,73Gyspum board 316,68 initial 316,68 per change 0 316,68 63,34Glass wool 21,84 initial 21,84 per change 0 21,84 4,37Base plaster 5,46 initial 5,46 per change 0 5,46 1,09FIGURE 35 - QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS, SCENARIO X.3.1.Y (FLEXIBLE WALLS)42

WarmBouwen renovationStandard renovationNo renovationAlternative x.3.2.yLife cycle: (years)Boiler/heat pump/pump/expansion barrel replacementsWindows changes7543Ventilator changesRadiator/piping changesPiping (air)/ventilator roof unit changesAcquifer changes74021Distances alternatives (km) 200 600 1000Sub- W eig htW eig htC han T o t alElementSub element s su ( kg )( kg )g es weig ht T KM ' sBoiler Boiler aluminium 1 2 initial 2 per boiler 4 10 182,52 1 initial 1 per boiler 4 53 2 initial 2 per boiler 4 104 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 4 7,5Boiler steel 1 12 initial 12 per boiler 4 602 0,5 initial 0,5 per boiler 4 2,53 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 4 7,54 9 initial 9 per boiler 4 45Boiler cast iron 5 initial 5 per boiler 4 25Boiler copper 2 initial 2 per boiler 4 10Piping Piping (rest) 3,034 initial 0,3034 per change 40 15,17 22,422Piping aluminium 4,44 initial 0,444 per change 40 22,2Radiators 495 initial 49,5 per radiator change 40 2475 1485Expansion barrel Expansion barrel (rest) 1 0,215 initial 0,215 per barrel 4 1,075 11,1662 0,042 initial 0,042 per barrel 4 0,213 0,015 initial 0,015 per barrel 4 0,0754 0,05 initial 0,05 per barrel 4 0,25Expansion barrel steel 3,4 initial 3,4 per barrel 4 17Glass 191,25 initial 191,25 per change 3 765 153Fixed walls Wall elements 13456 2820,37Plasterwork 645,84Boiler Boiler aluminium 1 2 initial 2 per boiler 4 10 182,52 1 initial 1 per boiler 4 53 2 initial 2 per boiler 4 104 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 4 7,5Boiler steel 1 12 initial 12 per boiler 4 602 0,5 initial 0,5 per boiler 4 2,53 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 4 7,54 9 initial 9 per boiler 4 45Boiler cast iron 5 initial 5 per boiler 4 25Boiler copper 2 initial 2 per boiler 4 10Piping Piping (rest) 3,034 initial 0,3034 per change 40 15,17 22,422Piping aluminium 4,44 initial 0,444 per change 40 22,2Radiators 495 initial 49,5 per radiator change 40 2475 1485Expansion barrel Expansion barrel (rest) 1 0,215 initial 0,215 per barrel 4 1,075 11,1662 0,042 initial 0,042 per barrel 4 0,213 0,015 initial 0,015 per barrel 4 0,0754 0,05 initial 0,05 per barrel 4 0,25Expansion barrel steel 3,4 initial 3,4 per barrel 4 17Glass 382,5 initial 382,5 per change 3 1530 306Ventilator Ventilator (rest) 1 0,4 initial 0,4 per change 7 3,2 18,122 1 initial 1 per change 2 3Ventilator steel 3 initial 3 per change 7 24Piping (air) 35,25 initial 35,25 per change 2 105,75 63,45Insulation material (roof) 145,7 total 0 per change 0 145,7 29,14Gypsum board 555 total 0 per change 0 555 111Insulation material (facade) 86 total 0 per change 0 86 17,2Insulation material (floor) 84 total 0 per change 0 84 16,8Fixed walls Wall elements 13456 2820,37Plasterwork 645,84Heat pump Heat pump (rest) 1 4,23 initial 4,23 per heat pump 4 21,15 1360,052 48,61 initial 48,61 per heat pump 4 243,053 7,32 initial 7,32 per heat pump 4 36,64 2,23 initial 2,23 per heat pump 4 11,155 0,7 initial 0,7 per heat pump 4 3,56 0,09 initial 0,09 per heat pump 4 0,457 0,63 initial 0,63 per heat pump 4 3,158 2,9 initial 2,9 per heat pump 4 14,59 0,17 initial 0,17 per heat pump 4 0,8510 1,62 initial 1,62 per heat pump 4 8,1Heat pump cast iron 168,21 initial 168,21 per heat pump 4 841,05Heat pump copper 35,3 initial 35,3 per heat pump 4 176,5Acquifer Acquifer (rest) 1980 initial 1980 per acquifer 1 3960 2629,2Acquifer steel 1 211 initial 211 per acquifer 1 4222 48 initial 48 per pump change 4 240 240Gypsum board 739,6 total 0 per change 0 739,6 147,92Piping Piping (rest) 12,6936 total 0 per change 0 12,694 6,25392Piping aluminium 18,576 total 0 per change 0 18,576Insulation material 1 30,96 total 0 per change 0 30,96 6,192Insulation material 2 3,63 total 0 per change 0 3,63 0,726Glass 382,5 initial 382,5 per change 3 1530 306Insulation material (roof) 145,7 total 0 per change 0 145,7 29,14Gypsum board 555 total 0 per change 0 555 111Fixed walls Wall elements 13456 2820,37Plasterwork 645,84FIGURE 36 - QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS, SCENARIO X.3.2.Y43

WarmBouwen renovationStandard renovationNo renovationAlternative x.3.3.yLife cycle: (years)Boiler/heat pump/pump/expansion barrel replacementsWindows changes7533Ventilator changesRadiator/piping changesPiping (air)/ventilator roof unit changesAcquifer changes42420Distances alternatives (km) 200 600 1000Sub- W eig htW eig htC han T o t alElementSub element s su ( kg )( kg )g es weig ht T KM ' sBoiler Boiler aluminium 1 2 initial 2 per boiler 3 8 1462 1 initial 1 per boiler 3 43 2 initial 2 per boiler 3 84 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 3 6Boiler steel 1 12 initial 12 per boiler 3 482 0,5 initial 0,5 per boiler 3 23 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 3 64 9 initial 9 per boiler 3 36Boiler cast iron 5 initial 5 per boiler 3 20Boiler copper 2 initial 2 per boiler 3 8Piping Piping (rest) 3,034 initial 0,3034 per change 24 10,316 15,247Piping aluminium 4,44 initial 0,444 per change 24 15,096Radiators 495 initial 49,5 per radiator change 24 1683 1009,8Expansion barrel Expansion barrel (rest) 1 0,215 initial 0,215 per barrel 3 0,86 8,93282 0,042 initial 0,042 per barrel 3 0,1683 0,015 initial 0,015 per barrel 3 0,064 0,05 initial 0,05 per barrel 3 0,2Expansion barrel steel 3,4 initial 3,4 per barrel 3 13,6Glass 191,25 initial 191,25 per change 3 765 153Fixed walls Wall elements 5363 1118,08Plasterwork 227,4Boiler Boiler aluminium 1 2 initial 2 per boiler 3 8 1462 1 initial 1 per boiler 3 43 2 initial 2 per boiler 3 84 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 3 6Boiler steel 1 12 initial 12 per boiler 3 482 0,5 initial 0,5 per boiler 3 23 1,5 initial 1,5 per boiler 3 64 9 initial 9 per boiler 3 36Boiler cast iron 5 initial 5 per boiler 3 20Boiler copper 2 initial 2 per boiler 3 8Piping Piping (rest) 3,034 initial 0,3034 per change 24 10,316 15,247Piping aluminium 4,44 initial 0,444 per change 24 15,096Radiators 495 initial 49,5 per radiator change 24 1683 1009,8Expansion barrel Expansion barrel (rest) 1 0,215 initial 0,215 per barrel 3 0,86 8,93282 0,042 initial 0,042 per barrel 3 0,1683 0,015 initial 0,015 per barrel 3 0,064 0,05 initial 0,05 per barrel 3 0,2Expansion barrel steel 3,4 initial 3,4 per barrel 3 13,6Glass 382,5 initial 382,5 per change 3 1530 306Ventilator Ventilator (rest) 1 0,4 initial 0,4 per change 4 2 122 1 initial 1 per change 2 3Ventilator steel 3 initial 3 per change 4 15Piping (air) 35,25 initial 35,25 per change 2 105,75 63,45Insulation material (roof) 145,7 total 0 per change 0 145,7 29,14Gypsum board 555 total 0 per change 0 555 111Insulation material (facade) 86 total 0 per change 0 86 17,2Insulation material (floor) 84 total 0 per change 0 84 16,8Fixed walls Wall elements 5363 1118,08Plasterwork 227,4Heat pump Heat pump (rest) 1 4,23 initial 4,23 per heat pump 3 16,92 1088,042 48,61 initial 48,61 per heat pump 3 194,443 7,32 initial 7,32 per heat pump 3 29,284 2,23 initial 2,23 per heat pump 3 8,925 0,7 initial 0,7 per heat pump 3 2,86 0,09 initial 0,09 per heat pump 3 0,367 0,63 initial 0,63 per heat pump 3 2,528 2,9 initial 2,9 per heat pump 3 11,69 0,17 initial 0,17 per heat pump 3 0,6810 1,62 initial 1,62 per heat pump 3 6,48Heat pump cast iron 168,21 initial 168,21 per heat pump 3 672,84Heat pump copper 35,3 initial 35,3 per heat pump 3 141,2Acquifer Acquifer (rest) 1980 initial 1980 per acquifer 0 1980 1314,6Acquifer steel 1 211 initial 211 per acquifer 0 2112 48 initial 48 per pump change 3 192 192Gypsum board 739,6 total 0 per change 0 739,6 147,92Piping Piping (rest) 12,6936 total 0 per change 0 12,694 6,25392Piping aluminium 18,576 total 0 per change 0 18,576Insulation material 1 30,96 total 0 per change 0 30,96 6,192Insulation material 2 3,63 total 0 per change 0 3,63 0,726Glass 382,5 initial 382,5 per change 3 1530 306Insulation material (roof) 145,7 total 0 per change 0 145,7 29,14Gypsum board 555 total 0 per change 0 555 111Fixed walls Wall elements 5363 1118,08Plasterwork 227,4FIGURE 37 - QUANTITIES OF MATERIALS, SCENARIO X.3.3.Y44

LIFE CYCLEENERGYFigure 38 shows the energy use of the three selected renovation alternatives during thewhole life cycle of the house. This energy use is based upon the output from the energyperformance coefficient calculation. Appendix C3.5 provides an overview of the output onthe factor „energy performance coefficient‟.Scenario Alternative Energy useelectricity(MJ)25 yearslife span50 yearslife span75 yearslife spanEnergy usegas (MJ)Energy use heatpump (MJ)No renovation 129600 2252625 -Standard renovation 183301 1076100 -WarmBouwen renovation 32700 - 619875No renovation 259200 4505250 -Standard renovation 366602 2152200 -WarmBouwen renovation 65400 - 1239750No renovation 3228300 6757875 -Standard renovation 549903 3228300 -WarmBouwen renovation 98100 - 1859625FIGURE 38 - LIFE CYCLE ENERGY USE OF ALTERNATIVESREPLACEMENTSThe environmental impact of the replacement of elements during the life cycle, areintegrated in the calculations that are presented in the previous section “quantity ofmaterials”.DISPOSALAppendix S describes the assumptions that are made in the field of disposal scenarios forthe applied elements of the renovation alternatives.45

C2.4. QUALITYThis appendix provides information about the input parameters that are used todetermine the performance on the factor „quality‟ of each renovation alternative. Todetermine the output on the factor „quality‟, the software tool GPR Gebouw, developed byW/E Adviseurs is used.No renovationFIGURE 39 - INPUT ON „QUALITY‟ NO RENOVATION: SOUND46

FIGURE 40 - INPUT ON 'QUALITY' NO RENOVATION: AIR QUALITY47

FIGURE 41 – INPUT ON „QUALITY‟ NO RENOVATION: THERMAL COMFORTFIGURE 42 – INPUT ON „QUALITY‟ NO RENOVATION: LIGHT AND VISUAL COMFORT48

FIGURE 43 - INPUT ON 'QUALITY' NO RENOVATION: TECHNICAL QUALITY49

FIGURE 44 – INPUT ON „QUALITY‟ NO RENOVATION: FUTURE FACILITIESFIGURE 45 – INPUT ON „QUALITY‟ NO RENOVATION: FLEXIBILITY50

FIGURE 46 - INPUT ON 'QUALITY' NO RENOVATION: EXPERIENCED VALUE51

Standard renovationFIGURE 47 - INPUT ON 'QUALITY' STANDARD RENOVATION: SOUND52

FIGURE 48 - INPUT ON 'QUALITY' STANDARD RENOVATION: AIR QUALITY53

FIGURE 49 - INPUT ON 'QUALITY' STANDARD RENOVATION: THERMAL COMFORTFIGURE 50 - INPUT ON 'QUALITY' STANDARD RENOVATION: LIGHT AND VISUAL COMFORT54

FIGURE 51 - INPUT ON 'QUALITY' STANDARD RENOVATION: TECHNICAL QUALITY55

FIGURE 52 - INPUT ON 'QUALITY' STANDARD RENOVATION: FUTURE FACILITIESFIGURE 53 - INPUT ON 'QUALITY' STANDARD RENOVATION: FLEXIBILITY56

FIGURE 54 - INPUT ON 'QUALITY' STANDARD RENOVATION: EXPERIENCED VALUE57

WarmBouwen renovationFIGURE 55 - INPUT ON 'QUALITY' WARMBOUWEN RENOVATIO N: SOUND58

FIGURE 56 - INPUT ON 'QUALITY' WARMBOUWEN RENOVATIO N: AIR QUALITY59

FIGURE 57 - INPUT ON 'QUALITY' WARMBOUWEN RENOVATIO N: THERMAL COMFORTFIGURE 58 - INPUT ON 'QUALITY' WARMBOUWEN RENOVATIO N: LIGHT AND VISUAL COMFORT60

FIGURE 59 - INPUT ON 'QUALITY' WARMBOUWEN RENOVATIO N: TECHNICAL QUALITY61

FIGURE 60 - INPUT ON 'QUALITY' WARMBOUWEN RENOVATIO N: FUTURE FACILITIESFIGURE 61 - INPUT ON 'QUALITY' WARMBOUWEN RENOVATIO N: FLEXIBILITY62

FIGURE 62 - INPUT ON 'QUALITY' WARMBOUWEN RENOVATIO N: EXPERIENCED VALUE63

C2.5. ENERGY PERFORMANCE COEFFICIENTThis section shows the input parameters that are used to determine the energyperformance coefficient of the three evaluated renovation alternatives. The software toolEPW is used to determine the energy performance coefficient of the three evaluatedrenovation alternatives.TECHNICAL PERFORMANCEThe technical performance of the three renovation alternatives are presented in thefigures 63, 64 & 65No renovationConstructive aspectsGeneralAspect Value UnitySurface 95,8 [m 2 ]Orientation N/S front/backAwning not present -TransmissionAspect Surface [m 2 ] U-value [W/m 2 K] Rc-value [m 2 K/W]Ground level - floor 42,5 2,44 0,15Roof (slope) 55,5 0,47 1,97Front facade 17,2 1,89 0,36Glass type 1 - front facade 5,1 5,10 0,20Glass type 2 - front facade 3,4 3,10 0,32Back facade 17,2 1,89 0,36Glass type 1 - back facade 5,1 5,10 0,20Glass type 2 - back facade 3,4 3,10 0,32InfiltrationAspect [dm 3 /s] [dm 3 /s/m 2]Qv;10 characteristic 232,31 2,425Thermal capacityTraditional - mixed heavyFIGURE 63 - CONSTRUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS 'NO RENOVATION' ALTERNATIVEStandard renovationConstructive aspectsGeneralAspect Value UnitySurface 95,8 [m 2 ]Orientation N/S front/backAwning not present -TransmissionAspect Surface [m 2 ] U-value [W/m 2 K] Rc-value [m 2 K/W]Ground level - floor 42,5 2,44 2,50Roof (slope) 55,5 0,47 3,00Front facade 17,2 0,77 1,30Glass type 1 - front facade 5,1 1,60 0,63Glass type 2 - front facade 3,4 1,60 0,63Back facade 17,2 0,77 0,36Glass type 1 - back facade 5,1 1,60 0,63Glass type 2 - back facade 3,4 0,77 1,30InfiltrationAspect [dm 3 /s] [dm 3 /s/m 2]Qv;10 characteristic 232,31 2,425Thermal capacityTraditional - mixed heavyFIGURE 64 - CONSTRUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS 'STANDARD RENOVATION'ALTERNATIVE64

WarmBouwen renovationThe calculations of the transmission of the facades at the WarmBouwen renovationalternative are elaborated in appendix P.Constructive characteristicsGeneralAspect Value UnitySurface 95,8 [m 2 ]Orientation N/S front/backAwning not present -TransmissionAspect Surface [m 2 ] U-value [W/m 2 K] Rc-value [m 2 K/W]Ground level - floor 42,5 2,44 0,15Roof (slope) 55,5 0,47 3,00Front facade 17,2 0,51 1,97Glass type 1 - front facade 5,1 1,60 0,63Glass type 2 - front facade 3,4 1,60 0,63Back facade 17,2 0,51 1,97Glass type 1 - back facade 5,1 1,60 0,63Glass type 2 - back facade 3,4 1,60 0,63InfiltrationAspect [dm 3 /s] [dm 3 /s/m 2]Qv;10 characteristic 232,31 2,425Thermal capacityTraditional - mixed heavyFIGURE 65 - CONSTRUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS 'WARMBOUWEN RENOVATION‟ ALTERNATIVEINSTALLATION TECHNIQUESThe installation technical characteristics of the three renovation alternatives arepresented in figures 66, 67 & 68.No renovationInstallationsHeatingAspectHeating systemTypeType of emmissionCoolingAspectType of coolingValueindividual central heating systemefficiency boilerradiatorsValueno coolingWarm tap waterAspectHeating systemgas fired combi boilerClassification of system n/aVentilationNo ventilationSolar energy systemsNo solar energy systemsFIGURE 66 - INSTALLATION TECHNIC AL CHARACTERISTICS 'NO RENOVATION' ALTERNATIVE65

Standard renovationInstallationsHeatingAspectHeating systemTypeType of emmissionCoolingAspectType of coolingValueindividual central heating systemHR-107 boilerradiatorsValueno coolingWarm tap waterAspectHeating systemgas fired combi HR/CW boilerClassification of system 4,0VentilationNatural inlet, mechanical outletSolar energy systemsNo solar energy systemsFIGURE 67 - INSTALLATION TECHNIC AL CHARACTERISTICS 'STANDARD RENOVATION' ALTERNATIVEWarmBouwen renovationInstallationsHeatingAspectHeating systemTypeType of emmissionCoolingAspectType of coolingWarm tap waterAspectHeating systemClassification of systemVentilationNo ventilationSolar energy systemsNo solar energy systemsValueindividual electrical heat pumpsource: soilwall heating system (T

C3. RESULTS MODEL ASPECTSThis subparagraph provides the output on the identified factors of influence of theperformance evaluation model. In the next subparagraph “results model” the totalperformances of the alternatives are elaborated.C3.1. LIFE CYCLE COSTSThe tables and pie-charts provide information about the output per scenario for the threeevaluated renovation alternatives. The tables and figures are used to determine thecomposition and contribution of the factor „life cycle costs‟ of the renovation alternatives.No renovationTablesScenario 1.1.1.1 Euro % Scenario 1.1.1.2 Euro % Scenario 1.1.1.3 Euro %Initial investment boiler 353 8% Initial investment boiler 353 6% Initial investment boiler 353 4%Initial investment boiler radiators 262 6% Initial investment boiler radiators 262 4% Initial investment boiler radiators 262 3%Operating costs 3353 72% Operating costs 4744 79% Operating costs 6914 84%M aintenance costs 145 3% M aintenance costs 145 2% M aintenance costs 145 2%Disposal costs 24 1% Disposal costs 24 0% Disposal costs 24 0%Change over costs 97 2% Change over costs 97 2% Change over costs 97 1%Costs for replacement of elements 399 9% Costs for replacement of elements 399 7% Costs for replacement of elements 399 5%Total LCC (per year) 4633 100% Total LCC (per year) 6024 100% Total LCC (per year) 8194 100%Scenario 1.1.2 .1 Euro % Scenario 1.1.2 .2 Euro % Scenario 1.1.2 .3 Euro %Initial investment boiler 267 6% Initial investment boiler 267 5% Initial investment boiler 267 3%Initial investment boiler radiators 262 6% Initial investment boiler radiators 262 5% Initial investment boiler radiators 262 3%Operating costs 3353 77% Operating costs 4744 83% Operating costs 6914 87%M aintenance costs 145 3% M aintenance costs 145 3% M aintenance costs 145 2%Disposal costs 24 1% Disposal costs 24 0% Disposal costs 24 0%Change over costs 97 2% Change over costs 97 2% Change over costs 97 1%Costs for replacement of elements 200 5% Costs for replacement of elements 200 3% Costs for replacement of elements 200 3%Total LCC (per year) 4348 100% Total LCC (per year) 5739 100% Total LCC (per year) 7909 100%Scenario 1.1.3 .1 Euro % Scenario 1.1.3 .2 Euro % Scenario 1.1.3 .3 Euro %Initial investment boiler 247 6% Initial investment boiler 247 4% Initial investment boiler 247 3%Initial investment boiler radiators 262 6% Initial investment boiler radiators 262 5% Initial investment boiler radiators 262 3%Operating costs 3353 80% Operating costs 4744 85% Operating costs 6914 89%M aintenance costs 145 3% M aintenance costs 145 3% M aintenance costs 145 2%Disposal costs 24 1% Disposal costs 24 0% Disposal costs 24 0%Change over costs 97 2% Change over costs 97 2% Change over costs 97 1%Costs for replacement of elements 85 2% Costs for replacement of elements 85 2% Costs for replacement of elements 85 1%Total LCC (per year) 4213 100% Total LCC (per year) 5604 100% Total LCC (per year) 7774 100%Scenario 1.2 .1.1 Euro % Scenario 1.2 .1.2 Euro % Scenario 1.2 .1.3 Euro %Initial investment boiler 327 5% Initial investment boiler 327 3% Initial investment boiler 327 1%Initial investment boiler radiators 211 3% Initial investment boiler radiators 211 2% Initial investment boiler radiators 211 1%Operating costs 4915 80% Operating costs 10160 89% Operating costs 23898 95%M aintenance costs 145 2% M aintenance costs 145 1% M aintenance costs 145 1%Disposal costs 5 0% Disposal costs 5 0% Disposal costs 5 0%Change over costs 78 1% Change over costs 78 1% Change over costs 78 0%Costs for replacement of elements 466 8% Costs for replacement of elements 466 4% Costs for replacement of elements 466 2%Total LCC (per year) 6147 100% Total LCC (per year) 11392 100% Total LCC (per year) 25130 100%Scenario 1.2 .2 .1 Euro % Scenario 1.2 .2 .2 Euro % Scenario 1.2 .2 .3 Euro %Initial investment boiler 254 4% Initial investment boiler 254 2% Initial investment boiler 254 1%Initial investment boiler radiators 211 4% Initial investment boiler radiators 211 2% Initial investment boiler radiators 211 1%Operating costs 4915 84% Operating costs 10160 92% Operating costs 23898 96%M aintenance costs 145 2% M aintenance costs 145 1% M aintenance costs 145 1%Disposal costs 5 0% Disposal costs 5 0% Disposal costs 5 0%Change over costs 78 1% Change over costs 78 1% Change over costs 78 0%Costs for replacement of elements 236 4% Costs for replacement of elements 236 2% Costs for replacement of elements 236 1%Total LCC (per year) 5844 100% Total LCC (per year) 11089 100% Total LCC (per year) 24827 100%Scenario 1.2 .3 .1 Euro % Scenario 1.2 .3 .2 Euro % Scenario 1.2 .3 .3 Euro %Initial investment boiler 214 4% Initial investment boiler 214 2% Initial investment boiler 214 1%Initial investment boiler radiators 211 4% Initial investment boiler radiators 211 2% Initial investment boiler radiators 211 1%Operating costs 4915 86% Operating costs 10160 93% Operating costs 23898 97%M aintenance costs 145 3% M aintenance costs 145 1% M aintenance costs 145 1%Disposal costs 5 0% Disposal costs 5 0% Disposal costs 5 0%Change over costs 78 1% Change over costs 78 1% Change over costs 78 0%Costs for replacement of elements 127 2% Costs for replacement of elements 127 1% Costs for replacement of elements 127 1%Total LCC (per year) 5695 100% Total LCC (per year) 10940 100% Total LCC (per year) 24678 100%FIGURE 69 - TABLES #1 'LIFE CYCLE COSTS' NO RENOVATION67

Scenario 1.3 .1.1 Euro % Scenario 1.3 .1.2 Euro % Scenario 1.3 .1.3 Euro %Initial investment boiler 328 4% Initial investment boiler 328 2% Initial investment boiler 328 0%Initial investment boiler radiators 202 3% Initial investment boiler radiators 202 1% Initial investment boiler radiators 202 0%Operating costs 6430 84% Operating costs 19759 94% Operating costs 80492 98%M aintenance costs 145 2% M aintenance costs 145 1% M aintenance costs 145 0%Disposal costs 1 0% Disposal costs 1 0% Disposal costs 1 0%Change over costs 75 1% Change over costs 75 0% Change over costs 75 0%Costs for replacement of elements 481 6% Costs for replacement of elements 481 2% Costs for replacement of elements 481 1%Total LCC (per year) 7662 100% Total LCC (per year) 20991 100% Total LCC (per year) 81724 100%Scenario 1.3 .2 .1 Euro % Scenario 1.3 .2 .2 Euro % Scenario 1.3 .2 .3 Euro %Initial investment boiler 247 3% Initial investment boiler 247 1% Initial investment boiler 247 0%Initial investment boiler radiators 202 3% Initial investment boiler radiators 202 1% Initial investment boiler radiators 202 0%Operating costs 6430 88% Operating costs 19759 96% Operating costs 80492 99%M aintenance costs 145 2% M aintenance costs 145 1% M aintenance costs 145 0%Disposal costs 1 0% Disposal costs 1 0% Disposal costs 1 0%Change over costs 75 1% Change over costs 75 0% Change over costs 75 0%Costs for replacement of elements 247 3% Costs for replacement of elements 247 1% Costs for replacement of elements 247 0%Total LCC (per year) 7347 100% Total LCC (per year) 20676 100% Total LCC (per year) 81409 100%Scenario 1.3 .3 .1 Euro % Scenario 1.3 .3 .2 Euro % Scenario 1.3 .3 .3 Euro %Initial investment boiler 209 3% Initial investment boiler 209 1% Initial investment boiler 209 0%Initial investment boiler radiators 202 3% Initial investment boiler radiators 202 1% Initial investment boiler radiators 202 0%Operating costs 6430 89% Operating costs 19759 96% Operating costs 80492 99%M aintenance costs 145 2% M aintenance costs 145 1% M aintenance costs 145 0%Disposal costs 1 0% Disposal costs 1 0% Disposal costs 1 0%Change over costs 75 1% Change over costs 75 0% Change over costs 75 0%Costs for replacement of elements 135 2% Costs for replacement of elements 135 1% Costs for replacement of elements 135 0%Total LCC (per year) 7197 100% Total LCC (per year) 20526 100% Total LCC (per year) 81259 100%FIGURE 70 – TABLES #2 'LIFE CYCLE COSTS' NO RENOVATIONGraphsInitial investment boilerInitial investment radiatorsOperating costsMaintenance costsDisposal costsChange over costsCosts for replacement of elementsFIGURE 71 – GRAPHS #1 'LIFE CYCLE COSTS' NO RENOVATION68

FIGURE 72 - GRAPHS #2 'LIFE CYCLE COSTS' NO RENOVATION69

Standard renovationTablesScenario 2 .1.1.1 Euro % Scenario 2 .1.1.2 Euro % Scenario 2 .1.1.3 Euro %Initial investment boiler 486 9% Initial investment boiler 486 7% Initial investment boiler 486 6%Initial investment radiators 262 5% Initial investment radiators 262 4% Initial investment radiators 262 3%Initial investment roof insulation 368 7% Initial investment roof insulation 368 5% Initial investment roof insulation 368 4%Initial investment floor insulation 106 2% Initial investment floor insulation 106 2% Initial investment floor insulation 106 1%Initial investment facade insulation 182 3% Initial investment facade insulation 182 3% Initial investment facade insulation 182 2%Initial investment windows 264 5% Initial investment windows 264 4% Initial investment windows 264 3%Initial investment mech. ventilation 447 8% Initial investment mech. ventilation 447 7% Initial investment mech. ventilation 447 5%Operating costs 2695 48% Operating costs 3814 57% Operating costs 5558 66%M aintenance costs 233 4% M aintenance costs 233 3% M aintenance costs 233 3%Disposal costs 24 0% Disposal costs 24 0% Disposal costs 24 0%Change over costs 97 2% Change over costs 97 1% Change over costs 97 1%Costs for replacement of elements 430 8% Costs for replacement of elements 430 6% Costs for replacement of elements 430 5%Total LCC (per year) 5594 100% Total LCC (per year) 6713 100% Total LCC (per year) 8457 100%Scenario 2 .1.2 .1 Euro % Scenario 2 .1.2 .2 Euro % Scenario 2 .1.2 .3 Euro %Initial investment boiler 367 7% Initial investment boiler 367 6% Initial investment boiler 367 5%Initial investment radiators 262 5% Initial investment radiators 262 4% Initial investment radiators 262 3%Initial investment roof insulation 368 7% Initial investment roof insulation 368 6% Initial investment roof insulation 368 5%Initial investment floor insulation 106 2% Initial investment floor insulation 106 2% Initial investment floor insulation 106 1%Initial investment facade insulation 182 3% Initial investment facade insulation 182 3% Initial investment facade insulation 182 2%Initial investment windows 264 5% Initial investment windows 264 4% Initial investment windows 264 3%Initial investment mech. ventilation 447 9% Initial investment mech. ventilation 447 7% Initial investment mech. ventilation 447 6%Operating costs 2695 52% Operating costs 3814 60% Operating costs 5558 69%M aintenance costs 233 4% M aintenance costs 233 4% M aintenance costs 233 3%Disposal costs 24 0% Disposal costs 24 0% Disposal costs 24 0%Change over costs 97 2% Change over costs 97 2% Change over costs 97 1%Costs for replacement of elements 181 3% Costs for replacement of elements 181 3% Costs for replacement of elements 181 2%Total LCC (per year) 5226 100% Total LCC (per year) 6345 100% Total LCC (per year) 8089 100%Scenario 2 .1.3 .1 Euro % Scenario 2 .1.3 .2 Euro % Scenario 2 .1.3 .3 Euro %Initial investment boiler 340 7% Initial investment boiler 340 5% Initial investment boiler 340 4%Initial investment radiators 262 5% Initial investment radiators 262 4% Initial investment radiators 262 3%Initial investment roof insulation 368 7% Initial investment roof insulation 368 6% Initial investment roof insulation 368 5%Initial investment floor insulation 106 2% Initial investment floor insulation 106 2% Initial investment floor insulation 106 1%Initial investment facade insulation 182 4% Initial investment facade insulation 182 3% Initial investment facade insulation 182 2%Initial investment windows 264 5% Initial investment windows 264 4% Initial investment windows 264 3%Initial investment mech. ventilation 447 9% Initial investment mech. ventilation 447 7% Initial investment mech. ventilation 447 6%Operating costs 2695 53% Operating costs 3814 62% Operating costs 5558 70%M aintenance costs 233 5% M aintenance costs 233 4% M aintenance costs 233 3%Disposal costs 24 0% Disposal costs 24 0% Disposal costs 24 0%Change over costs 97 2% Change over costs 97 2% Change over costs 97 1%Costs for replacement of elements 59 1% Costs for replacement of elements 59 1% Costs for replacement of elements 59 1%Total LCC (per year) 5077 100% Total LCC (per year) 6196 100% Total LCC (per year) 7940 100%Scenario 2 .2 .1.1 Euro % Scenario 2 .2 .1.2 Euro % Scenario 2 .2 .1.3 Euro %Initial investment boiler 450 7% Initial investment boiler 450 4% Initial investment boiler 450 2%Initial investment radiators 211 3% Initial investment radiators 211 2% Initial investment radiators 211 1%Initial investment roof insulation 296 5% Initial investment roof insulation 296 3% Initial investment roof insulation 296 1%Initial investment floor insulation 86 1% Initial investment floor insulation 86 1% Initial investment floor insulation 86 0%Initial investment facade insulation 147 2% Initial investment facade insulation 147 1% Initial investment facade insulation 147 1%Initial investment windows 229 4% Initial investment windows 229 2% Initial investment windows 229 1%Initial investment mech. ventilation 360 6% Initial investment mech. ventilation 360 3% Initial investment mech. ventilation 360 2%Operating costs 3951 60% Operating costs 8168 76% Operating costs 19210 88%M aintenance costs 233 4% M aintenance costs 233 2% M aintenance costs 233 1%Disposal costs 5 0% Disposal costs 5 0% Disposal costs 5 0%Change over costs 78 1% Change over costs 78 1% Change over costs 78 0%Costs for replacement of elements 492 8% Costs for replacement of elements 492 5% Costs for replacement of elements 492 2%Total LCC (per year) 6538 100% Total LCC (per year) 10755 100% Total LCC (per year) 21797 100%Scenario 2 .2 .2 .1 Euro % Scenario 2 .2 .2 .2 Euro % Scenario 2 .2 .2 .3 Euro %Initial investment boiler 349 6% Initial investment boiler 349 3% Initial investment boiler 349 2%Initial investment radiators 211 3% Initial investment radiators 211 2% Initial investment radiators 211 1%Initial investment roof insulation 296 5% Initial investment roof insulation 296 3% Initial investment roof insulation 296 1%Initial investment floor insulation 86 1% Initial investment floor insulation 86 1% Initial investment floor insulation 86 0%Initial investment facade insulation 147 2% Initial investment facade insulation 147 1% Initial investment facade insulation 147 1%Initial investment windows 229 4% Initial investment windows 229 2% Initial investment windows 229 1%Initial investment mech. ventilation 360 6% Initial investment mech. ventilation 360 3% Initial investment mech. ventilation 360 2%Operating costs 3951 64% Operating costs 8168 79% Operating costs 19210 90%M aintenance costs 233 4% M aintenance costs 233 2% M aintenance costs 233 1%Disposal costs 5 0% Disposal costs 5 0% Disposal costs 5 0%Change over costs 78 1% Change over costs 78 1% Change over costs 78 0%Costs for replacement of elements 216 4% Costs for replacement of elements 216 2% Costs for replacement of elements 216 1%Total LCC (per year) 6161 100% Total LCC (per year) 10378 100% Total LCC (per year) 21420 100%FIGURE 73 - TABLES #1 'LIFE CYCLE COSTS' STANDARD RENOVATION70

Scenario 2 .2 .3 .1 Euro % Scenario 2 .2 .3 .2 Euro % Scenario 2 .2 .3 .3 Euro %Initial investment boiler 295 5% Initial investment boiler 295 3% Initial investment boiler 295 1%Initial investment radiators 211 4% Initial investment radiators 211 2% Initial investment radiators 211 1%Initial investment roof insulation 296 5% Initial investment roof insulation 296 3% Initial investment roof insulation 296 1%Initial investment floor insulation 86 1% Initial investment floor insulation 86 1% Initial investment floor insulation 86 0%Initial investment facade insulation 147 2% Initial investment facade insulation 147 1% Initial investment facade insulation 147 1%Initial investment windows 229 4% Initial investment windows 229 2% Initial investment windows 229 1%Initial investment mech. ventilation 360 6% Initial investment mech. ventilation 360 4% Initial investment mech. ventilation 360 2%Operating costs 3951 66% Operating costs 8168 80% Operating costs 19210 90%M aintenance costs 233 4% M aintenance costs 233 2% M aintenance costs 233 1%Disposal costs 5 0% Disposal costs 5 0% Disposal costs 5 0%Change over costs 78 1% Change over costs 78 1% Change over costs 78 0%Costs for replacement of elements 93 2% Costs for replacement of elements 93 1% Costs for replacement of elements 93 0%Total LCC (per year) 5984 100% Total LCC (per year) 10201 100% Total LCC (per year) 21243 100%Scenario 2 .3 .1.1 Euro % Scenario 2 .3 .1.2 Euro % Scenario 2 .3 .1.3 Euro %Initial investment boiler 452 6% Initial investment boiler 452 2% Initial investment boiler 452 1%Initial investment radiators 202 3% Initial investment radiators 202 1% Initial investment radiators 202 0%Initial investment roof insulation 283 4% Initial investment roof insulation 283 2% Initial investment roof insulation 283 0%Initial investment floor insulation 82 1% Initial investment floor insulation 82 0% Initial investment floor insulation 82 0%Initial investment facade insulation 140 2% Initial investment facade insulation 140 1% Initial investment facade insulation 140 0%Initial investment windows 224 3% Initial investment windows 224 1% Initial investment windows 224 0%Initial investment mech. ventilation 343 4% Initial investment mech. ventilation 343 2% Initial investment mech. ventilation 343 1%Operating costs 5169 67% Operating costs 15883 86% Operating costs 64705 96%M aintenance costs 233 3% M aintenance costs 233 1% M aintenance costs 233 0%Disposal costs 1 0% Disposal costs 1 0% Disposal costs 1 0%Change over costs 75 1% Change over costs 75 0% Change over costs 75 0%Costs for replacement of elements 505 7% Costs for replacement of elements 505 3% Costs for replacement of elements 505 1%Total LCC (per year) 7709 100% Total LCC (per year) 18423 100% Total LCC (per year) 67245 100%Scenario 2 .3 .2 .1 Euro % Scenario 2 .3 .2 .2 Euro % Scenario 2 .3 .2 .3 Euro %Initial investment boiler 340 5% Initial investment boiler 340 2% Initial investment boiler 340 1%Initial investment radiators 202 3% Initial investment radiators 202 1% Initial investment radiators 202 0%Initial investment roof insulation 283 4% Initial investment roof insulation 283 2% Initial investment roof insulation 283 0%Initial investment floor insulation 82 1% Initial investment floor insulation 82 0% Initial investment floor insulation 82 0%Initial investment facade insulation 140 2% Initial investment facade insulation 140 1% Initial investment facade insulation 140 0%Initial investment windows 224 3% Initial investment windows 224 1% Initial investment windows 224 0%Initial investment mech. ventilation 343 5% Initial investment mech. ventilation 343 2% Initial investment mech. ventilation 343 1%Operating costs 5169 71% Operating costs 15883 88% Operating costs 64705 97%M aintenance costs 233 3% M aintenance costs 233 1% M aintenance costs 233 0%Disposal costs 1 0% Disposal costs 1 0% Disposal costs 1 0%Change over costs 75 1% Change over costs 75 0% Change over costs 75 0%Costs for replacement of elements 227 3% Costs for replacement of elements 227 1% Costs for replacement of elements 227 0%Total LCC (per year) 7319 100% Total LCC (per year) 18033 100% Total LCC (per year) 66855 100%Scenario 2 .3 .3 .1 Euro % Scenario 2 .3 .3 .2 Euro % Scenario 2 .3 .3 .3 Euro %Initial investment boiler 288 4% Initial investment boiler 288 2% Initial investment boiler 288 0%Initial investment radiators 202 3% Initial investment radiators 202 1% Initial investment radiators 202 0%Initial investment roof insulation 283 4% Initial investment roof insulation 283 2% Initial investment roof insulation 283 0%Initial investment floor insulation 82 1% Initial investment floor insulation 82 0% Initial investment floor insulation 82 0%Initial investment facade insulation 140 2% Initial investment facade insulation 140 1% Initial investment facade insulation 140 0%Initial investment windows 224 3% Initial investment windows 224 1% Initial investment windows 224 0%Initial investment mech. ventilation 343 5% Initial investment mech. ventilation 343 2% Initial investment mech. ventilation 343 1%Operating costs 5169 72% Operating costs 15883 89% Operating costs 64705 97%M aintenance costs 233 3% M aintenance costs 233 1% M aintenance costs 233 0%Disposal costs 1 0% Disposal costs 1 0% Disposal costs 1 0%Change over costs 75 1% Change over costs 75 0% Change over costs 75 0%Costs for replacement of elements 98 1% Costs for replacement of elements 98 1% Costs for replacement of elements 98 0%Total LCC (per year) 7138 100% Total LCC (per year) 17852 100% Total LCC (per year) 66674 100%FIGURE 74 - TABLES #2 'LIFE CYCLE COSTS' STANDARD RENOVATION71

GraphsInitial investment boilerInitial investment radiatorsInitial investment roof insulationInitial investment floor insulationInitial investment facade insulationCosts for windowsInitial investment mechanical ventilationOperating costsMaintenance costsDisposal costsChange over costsReplacement costs of elementsFIGURE 75 - GRAPHS #1 'LIFE CYCLE COSTS' STANDARD RENOVATION72

FIGURE 76 - GRAPHS #2 'LIFE CYCLE COSTS' STANDARD RENOVATION73

WarmBouwen renovationTablesScenario 3 .1.1.1 Euro % Scenario 3 .1.1.2 Euro % Scenario 3 .1.1.3 Euro %Initial investment heat pump 942 18% Initial investment heat pump 942 15% Initial investment heat pump 942 12%Initial investment acquifer 299 6% Initial investment acquifer 299 5% Initial investment acquifer 299 4%Initial investment wall heating system 318 6% Initial investment wall heating system 318 5% Initial investment wall heating system 318 4%Initial investment roof insulation 368 7% Initial investment roof insulation 368 6% Initial investment roof insulation 368 5%Initial investment windows 264 5% Initial investment windows 264 4% Initial investment windows 264 3%Operating costs 2540 49% Operating costs 3595 58% Operating costs 5238 66%M aintenance costs 156 3% M aintenance costs 156 3% M aintenance costs 156 2%Disposal costs 24 0% Disposal costs 24 0% Disposal costs 24 0%Change over costs 97 2% Change over costs 97 2% Change over costs 97 1%Replacement costs of elements 177 3% Replacement costs of elements 177 3% Replacement costs of elements 177 2%Total LCC (per year) 5185 100% Total LCC (per year) 6240 100% Total LCC (per year) 7883 100%Scenario 3 .1.2 .1 Euro % Scenario 3 .1.2 .2 Euro % Scenario 3 .1.2 .3 Euro %Initial investment heat pump 712 15% Initial investment heat pump 712 12% Initial investment heat pump 712 9%Initial investment acquifer 299 6% Initial investment acquifer 299 5% Initial investment acquifer 299 4%Initial investment wall heating system 318 7% Initial investment wall heating system 318 5% Initial investment wall heating system 318 4%Initial investment roof insulation 368 8% Initial investment roof insulation 368 6% Initial investment roof insulation 368 5%Initial investment windows 264 5% Initial investment windows 264 4% Initial investment windows 264 3%Operating costs 2540 52% Operating costs 3595 61% Operating costs 5238 69%M aintenance costs 156 3% M aintenance costs 156 3% M aintenance costs 156 2%Disposal costs 24 0% Disposal costs 24 0% Disposal costs 24 0%Change over costs 97 2% Change over costs 97 2% Change over costs 97 1%Replacement costs of elements 72 1% Replacement costs of elements 72 1% Replacement costs of elements 72 1%Total LCC (per year) 4850 100% Total LCC (per year) 5905 100% Total LCC (per year) 7548 100%Scenario 3 .1.3 .1 Euro % Scenario 3 .1.3 .2 Euro % Scenario 3 .1.3 .3 Euro %Initial investment heat pump 659 14% Initial investment heat pump 659 11% Initial investment heat pump 659 9%Initial investment acquifer 299 6% Initial investment acquifer 299 5% Initial investment acquifer 299 4%Initial investment wall heating system 318 7% Initial investment wall heating system 318 5% Initial investment wall heating system 318 4%Initial investment roof insulation 368 8% Initial investment roof insulation 368 6% Initial investment roof insulation 368 5%Initial investment windows 264 6% Initial investment windows 264 5% Initial investment windows 264 4%Operating costs 2540 54% Operating costs 3595 62% Operating costs 5238 70%M aintenance costs 156 3% M aintenance costs 156 3% M aintenance costs 156 2%Disposal costs 24 1% Disposal costs 24 0% Disposal costs 24 0%Change over costs 97 2% Change over costs 97 2% Change over costs 97 1%Replacement costs of elements 19 0% Replacement costs of elements 19 0% Replacement costs of elements 19 0%Total LCC (per year) 4744 100% Total LCC (per year) 5799 100% Total LCC (per year) 7442 100%Scenario 3 .2 .1.1 Euro % Scenario 3 .2 .1.2 Euro % Scenario 3 .2 .1.3 Euro %Initial investment heat pump 873 14% Initial investment heat pump 873 9% Initial investment heat pump 873 4%Initial investment acquifer 269 5% Initial investment acquifer 269 3% Initial investment acquifer 269 1%Initial investment wall heating system 256 5% Initial investment wall heating system 256 3% Initial investment wall heating system 256 1%Initial investment roof insulation 296 6% Initial investment roof insulation 296 3% Initial investment roof insulation 296 1%Initial investment windows 229 4% Initial investment windows 229 2% Initial investment windows 229 1%Operating costs 3724 72% Operating costs 7698 77% Operating costs 18107 88%M aintenance costs 156 3% M aintenance costs 156 2% M aintenance costs 156 1%Disposal costs 5 0% Disposal costs 5 0% Disposal costs 5 0%Change over costs 78 2% Change over costs 78 1% Change over costs 78 0%Replacement costs of elements 192 4% Replacement costs of elements 192 2% Replacement costs of elements 192 1%Total LCC (per year) 6078 117% Total LCC (per year) 10052 100% Total LCC (per year) 20461 100%Scenario 3 .2 .2 .1 Euro % Scenario 3 .2 .2 .2 Euro % Scenario 3 .2 .2 .3 Euro %Initial investment heat pump 678 12% Initial investment heat pump 678 7% Initial investment heat pump 678 3%Initial investment acquifer 241 4% Initial investment acquifer 241 2% Initial investment acquifer 241 1%Initial investment wall heating system 256 4% Initial investment wall heating system 256 3% Initial investment wall heating system 256 1%Initial investment roof insulation 296 5% Initial investment roof insulation 296 3% Initial investment roof insulation 296 1%Initial investment windows 229 4% Initial investment windows 229 2% Initial investment windows 229 1%Operating costs 3724 65% Operating costs 7698 79% Operating costs 18107 90%M aintenance costs 156 3% M aintenance costs 156 2% M aintenance costs 156 1%Disposal costs 5 0% Disposal costs 5 0% Disposal costs 5 0%Change over costs 78 1% Change over costs 78 1% Change over costs 78 0%Replacement costs of elements 77 1% Replacement costs of elements 77 1% Replacement costs of elements 77 0%Total LCC (per year) 5740 100% Total LCC (per year) 9714 100% Total LCC (per year) 20123 100%Scenario 3 .2 .3 .1 Euro % Scenario 3 .2 .3 .2 Euro % Scenario 3 .2 .3 .3 Euro %Initial investment heat pump 572 10% Initial investment heat pump 572 6% Initial investment heat pump 572 3%Initial investment acquifer 241 4% Initial investment acquifer 241 3% Initial investment acquifer 241 1%Initial investment wall heating system 256 5% Initial investment wall heating system 256 3% Initial investment wall heating system 256 1%Initial investment roof insulation 296 5% Initial investment roof insulation 296 3% Initial investment roof insulation 296 1%Initial investment windows 229 4% Initial investment windows 229 2% Initial investment windows 229 1%Operating costs 3724 67% Operating costs 7698 81% Operating costs 18107 91%M aintenance costs 156 3% M aintenance costs 156 2% M aintenance costs 156 1%Disposal costs 5 0% Disposal costs 5 0% Disposal costs 5 0%Change over costs 78 1% Change over costs 78 1% Change over costs 78 0%Replacement costs of elements 25 0% Replacement costs of elements 25 0% Replacement costs of elements 25 0%Total LCC (per year) 5582 100% Total LCC (per year) 9556 100% Total LCC (per year) 19965 100%Scenario 3 .3 .1.1 Euro % Scenario 3 .3 .1.2 Euro % Scenario 3 .3 .1.3 Euro %Initial investment heat pump 877 12% Initial investment heat pump 877 5% Initial investment heat pump 877 1%Initial investment acquifer 257 4% Initial investment acquifer 257 1% Initial investment acquifer 257 0%Initial investment wall heating system 244 3% Initial investment wall heating system 244 1% Initial investment wall heating system 244 0%Initial investment roof insulation 283 4% Initial investment roof insulation 283 2% Initial investment roof insulation 283 0%Initial investment windows 224 3% Initial investment windows 224 1% Initial investment windows 224 0%Operating costs 4872 68% Operating costs 14971 87% Operating costs 60987 96%M aintenance costs 156 2% M aintenance costs 156 1% M aintenance costs 156 0%Disposal costs 1 0% Disposal costs 1 0% Disposal costs 1 0%Change over costs 75 1% Change over costs 75 0% Change over costs 75 0%Replacement costs of elements 196 3% Replacement costs of elements 196 1% Replacement costs of elements 196 0%Total LCC (per year) 7185 100% Total LCC (per year) 17284 100% Total LCC (per year) 63300 100%FIGURE 77 - TABLES #1 'LIFE CYCLE COSTS' WARMBOUWEN RENOVATION74

Scenario 3 .3 .2 .1 Euro % Scenario 3 .3 .2 .2 Euro % Scenario 3 .3 .2 .3 Euro %Initial investment heat pump 660 10% Initial investment heat pump 660 4% Initial investment heat pump 660 1%Initial investment acquifer 243 4% Initial investment acquifer 243 1% Initial investment acquifer 243 0%Initial investment wall heating system 244 4% Initial investment wall heating system 244 1% Initial investment wall heating system 244 0%Initial investment roof insulation 283 4% Initial investment roof insulation 283 2% Initial investment roof insulation 283 0%Initial investment windows 224 3% Initial investment windows 224 1% Initial investment windows 224 0%Operating costs 4872 71% Operating costs 14971 88% Operating costs 60987 97%M aintenance costs 156 2% M aintenance costs 156 1% M aintenance costs 156 0%Disposal costs 1 0% Disposal costs 1 0% Disposal costs 1 0%Change over costs 75 1% Change over costs 75 0% Change over costs 75 0%Replacement costs of elements 80 1% Replacement costs of elements 80 0% Replacement costs of elements 80 0%Total LCC (per year) 6838 100% Total LCC (per year) 16937 100% Total LCC (per year) 62953 100%Scenario 3 .3 .3 .1 Euro % Scenario 3 .3 .3 .2 Euro % Scenario 3 .3 .3 .3 Euro %Initial investment heat pump 559 8% Initial investment heat pump 559 3% Initial investment heat pump 559 1%Initial investment acquifer 230 3% Initial investment acquifer 230 1% Initial investment acquifer 230 0%Initial investment wall heating system 244 4% Initial investment wall heating system 244 1% Initial investment wall heating system 244 0%Initial investment roof insulation 283 4% Initial investment roof insulation 283 2% Initial investment roof insulation 283 0%Initial investment windows 224 3% Initial investment windows 224 1% Initial investment windows 224 0%Operating costs 4872 73% Operating costs 14971 89% Operating costs 60987 97%M aintenance costs 156 2% M aintenance costs 156 1% M aintenance costs 156 0%Disposal costs 1 0% Disposal costs 1 0% Disposal costs 1 0%Change over costs 75 1% Change over costs 75 0% Change over costs 75 0%Replacement costs of elements 26 0% Replacement costs of elements 26 0% Replacement costs of elements 26 0%Total LCC (per year) 6670 100% Total LCC (per year) 16769 100% Total LCC (per year) 62785 100%FIGURE 78 - TABLES #2 'LIFE CYCLE COSTS' WARMBOUWEN RENOVATIONGraphsInitial investment heat pumpInitial investment acquiferInitial investment wall heating systemInitial investment roof insulationCosts for windowsOperating costsMaintenance costsDisposal costsChange over costsReplacement costs of elementsFIGURE 79 - GRAPHS #1 'LIFE CYCLE COSTS' WARMBOUWEN RENOVATION75

FIGURE 80 - GRAPHS #2 'LIFE CYCLE COSTS' WARMBOUWEN RENOVATION76

FIGURE 81 - GRAPHS #3 'LIFE CYCLE COSTS' WARMBOUWEN RENOVATIONFigure 82 provides an overview of the performance on the factor „life cycle costs‟ of thethree renovation alternatives at all scenarios. Also, the normalized scores of thescenarios are elaborated in this figure.ScenarionnumberScenarioLCC - No Renovation€NormalizedscoreLCC - StandardRenovationFIGURE 82 – OVERVIEW OF NORMALIZED SCORES RENOVATION ALTERNATIVES€NormalizedscoreLCC - WarmBouwenRenovation€Normalizedscore1 1.1.1 4634 0,91 5597 0,75 5187 0,812 1.1.2 6025 0,70 6715 0,63 6241 0,683 1.1.3 8195 0,51 8459 0,50 7885 0,534 1.2.1 4348 0,97 5229 0,81 4852 0,875 1.2.2 5740 0,73 6347 0,66 5906 0,716 1.2.3 7909 0,53 8091 0,52 7550 0,567 1.3.1 4214 1,00 5080 0,83 4745 0,898 1.3.2 5606 0,75 6198 0,68 5800 0,739 1.3.3 7775 0,54 7942 0,53 7443 0,5710 2.1.1 6148 0,69 6539 0,64 6080 0,6911 2.1.2 11393 0,37 10756 0,39 10054 0,4212 2.1.3 25131 0,17 21799 0,19 20463 0,2113 2.2.1 5844 0,72 6161 0,68 5740 0,7314 2.2.2 11089 0,38 10378 0,41 9714 0,4315 2.2.3 24827 0,17 21421 0,20 20123 0,2116 2.3.1 5696 0,74 5985 0,70 5583 0,7517 2.3.2 10941 0,39 10201 0,41 9557 0,4418 2.3.3 24679 0,17 21244 0,20 19966 0,2119 3.1.1 7662 0,55 7709 0,55 7186 0,5920 3.1.2 20990 0,20 18423 0,23 17284 0,2421 3.1.3 81724 0,05 67245 0,06 63300 0,0722 3.2.1 7348 0,57 7320 0,58 6839 0,6223 3.2.2 20676 0,20 18034 0,23 16937 0,2524 3.2.3 81409 0,05 66855 0,06 62954 0,0725 3.3.1 7198 0,59 7138 0,59 6670 0,6326 3.3.2 20526 0,21 17853 0,24 16769 0,2527 3.3.3 81260 0,05 66674 0,06 62785 0,0777

C3.2. LIFE CYCLE YIELDSIn this section the output for the factor „life cycle yields‟ is elaborated.To determine the normalized scores for the life cycle yields of each renovation concept,the score per aspect of the yields is multiplied by a weigh factor. This weigh factor isdetermined based on a life cycle yields simulation, with an exploitation period of 50years, and a selling price of the house of 250.000 euro´s. Figure 83 shows the life cycleyields simulation.250.000695/montht=0Primary returnsSecundary returnst=50FIGURE 83 – DCF CALCULATION FOR DETERMINING CONTRIBUTION OF LCY FACTORSAssumptions:Weigh factor risk = 5%Interest rate = 5,68%The simulation calculation points out that the discounted cash flow (DCF) of:- Primary returns = 137032- Secundary returns = 12630The weigh factors are:- Primary returns: (137032-12630)/137032 * 95% = 86.3%- Secundary returns: 12630/137032 * 95% = 8.7 %- Risk: 5%Figure 84 shows the results of the calculations in the field of life cycle yields. The figureprovides the performances of the three renovation alternatives on the factor „life cycleyields‟.No renovationStandard renovationWarmBouwenrenovationNormalizedscoreWeighfactorNormalizedscoreWeighfactorNormalizedscoreWeighfactorPrimary returns 0,79 0,863 0,95 0,863 1 0,863Secundary returns 0,9 0,087 0,96 0,087 1 0,087Risk 0,86 0,05 0,29 0,05 1 0,05Total normalized score 0,80 0,92 1FIGURE 84 - RESULTS LCY78

C3.3. LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTThe figures in this section provide information about the output of the factor „life cycleenvironmental impact‟ for the three evaluated renovation alternatives. The figures areused to determine the composition of the factor „life cycle environmental impact‟ of therenovation alternatives.TablesScenarioAspectScores per renovation alternativeNo renovationStandardrenovationWarmBouwenrenovationx.1.1.y Greenhouse 130 96,7 52,4Ozone layer 0,109 0,0702 0,0505Acidification 11,7 16,8 13,7Eutrophication 4,41 5,95 5,72Heavy metals 54,4 62,7 60,3Carcinogens 15,3 16,8 7,96Pesticides 0 0 0Summer smog 11,9 7,86 5,49Winter smog 9,4 14,1 11,6Energy resources 181 132 70,2Total 418 353 227Converting factor 2 2 2Total (converted) 836 706 455Normalized score 0,403 0,477 0,740Relative score 0,544 0,644 1x.1.2.y Greenhouse 125 91,2 48Ozone layer 0,107 0,0685 0,0493Acidification 10,8 15,8 12,7Eutrophication 3,68 5,22 4,99Heavy metals 33,2 41,4 41,3Carcinogens 12,6 14,1 7,28Pesticides 0 0 0Summer smog 11,6 7,53 5,22Winter smog 8,26 12,9 10,7Energy resources 177 129 68,3Total 382 317 199Converting factor 2 2 2Total (converted) 764 634 397Normalized score 0,440 0,531 0,848Relative score 0,519 0,626 1x.1.3.y Greenhouse 121 88,1 45,8Ozone layer 0,106 0,0676 0,0489Acidification 10,3 15,4 12,6Eutrophication 3,26 4,79 4,69Heavy metals 20,7 28,8 32,3Carcinogens 11,4 12,9 7,26Pesticides 0 0 0Summer smog 11,4 7,36 5,14Winter smog 7,74 12,4 10,6Energy resources 176 127 68Total 362 297 186Converting factor 2 2 2Total (converted) 724 594 373Normalized score 0,465 0,567 0,903Relative score 0,515 0,628 1FIGURE 85 - OUTPUT ON LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT #179

ScenarioAspectScores per renovation alternativeNo renovationStandardrenovationWarmBouwenrenovationx.2.1.y Greenhouse 261 187 119Ozone layer 0,217 0,134 0,0999Acidification 23,3 29,5 25,1Eutrophication 8,92 10,8 11Heavy metals 113 124 114Carcinogens 30,3 31,4 13,8Pesticides 0 0 0Summer smog 23,8 15 10,7Winter smog 18,6 24,6 20,4Energy resources 362 254 157Total 841 676 471Converting factor 1 1 1Total (converted) 841 676 471Normalized score 0,400 0,498 0,715Relative score 0,560 0,696 1x.2.2.y Greenhouse 248 175 106Ozone layer 0,214 0,13 0,0968Acidification 21,1 27,3 22,8Eutrophication 7,23 9,08 8,48Heavy metals 63,1 73,9 70,1Carcinogens 23,9 25 11,8Pesticides 0 0 0Summer smog 23 14,3 9,12Winter smog 16 21,9 18,4Energy resources 353 245 146Total 756 592 393Converting factor 1 1 1Total (converted) 756 592 393Normalized score 0,446 0,569 0,857Relative score 0,520 0,664 1x.2.3.y Greenhouse 243 170 101Ozone layer 0,212 0,129 0,0956Acidification 20,3 26,5 21,8Eutrophication 6,56 8,41 7,75Heavy metals 43,6 54,4 51,1Carcinogens 21,8 22,8 11,2Pesticides 0 0 0Summer smog 22,8 14 8,85Winter smog 15,1 21 17,5Energy resources 351 243 144Total 724 560 363Converting factor 1 1 1Total (converted) 724 560 363Normalized score 0,465 0,601 0,927Relative score 0,502 0,648 1FIGURE 86 - OUTPUT ON LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT #280

ScenarioAspectNo renovationScores per renovation alternativeStandard WarmBouwenrenovation renovationWarmBouwen(Flexiblewalls)x.3.1.y Greenhouse 393 279 173 152Ozone layer 0,326 0,199 0,146 0,143Acidification 35 42,3 35 34,5Eutrophication 13,6 15,8 15,1 12,3Heavy metals 176 190 170 85,9Carcinogens 45,6 46,2 18,6 20,7Pesticides 0 0 0 0Summer smog 35,7 22,2 14,7 14,1Winter smog 28 35,3 28,4 28,9Energy resources 543 376 222 221Total 1270 1007 677 570Converting factor 0,67 0,67 0,67 0,67Total (converted) 847 671 451 380Normalized score 0,398 0,502 0,746 0,887Relative score 0,533 0,672 1 1,189x.3.2.y Greenhouse 373 260 157Ozone layer 0,321 0,193 0,142Acidification 31,8 39 32Eutrophication 11 13,2 12,6Heavy metals 100 114 104Carcinogens 36,2 36,7 16,5Pesticides 0 0 0Summer smog 34,6 21,1 13,8Winter smog 24,1 31,3 25,6Energy resources 531 363 216Total 1142 878 578Converting factor 0,67 0,67 0,67Total (converted) 761 586 385Normalized score 0,442 0,575 0,874Relative score 0,506 0,658 1x.3.3.y Greenhouse 363 249 145Ozone layer 0,317 0,19 0,139Acidification 30 37,2 29,8Eutrophication 9,58 11,7 10,2Heavy metals 58,5 71,8 64,6Carcinogens 31,1 31,6 14,6Pesticides 0 0 0Summer smog 34 20,5 12,2Winter smog 21,9 29,1 23,6Energy resources 524 357 205Total 1072 808 505Converting factor 0,67 0,67 0,67Total (converted) 715 539 337Normalized score 0,471 0,625 1Relative score 0,471 0,625 1FIGURE 87 - OUTPUT ON LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT #381

GraphsEnvironmental impact caused by assemblyEnvironmental impact caused by gas use(At concepts 3.x.x.x: EI caused byelectricity use heat pump)Environmental impact caused by electricity useEnvironmental impact caused by disposal of elementsFIGURE 88 - OUTPUT GRAPHS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT #182

Environmental impact caused by assemblyEnvironmental impact caused by gas use(At concepts 3.x.x.x: EI caused byelectricity use heat pump)Environmental impact caused by electricity useEnvironmental impact caused by disposal of elementsFIGURE 89 - OUTPUT GRAPHS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT #283

C3.4. QUALITYFigure 90 provides information about the output of the factor „quality‟ for the threeevaluated renovation alternatives.HealthUser qualityFuture valueWeightingfactorNorenovationPointsStandardrenovatoinpointsWarmBouwenrenovationPointsSound 250 4,6 11,5 4,9 12,3 4,9 12,3Air quality 450 4,9 22,1 6,5 29,3 6,1 27,5Thermal comfort 250 5,8 14,5 6,6 16,5 7,5 18,8Visual comfort 50 6 3,0 6 3,0 6 3,0Technical quality 250 7,4 18,5 7,4 18,5 7,4 18,5Future facilities 333 4,7 15,7 4,7 15,7 5,3 17,6Flexibility 333 5,7 19,0 5,7 19,0 6,1 20,3Experienced value 333 6 20,0 6 20,0 6,2 20,6Total scoreNormalized scoreFIGURE 90 - OUTPUT ON 'QUALITY'124,20,90134,10,97138,6184

C3.5. ENERGY PERFORMANCE COEFFICIENTThe figures in this section provide information about the output of the factor „energyperformance coefficient´ for the three evaluated renovation alternatives.No renovationFIGURE 91 - OUTPUT ON 'EPC' NO RENOVATIONStandard RenovationFIGURE 92 - OUTPUT ON 'EPC' STANDARD RENOVATION85

WarmBouwen renovationFIGURE 93 - OUTPUT ON 'EPC' WARMBOUWEN RENOVATIONNormalized score of alternatives:No renovation Standard renovation WarmBouwenrenovationEnergy performance 2.22 1.23 0.7coefficientNormalized score 0.32 0.57 1FIGURE 94 -NORMALIZED SCORE OF THE RENOVATION ALTERNATIVE ON 'EPC'86

C4. RESULTS MODELThe output on each identified factor of influence for the three defined renovationalternatives is presented in the previous subparagraphs (see all defined scenarios inappendix Q). This output information is combined to provide the overall model output foreach scenario. The model output is presented in this appendix.Application of the model results in a diagram as presented in the figures in this section.To optimize the comparability of this output, the diagram shows the normalized score ofthe evaluated alternatives. Hereby, the best score on each aspect is represented by thescore 1. The scores of the other alternatives represent the normalized score. Hereby thealternative with the score 1 forms the norm and the score of other alternatives liesbetween 0 and 1. More information about the interpretation of these figures is providedin sub paragraph 4.2.5, page 52 of the main report.FIGURE 95 - OVERALL MODEL OUTPUT #187

FIGURE 96 - OVERALL MODEL OUTPUT #288

FIGURE 97 - OVERALL MODEL OUTPUT #389

FIGURE 98 - OVERALL MODEL OUTPUT #490

FIGURE 99 - OVERALL MODEL OUTPUT #591

APPENDIX D - CONSULTED EXPERTS AND USEDDOCUMENTSIn figure 100 the experts are listed that are consulted to determine input parameters forthe model application. The experts are selected on their specific knowledge in the field ofone of the performance factors of the model.Name Consulted about CompanyO. van Kampen Parameters for life cycle costs calculations and S&G en partnersexecuting LCC calculation with the LCC-LitesoftwareG. Verbaan Energy performance of the WarmBouwen DGMRconceptS. Binnemars Modelling in SimaPro / executing LCA University of TwentecalculationsT. van de Merwe Assigning environmental impact to elements / University of Twenteexecuting LCA calculationsM. Toxopeus Modelling in SimaPro / checking LCA University of Twenteparameters and defining recycle scenariosP. Boswinkel Input parameters for LCC calculations Local CompanyWarmBouwenA. van Kessel Yearly average maintenance costs aquifer + Local Companydetermining input parameters for LCYcalculationsM. Mol Composition of the pumps in an aquifer Grundfos Nederlandsystem (materials + weights)R. Loods Composition of the other elements in an Mos b.v.aquifer system (materials + weights)Mr. van der Composition of the elements in a boiler VaillantPutten(materials + weights)A. Ploegmakers Composition of the elements in a heat pump Stiebel Eltron(materials + weights). Also consulted aboutthe most suitable heat pump for the referencehouse of the research.P. van Tilburg Composition of the elements in a radiator The heating(materials + weights) & dimensions of companyaverage radiator.Mr. Martin Composition of the elements in a window Saint Gobain(materials + weights)M. Tipkerk Composition of the elements in an expansion Famcobarrel (materials + weights)J. Vink Composition of the elements in piping Viega(materials + weights)Mr. Riethorst Composition of the elements of the wall RIHOheating system WarmBouwen (materials +weights)Expert -name = Composition of the elements in a ventilation Orconunknown- system (materials + weights)Mr. Steenbeek Costs for demolishing construction elements Heijn HeunJ. Veldhuis Costs for installation of radiators Maat b.v.H. de Jong Costs for replacement of ventilators RuconFIGURE 100 - CONSULTED EXPERTS FOR TESTING THE MODEL92

Figure 101 shows the literature, reports and product sheets that are used for determiningthe input for the model application.Name of document Owner SubjectYtong. „Binnenwanden- buitengewoon goed.‟XellaInformation about the composition of Ytongwalls. These Ytong walls have been used asreference for the fixed internal walls in therenovation alternatives.Toolkit bestaandebouw – duurzamewoning verbeteringBAMwoningbouw/SenterNovem/ProjectgroepDEPWSimaPro 7.1 Tutorial Pré -Consultantsbouwkostenonline.nlLife Cycle Assessmentand ExternalEnvironmental CostAnalysis of HeatPumpsPlannen en toepassen:Pexfit Fosta, PexfitPlusBouwkostenonline.nlRey et al.ViegaThis document has been used for the definitionof the standard renovation concept and thecosts of the measures that are applied in thisconcept.This tutorial manual has been used to learn theuse of the SimaPro software. Also the tutorial isused to make the right assumptions during theexecution of the Life Cycle Assessment.This website has been used to determine thecosts of the construction of internal walls andthe costs of the finishing of the internal walls.This document helped me to determine thecomposition and weights of included materialsof a heat pump. This LCA listed all the materialsthat are applied in a heat pump. This list isused as reference for this research.This document provided all technicalinformation about the piping that is used indwellings for the transport of heat.PURSCHUIM Bison This document provided the technicalinformation about PUR foam. In this researchPUR foam is applied as insulation material.Gipsplaten – Sneleven andersIsolavaThis document provided the technicalinformation about the gypsum board. In thisresearch gypsum board is applied as anelement of the roof insulation.Grundfos_SP 30-2 Grundfos This document provided a part of the technicalinformation about the pumps that are used inaquifer systems.The SP system –Strenght all the waySpiralo-buis SPBTechnischedocumentatie -Ventilatie voorwoningbouwTechnischeeigenschappenklimaatplaatKlimaatsysteemGrundfosKennemerspiraloOrconRIHO-TechniekRIHO-TechniekThis document provided a part of the technicalinformation about the pumps that are used inaquifer systems.This product sheet provided technicalinformation about the tubes that are used forthe transportation of air in a ventilation system.This document provided the technicalinformation about the ventilation system. Inthis research a ventilation system is applied inthe standard renovation concept.This product sheet provided technicalinformation about the climate board that isapplied in the WarmBouwen renovation.alternativeThis document provided technical informationabout the climate board that is applied in theWarmBouwen renovation alternative.Ecotherm Baseline Ecotherm This product sheet provided technical93

information about the first insulation layer ofinsulation material that is used in theWarmBouwen renovation alternative for façadeinsulation.ENVOY Silver ENVOY This product sheet provided technicalinformation about the second layer of insulationmaterial that is used in the WarmBouwenrenovation alternative for façade insulation.Voorbeeldwoningenbestaande bouw 2007Milieucentraal.nlnl.wikipedia.orgMilieucentraal.nlnl.wikipedia.orglageenergierekening.nlTNO / StiebelEltronTNO-034-APD-2009-00179SenterNovemlageenergierekening.nlFor the selection of a generic house thisdocument of SenterNovem has been analyzed.The document gives an overview of all the typeof dwellings that are present in the Netherlandsand into what extend. Based upon thisdocument the reference house of this researchhas been selected. This document also providedtechnical and spatial information about theselected reference house.This website is consulted for the costs ofboilers.This website is used to determine the caloricvalue of gas.This website is used to determine the currentaverage gas price and electricity price in theNetherlands.This document provided technical informationabout the performance of the heat pump that isused as a reference in this research.Cbs.nl Cbs.nl This website is consulted to gather informationabout the development of the consumer pricefor gas and electricity in the Netherlands in thepast. Based upon this information scenarios forthis development are defined.Ec.europa.euEuropeanUnionThis website was consulted to gain informationabout the average discount rate in Europe forthe last years. Based upon this information anassumption is made for the discount rate that isused in this research.Duurzaamheid loont H. Bijdendijk The report of Mr. Bijdendijk is used todetermine the average lifespan of a buildingafter completion. Based on this informationscenarios have been put up for the lifespan of abuilding after renovation.RegelingWarmtebesluitOntwikkelaarsinformatiemapMinisterie vanEconomischeZakenForteckThis document is consulted to define theaverage yearly maintenance costs of a boiler.This document provided information about theaverage yearly maintenance costs of aventilation system.Offer RIHO RIHO This offer was used to determine to costs perm 2 wallheating, which is applied in thealternative WarmBouwen renovation.Senternovem.nl SenterNovem This website is consulted to gain informationabout the yearly average maintenance costs ofa individual heat pump.FIGURE 101 - USED SOURCES FOR INPUT MODEL CALCULATIONS94

APPENDIX E - BREEAM ASSESSMENT TOOLThis appendix provides an overview of the main aspects and sub aspects that are takeninto consideration by the BREEAM sustainability assessment tool.- Management• Commissioning• Construction site and surroundings• Construction site impacts• User guide• Life cycle costing• Combined credits• Consultation• Shared facilities• Security• Publication of building information• The development as a learning resource• Ease of maintenance- Health• Daylighting• View out• Glare control• High frequency lighting• Internal and external lightning levels• Lightning zones & controls• Natural ventilation• Internal air quality• Volatile organic compounds• Thermal comfort• Thermal zoning• Acoustic performance- Energy• Reduction of CO 2 emissions• Sub-metering of energy uses• Energy-efficient external lighting• Use of renewable energy• Building fabric performance & avoidance of air infiltration• Energy-efficient refrigerated and frozen storage• Energy-efficient lifts• Energy-efficient escalators and travelers• Assurance of thermal quality of building shell- Transport• Provision of public transport• Proximity to amenities• Cyclist facilities• Pedestrian and cyclist safety• Travel plan and parking policy• Travel information point• Deliveries and manoeuvring95

- Water• Water consumption• Watermeter• Major leak detection• Sanitary supply shut off• Water recycling• Irrigation systems• Vehicle wash- Materials• Materials specification• Reuse of building facade• Reuse of building structure• Responsible sourcing of materials• Designing for robustness- Waste• Waste management on the construction site• Recycled aggregates• Recyclable waste storage• Compost• Finishing elements- Land use & Ecology• Reuse of land• Contaminated land• Existing wildlife at the construction site• Plants and animals as co-users of the plan area• Long-term sustainable co-use by plants and animals• Local wildlife partnerships- Pollution• Refrigerant GWP – building services• Preventing refrigerant leaks• Refrigerant GWP – cold storage• NO x emissions from heating sources• Protecting building from floods• Minimizing watercourse pollution• Reduction of night time light pollution• Noise attenuation96

APPENDIX F - GREENCALC ASSESSMENT TOOLThis appendix provides an overview of the main aspects and sub aspects that are takeninto consideration by Greencalc.- Material• Foundation• Facade• Interior walls• Floors• Roof• Installations• Interior- Energy• Building bounded use• Constructive information• Climate system• Warm tap water• Photo-Voltaic/windmills• Lightning• Equipment• Corrections- Water• Facilities• Sanitary• Rain water• Corrections- Mobility97

APPENDIX G - HISTORY OF LCAThis appendix describes the history and origination of the LCA principle.The history of the Life Cycle Assessment is described by SAIC (2006). In their report „LifeCycle Assessment: Principles and Practice‟, the history of LCA is described as follows:Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) had its beginnings in the 1960‟s due to concerns over thelimitations of raw materials and energy resources. This started the interest in thecumulative account for energy use and the calculation of future resource supply and use.Later in the 1960‟s, global modeling studies published „The Limits to Growth‟ (Meadowset al., 1972) and „A Blueprint for Survival‟ (Goldsmith et al., 1972). These studiespredicted the effects of the world‟s changing population on the demand for materials andresources. During this period, various studies were performed to estimate costs andenvironmental implications of alternative sources of energy.In 1969, researchers initiated an internal study for The Coca-Cola Company that providedthe foundation for the current methods of life cycle inventory analysis in the UnitedStates. This comparison of different beverage containers resulted in quantifiedinformation about the raw materials and fuels needed for the manufacturing process foreach container. In the early 1970‟s various other companies performed similarcomparative life cycle analyses.The quantifying process of resources and environmental releases of products becameknown as REPA in the USA; Resource and Environmental Profile Analysis. In Europe thisapproach was became known as Ecobalance. Between 1970 and 1975, about 15 REPA‟swere performed. Through this period, a standard research methodology for conductingthese studies was developed.From 1975 through the early 1980‟s, as interest in these comprehensive studies wanedbecause of the fading influence of the oil crisis, environmental concerns shifted to issuesof hazardous and household waste management. However, life cycle inventory analysiscontinued to be conducted. During this time, European interest grew due to theestablishment of an Environment Directorate by the European Commission. Therefore, inEurope parallel approaches were developed.In 1988 solid waste became a worldwide issue. Therefore, LCA again emerged as a toolfor analyzing environmental problems. The methodology for LCA again was beingimproved. The need to move to impact assessment has brought LCA methodology toanother point of evolution (SETAC, 1991); (SETAC, 1993); (SETAC, 1997).Standardized LCA methodology came up due to concerns over the inappropriate use ofLCA‟s. This standardization was developed by International Standards Organization (ISO)and was called ISO 14000In 2002, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) joined forces with theSociety of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) to launch the Life CycleInitiative, an international partnership. This initiative resulted in three programs that aimat putting life cycle thinking into practice and at improving the supporting tools throughbetter data and indicators. The Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) program increasesthe quality and global reach of life cycle indicators by promoting the exchange of viewsamong experts whose work results in a set of widely accepted recommendations.98

APPENDIX H - INSULATION VS ACCUMULATIONAppendix I describes that insulation is something else than accumulation. Once you havechosen for the path of insulation, you have abandoned the path of accumulation. Thisappendix elaborates the differences between these two principals in more detail. Theinformation in this paragraph is provided by M. de Gier, KBnG Architects.Insulation literally means separating. That is exactly what has happened to theconstruction technology through the ages. In the current construction industry, theconstructor creates a load bearing construction, the construction physicist wraps thisconstruction with insulation and foils and at the end the architect designs an ethic skin tomake the building representative. In this system interaction between the inside climateand outside climate can form a threat for the health of the user as well as the health ofthe construction. Cold bridges are spots where condensation takes place. Thiscondensation, which is moisture, can result in mould. Mould is on its turn a causativeagent and causes putrefaction. Putrefaction is not the only threat, because also frostforms a threat. Water expands when it freezes and thereby can form a threat for thestability of the construction.To prevent this from occurring, construction physicists do not only calculate the amountof insulation that is needed, but also calculate the amount of vapor in the construction.They prevent condensation in the building by wrapping up the building with vapor prooffoils. To carry off the moisture that people produce, powerful mechanic ventilation isinstalled in buildings.The next development was the installation of a heat-regain system on the ventilation ofthe building, because a lot of heat is lost due to the mechanic ventilation. To increase thereturns furthermore, a part of the air is reused, after getting the moisture out andfiltering it. The question is whether the channels and filters for the ventilation are ashealthy as they are stated to be. Most of the time insulation does not simplifyconstruction. Insulation also does not make construction healthier, because additivetechnology has to provide a healthy inside climate.Principally there is nothing wrong with insulation. However, we should be aware of thefact that more insulation is not always better. The first centimeters of insulation have abig impact, but the more insulation is applied, the less impact the added insulation hasgot. The reason insulation is applied, is to reduce the loss of heat in a building, withouttoo much increase of weight of the building. A brick wall has about the same insulationfactor as one centimeter of rock wool, while the rock wool weighs almost 40 times lessthan the brick wall. Energy loss on itself is not necessarily negative. If a building gains asmuch energy as it loses, the energy loss is not a problem. In this case, you do have to beable to gain and store energy in the first place, and regain this energy when you need it.A roman church, as described in appendix I, is an example of a building that contains alot of mass. This church stores a lot of energy in the summer and emits this energy inthe winter. Due to the balance of these energy flows, it is not negative that there is anexchange of energy. The balance also causes slowness in the course of the temperature,which prevents a huge demand for the correction of the intern climate. Withoutaccumulation of energy, a building follows the temperature of the environment, whichchanges not only by night and day, but also seasonal. Without accumulation, a lot ofenergy has to be added to heat the building when it is cold outside and to cool thebuilding when it is warm outside.99

APPENDIX I - DEVELOPMENT OF WARMBOUWENThis appendix describes the development process of WarmBouwen. Information isprovided by M. de Gier, KBnG Architects.In history, when humans were not able to build houses yet, they tried to search for otherkinds of residences that could protect them from environmental influences. The Eskimosfor example built igloos to protect themselves against wind and cold. In other parts ofthe world humans lived in caves to protect themselves against wind, rain, heat and cold.These caves were a comfortable residence, because there was a constant temperature inthe cave, the whole year long. This constant temperature was the result of the mass ofstone, where the cave consisted of. After years this mass of stone adopted the averageenvironment temperature of the climate they were situated in. In summer the caveprovided cold and in the winter the cave provided heat. Although caves are not commonin the Netherlands, the concept of a cave in the Netherlands is very interesting. Theaverage environment temperature in the Netherlands is about 13 degrees Celsius. A cavein the Netherlands would provide a interior temperature of 13 degrees Celsius, the wholeyear.As mankind, we do not live in caves anymore, but still if we enter an old Roman churchwe experience the same principal: a constant temperature. The total mass of theresidence is reduced significantly compared to a cave, and also windows have beenplaced, but the fluctuation of the temperature within the residence stays limited. Thetemperature of the church lies between twelve and fourteen degrees Celsius. Gothicchurches are even thinner than Roman churches, the windows are bigger and the wallsare less massive. But still the winter does not significantly influence the temperaturewithin these buildings. The fluctuation of the temperature is still limited, again due to themass of the building that reacts very slow on differences in temperature.The walls in the examples of the cave and the churches above absorb heat during thesummer and emit this heat to the interior during the winter. This principal also works theother way around. In the winter the walls absorbs cold and emit this to the interior in thesummer.In case of a tent, there is a totally different situation. A tent gives shelter against windand rain, but does not provide a constant temperature. The mass of the tent is minimal,and therefore does not accumulate temperature. If the tent is situated in theNetherlands, the average temperature of the tent over a year is also thirteen degreesCelsius, but the minimum and maximum temperature of the tent is the same as thetemperatures of the direct environment of the tent. This means that in winter thetemperature can get below freezing point and in summer the temperature can rise abovethirty degrees Celsius. The situation of the tent differs from the situation of the cavedescribed above. A residence without mass results in a highly fluctuating interiortemperature. A residence with mass results in a very constant interior temperature,without large fluctuations.In the course of past few the ages, constructions more and more transformed towards atent concept instead of a cave concept. Humans have developed knowledge and insightin construction, and thereby have been able to build more and more efficient. Thisdevelopment in efficiency resulted in lighter constructions, because in lighterconstructions, less mass has to be piled up. And less mass was considered to be betterbecause mass is a problem in the Netherlands, due to the soft soil which cannot bearhuge loads. This problem could be solved by using piles, but piling, and therefore mass,is expensive in the Netherlands. This is one of the reasons why construction in theNetherlands has become lighter during the years.100

The cavity wall has been a very important development for the efficiency in theconstruction industry. Brick is not hundred percent waterproof, and therefore, moisturecan come through a brick wall. The cavity wall ended this moisture problem. After theinvention of the cavity wall, the insight of insulating the cavity wall came up. Thisinsulation had the function to keep more heat inside the building to increase comfort ofthe building. New technologies made it possible to build lighter, and thereby moreefficient. The disadvantage of this development is that the industry lost sight ofaccumulation of temperature. Nowadays, even the best insulated buildings follow theseasonal temperatures, the „tent principal‟. In winter this results in a comforttemperature that differs 20-25 degrees from the construction temperature. Withoutaccumulation, without mass, the skin of a building follows the dominant temperature,which is the outside temperature. To preserve the comfort temperature inside thebuilding, a lot of energy has to be put in, and a lot of energy is needed to keep the heatinside the building. In summer this system works the other way around. In summer it isvery hard to lose the heat inside the building.The efficiency development in the construction industry has resulted in lighterconstructions with more insulation, which results in a situation whereby constantregulation of the interior climate with heat or cold is required.101

APPENDIX J - COMPETITIVE CONCEPTSThis appendix provides insight in possible competitive concepts for WarmBouwen. Adescription and evaluation of the competitive concepts is provided. This evaluationprovides information about the viability of the WarmBouwen concept compared to otherpossibilities for the sustainable renovation of houses. This elaboration provides moreinformation on the relative advantage of WarmBouwen. The relative advantage is one ofthe characteristics of an innovation that influences adoption of the innovation.CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUESBased on the doctoral thesis of Hoppe (2009), conventional sustainability measures fordwellings are defined. Hoppe describes various applied sustainable renovation measuresand to what extend each measure is applied in the Netherlands. Figure 102 shows theresults of the analysis of Hoppe.Hoppe explains the standard sustainablerenovation measures as follows.(Hoppe, 2009)InsulationClassification: save energyVarious insulation measures can beapplied to decrease the need for energyin a house. Roofs, walls, and floors canbe insulated. Also new windows can beapplied with a better insulation value.To decrease the lost of heat duringtransport, piping can be insulated toimprove efficiency of the system.High efficiency central heating systemClassification: improving energyefficiencyIn the Netherlands natural gas is themost important source of energy. Inabout ninety percent of the Dutchhouses, a central heating system basedon natural gas is applied. The efficiencyof the central heating system has beenimproved from 70% in the seventiesuntil 100-107% nowadays.Energy measure ConcretemeasureIncreasedefficiency ofheating systemInsulation offacadesDecreasedlosses forspaceheatingand waterheating Optimization useof ventilationsystemRenewableenergy sourcesEnergy savinglightningtechniquesA* B** C*** A* B** C***Individual CHsystem92% 93% 63% 82% 85% 58%High-Efficiencyboiler next toindividual CHsystem55% 43% 80% 30% 30% 21%Floor on 1 st floor 41% 37% 30% 11% 27% 42%Roof 67% 73% 57% 37% 56% 72%Facade 54% 53% 33% 45% 60% 52%Windows 76% 74% 63% 54% 63% 76%Crawling space 38% 36% 20% 10% 23% 37%Insulation piping 42% 30% 15% 4% 22% 16%Balanceventilation onrequest* Duplex house1%

are rarely applied in the Netherlands. Broadly applied “standard renovation” measuresare:- High efficiency central heating system- Insulation of floor, walls (facade), roof, and windows- Insulation of pipingThe standard renovation measures listed above are the base for the definition of the“standard renovation concept”, which is elaborated in appendix C1.EVALUATION STANDARD RENOVATION MEASURESThis research points out that the relative advantage of standard renovation measures isless advantageous than the relative advantage of WarmBouwen, see Chapter 6. Thecompatibility of the standard renovation is better than the WarmBouwen renovation,because it is easier to apply the standard renovation measures than the WarmBouwenconcept. The WarmBouwen concept can be considered as more complex than thestandard renovation concept, which results in a better score of the standard renovationon the aspect of complexity. The score on trialability of the standard renovation conceptand the WarmBouwen renovation concept are considered to be equal. The barrier to trythe concepts in practice is equal. Lastly, WarmBouwen scores better on the aspect ofobservability. The transparency of the advantages is equal, but the WarmBouwenconcept has is more advantageous to occupants of dwellings which makes it possible tocommunicate these advantages in a better way than at the standard renovation concept.CONCLUSIONWarmBouwen scores better on the characteristics relative advantage and observability.The score of the two concepts is equal on the aspect trialability. The standard renovationconcept scores better on compatibility and complexity.INNOVATIVE CONCEPTSThis subparagraph evaluates three possible alternatives for WarmBouwen. The threealternatives that are evaluated are considered to be highly sustainable. The goal of thissubparagraph is to determine whether or not these concepts are competitive concepts forWarmBouwen in the field of large scale housing renovation.PASSIVE HOUSEThe passive house concept is a development of the German “Passivhaus Insitut”. Theconcept consists of a thoroughly insulated house in combination with a good ventilationsystem that is provided with an effective heat regain system. This paragraph providesmore information about the passive house concept.A building in which a comfortable interior climate can be maintained without an activeheating and cooling system, is called a passive house (Adamson, 1987) & (Feist, 1988).A passive house heats and cools itself. (www.passiv.de)The passive house institute in Germany considers the features in figure 103 as basicfeatures that distinguish passive house constructions (www.passiv.de)The passive house institute determined that the combined primary energy consumptionof living area of a European passive house may not exceed 120 (kWh/m²) per year forspace heating, hot water, and household electricity. (www.passiv.de)FeatureCompact form and goodinsulationSouthern orientation andshade considerationsDetailsAll components of the exterior shell of the house are insulated toachieve a U-factor that does not exceed 0.15 W/m 2 *KPassive use of solar energy is a significant factor in passive housedesign103

Energy-efficient windowglazing and framesBuilding envelope airtightnessPassive preheating offresh airHighly efficient heatrecovery from exhaust airWindows (glazing and frames, combined) should have U-factors thatdon‟t exceed 0.80 W/m 2 *K, with solar heat-gain coefficients around50%Air leakage through unsealed joint must be less than 0.6 times thehouse volume per hourFresh air can be brought into the house through underground ductsthat exchange heat with the soil.Most of the perceptible heat in the exhaust air is transferred to theincoming fresh air. (Heat recovery rate over 80%)FIGURE 103-BASIC FEATURES OF PASSIVE HOUSES, (WWW.PASSIV.DE)EVALUATION PASSIVE HOUSEThis section evaluates the applicability of the passive house concept on the criteria of theconcept, listed in figure 103.Compact form and good insulationIn case of a renovation project, the form of the building has already been established atthe development of the building. It is very hard to adapt the form of the building in a waythat is economically feasible and technical feasible at the same time. At renovationprojects there are only little things to do, to create a more compact form of the building.Creating a good insulation (passive house proof) is possible in a renovation project.However, it should be taken into account that it is not easy to improve the existingfacades towards a U-factor of 0.15 W/m 2 *K maximum. If the insulation is added to theinside of the facades, a significant loss of living area will occur. If the insulation is addedto the outside of the façade, a thick package of insulation must be added. The question iswhether this can be done, without applying additional expensive constructiveadaptations. Also the thick package of insulation has got a big influence of the ethics of abuilding and the public space around the building.Southern orientation and shade considerationsGiven the fact that an existing buildings is already built, nothing can be done on theaspect of orientation. Constructive adaptations can have a positive influence on shadeconsiderations and the orientation issues, but these adaptations are hard and expensiveto execute.Energy-efficient window glazing and framesIt is possible to make adaptations on the aspect of windows and frames. In a renovationproject it is no issue to change the windows and frames, although the building shouldfacilitate the use of triple-glazing.Building envelope air tightnessIn the passive house concept, the air leakage is maximum 0,6 times the house volumeper hour. In new development it is quite easy to seal joints, because they are still easilyaccessible. In case of renovation however, it is much harder to have access to thesejoints. Therefore, the costs and the difficulty to reach passive house values for airtightness are much higher than in case of new development.Passive pre-heating of fresh airConsidering the fact that the pre-heating takes place in underground ductwork, it can bestated that this technique can be applied if there is space to apply the undergroundductwork next to the building, instead of under the building. It depends upon thedimensions of the pre-heating system whether this can be applied in case of renovationprojects.104

Heat recovery from exhaust air usingHeat recovery from exhaust air can be easily applied in new development as well as inrenovation projects. This measure of the passive house concept forms no problem inrenovation projects.CONCLUSIONGenerally, it can be said that the passive house concept is a concept that is developed fornew development buildings. This makes this concept less suitable for the renovation ofbuilding. Therefore, the conclusion is that, although the passive house is an interestingand proven sustainable concept, the applicability of the concept on renovation projects islimited. The aspects that are easily applicable for renovation projects (energy-efficientglazing and heat recovery from exhaust air) are inferior to the aspects that are hard toapply in renovation projects (compact form and insulation, orientation, pre-heating offresh air, and air tightness).HOUSE WITH PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGNA house with a passive solar design makes use of the sun‟s energy for the heating andcooling of living spaces. The building itself takes advantage of natural energycharacteristics in materials and air created by exposure to the sun. The advantage of apassive design is that it is a simple design with few moving parts, which requires minimalmaintenance and no mechanical systems. Common elements that are found in passivedesigns are operable windows, thermal mass and thermal chimneys.Operable windows are windows that simply can be opened and closed. Thermal massrefers to materials such as masonry and water that can store heat energy for extendedtime. Thermal mass prevents rapid temperature changes. Thermal chimneys create orreinforce the hot air rising effect to induce air movement for cooling purposes.(passivesolar.sustainablesources.com)Passive design is a proven concept and is practiced throughout the world. Passive designis known to produce buildings with low energy needs, reduced maintenance, and highcomfort. The key aspects of passive design are:- Appropriate solar orientation- Use of thermal mass- Appropriate ventilation and window placementTo be able to make an effective passive design, a designer should have specificunderstanding of a building site‟s:- Wind patterns- Terrain- Vegetation- Solar exposureA basic understanding of these issues can have a significant effect on the energyperformance of a building.EVALUATIONThe passive solar design house is a concept with similarities to the passive houseconcept. However, the passive solar design focuses on reducing the amount ofmechanical elements in the house, where the passive house concepts does integratesthese mechanical elements. The text below evaluates the applicability of the passivesolar design concept on the criteria of the concept.Appropriate solar orientationGiven the fact that an existing building is already built, nothing can be done on theaspect of orientation. Constructive adaptations can have a positive influence on shadeconsiderations and the orientation issues, but these adaptations are mostly hard and105

expensive to execute. Adapting the solar orientation of a house is hard to execute in arenovation project.Use of thermal massIf you want to make use of thermal mass effectively, this aspect should be integratedinto the design of a building before it is built. Is most cases it will be hard and costly toimplement the use of thermal mass into the renovation of a house.Appropriate ventilation and window placementThe ventilation of a building can be adapted into a certain extend. This is a measure thatcan be applied in renovation projects. The window placement on the other hand, is lesseasy to adapt in renovation projects. The window placement is determined at thedevelopment of the house. This can be adapted in a renovation project, but this will becostly. The question is whether or not this is cost effective on the long term.Cater to wind pattern, terrain, vegetation and solar exposureIn case of a renovation project, it is plausible that the building has been built withouttaking the aspects of wind, terrain, vegetation and solar exposure into account from anenergy efficiency point of view. To cater these aspects in a better way, constructiveadaptations have to be implemented to the building during the renovation. This makes ithard to implement these measures on a cost effective way.CONCLUSIONThe basic principles of passive solar design houses are an appropriate solar orientation,taking advantage of thermal mass principle, an appropriate ventilation system andwindow placement, and taking the wind pattern, terrain, and vegetation into account.Most of these aspects are hard and costly to implement in a renovation project.Therefore, this concept is not suitable for large scale renovation of houses in theNetherlands.EARTH HOUSEThe aim of an earth house is to live with the ground, instead of on the ground. Aconventional house is built into the air, which results in the loss of heat and humidity.Also the exterior shell of a building loses lifespan as a result of environmental influences.An earth house uses the ground as an insulating blanket that protects the house fromenvironmental influences like rain, wind, and low or high temperatures.(www.erdhaus.ch)Unique about the earth house concept is that it uses its surroundings as an advantage.The surroundings are not adapted to the building, but the house is shaped in order topreserve the natural environment. Figure 104 shows the principal of the earth house.FIGURE 104- EARTH HOUSE PRINCIPAL (WWW.ERDHAUS.CH)106

According to www.erdhaus.ch, the earth house has the following advantages:InsulationDue to decreased heat losses in the facades of the house, energy savings for heating cango up to fifty percent. Therefore, an earth house can be considered to be highly CO 2friendly.Air-permeabilityThe specific architecture of earth houses make them nearly airtight. This results indraught free rooms, no structural damage due to humid, a high extend of controllabilityof the interior climate, and improved sound insulation.Soil-covered roofsThe earth house uses the ground as insulation. The ground protects the house effectivelyfrom wind, rain, temperature and other environmental influences like natural abrasion.Due to the soil on top of the house, the temperature in summer stays low and thetemperature in winter stays high.Sustainable usage of energy and renewable energyDue to the architecture of the house, it is particularly suitable for alternative heatingsystems. Air, ground, sun, and water can be used as an alternative heat source.CONCLUSIONAn earth house has got some unique advantages but is unsuitable as a renovationtechnique. By realizing an earth house, the construction should be suitable for the massof the soil that comes on top of the house. It is clear that the construction of the existinghouses in the Netherlands is not calculated upon this mass, and therefore is not suitablefor bearing this load. Next to that, the earth house concept is only applicable for houseswith a limited height and there should be enough space to wrap the building with soil andvegetation. Mostly, this space is unavailable at high density Dutch residential areas.PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ALL CONCEPTSStandardrenovationPassivesolar designPassivehouse Earth houseWarmBouwenProgress on system change process (Dieleman) + +/- +/- +/- +/-Current adoption rate of innovation +/- - - - --Relative advantage +/- + ++ ++ ++Compatability + + +/- + +/-Complexity + + - + +/-Trialability - - - - -Observability +/- + + + +Suitability for renovation ++ -- -- -- +The table above shows an overview of the performance evaluation of the identifiedcompetitive concepts of WarmBouwen.107

APPENDIX K - SOIL CONDITIONSFigure 105 shows the quality of the soil in the Netherlands regarding the applicability ofan aquifer. The list below explains the meanings of the different colors on the map.Red:Pink:Orange:Yellow:restriction areas, applying an aquifer is impossible.suitability for applying an aquifer is very good.suitability for applying an aquifer is good.suitability for applying an aquifer is moderate.FIGURE 105 - SUITAB ILITY OF THE SOIL FOR AN AQUIFER. SOURCE: TNO & IF108

APPENDIX L - BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE MODELFigure 106 provides a tree-breakdown-structure of the „life cycle performance evaluationmodel‟ that is depicted in section 4.2.1 of this research. Al the identified factors and subfactorsof influence on the life cycle performance of renovation concept are integrated inthe structure.Lifespan of elementsLifespan of buildingReference buildingScope1 st levelsubfactorsBoundaryconditionsBoundaryfactorsLife CyclePerformanceLife CycleCostsLife CycleYieldsLife CycleEnvironmentalImpactQualityEnergyPerformanceCoefficientMainfactorsExternal factorsFinancial factorsRisksPrimary returnsSecondary returnsAssemblyLife cycleDisposalUser healthFuture valueTechnical qualityTechnicalperformanceInstallationtechniques1 st levelsubfactorsDevelopmentenergy priceDiscount rateRentMaterialsProcessing &manufacturingTransportSoundAir qualityThermal comfortLight and visualcomfortVentilationTap waterSpace heatingSpace cooling2 nd levelsubfactorsInitial investmentExit yieldEnergy useEnergy useTransmissionOperating costsMaintenance costsDisposal costsReplacement ofelementsEnergy useReplacement ofelementsInfiltrationThermal capacityChange over costsReplacement costsof elementsFIGURE 106 - BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE OF THE 'LIFE CYCLE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION MODEL'109

APPENDIX M - EVALUATION EXISTING MODELSThis appendix provides an evaluation of the quality of the four analyzed sustainabilityassessment tools.GPR GEBOUWGPR Gebouw is sustainability assessment tool that is recently updated. The factors thatare taken into account in this tool are very useful for developing a performanceevaluation model for sustainable renovation concepts because the tool is very completeand quantifies scores on the quality aspect. However, this tool also has someshortcomings. GPR Gebouw gives no indication of the financial performance of arenovation concept. Therefore, the sustainability score can give a distorted image of aconcept. For several aspects that are considered in GPR Gebouw, it is not plausible thatthey will be influenced by renovation measures. It is improbable that house ownersinvest in aspects as water, social safety, and accessibility during a sustainablerenovation. Thus, the GPR tool contains several factors that are improbable to beinfluenced by a sustainable renovation. For the development of a performance evaluationmodel for renovation concepts, several aspects can be used. For a comprising view onthe sustainable performance of a renovation concept, a life cycle approach should beintegrated in the performance evaluation tool. GPR Gebouw does apply a life cycleapproach on the field of energy use of the building and the environmental impact.However, on the field of material use, processes and manufacturing, transport and thefinancial aspects, this tool does not integrate the life cycle approach. Next to that, theenvironmental impact of GPR Gebouw is only represented in CO 2 equivalents, while it isplausible that the focus in the field of environmental performance will change in thefuture.BREEAMBREEAM is an extensive sustainability assessment tool. Many aspects are taken intoaccount in this tool and all aspects are quantified to form an overall end score. This toolis very useful, but mainly for the assessment of new development of real estate. Anotherdisadvantage of the tool is that only certified professionals are obliged to perform anassessment, which is expensive. A lot of factors that are taken into account in BREEAMare improbable to be changed by renovation measures. Large parts of the transport-,water-, waste-, land use & ecology-, and pollution modules are not affected bysustainable renovation measures for houses. Also, the tool takes costs into account intolimited extend. For determining the environmental impact of the building, the total lifecycle is not taken into account. Therefore, the sustainability score can give a distortedimage of a renovation concept. Another disadvantage of this tool is that the assessmentleads towards an amount of points. It is hard to deduce, which specifications leadtowards the score. This makes it difficult for clients or homeowners to make a decisionfor a certain renovation concept based upon their specific stakes and interests. However,the tool does provide useful aspects that should be taken into account by a performanceevaluation tool for sustainable renovation concepts.EPWThe EPW tool is the most widely applied sustainability assessment tool in theNetherlands. The Dutch government applies EPW requirements in their laws andregulations. This makes this tool a very important one in the Dutch market. EPW is avery useful tool for determining the sustainability performance of renovation concept inthe field of energy (the Energy Performance Coefficient, EPC) because the tool andoutput are widely known and an assessment is easy to execute. However, the tool has itsshortcomings on the other factors that influence the performance of renovation concepts.Although, the energy performance coefficient provides information about the operational110

costs and operational environmental impact, a large part of these aspects is not takeninto account. Also, the qualitative performance of renovation concept cannot bedetermined with EPW. GPR Gebouw and Greencalc are examples, whereby the EPWsoftware is embedded, which make these tools more comprising than EPW. The executionof EPW results in a energy performance coefficient of a building. This EPC refers to theenergy performance on the moment of evaluation. However, for a comprising view on thesustainable performance of a renovation concept, the life cycle of the building and itsconcept should also be taken into account. The life cycle approach is not integrated in theEPW tool.GREENCALCGreencalc is the only tool that performs a life cycle assessment to determine theenvironmental impact of a building. On this aspect Greencalc is the most accurate andcomprising tool. The EPC that is determined by EPW is embedded in the Greencalcsoftware. Thus, Greencalc also takes the energy performance into account. The thirdmodule is water. Like described before, it is improbable that house owners invest inaspects as water usage when selecting a renovation concept. The shortcomings of thetool are the financial aspects and quality of a renovation concept, which are not takeninto account.111

APPENDIX N - ELABORATION OF IMPROVEMENTSThis appendix provides an elaboration of the impact evaluation of possible improvementsof the WarmBouwen concept. The impact of the improvements is elaborated on the fivemain factors of influence on the live cycle performance.IMPROVEMENT 1 – GAS HEAT PUMPThe first improvement of the WarmBouwen is replacing the electric heat pump by a gasheat pump. In the sections below, the impact of this improvement is elaborated.ELABORATION OF THE IMPACT ON PERFORMANCEAssumptions that are made at the elaboration are described in figure 107.# Field ofimpact ofassumptionAssumptionMotivation1 LCEIGas used byheat pumpThe gas that is selected for usein a heat pump is “Heat,natural gas, at diffusionabsorption heat pump 4kW,future/CH S”2 LCC The investment costs andtechnical lifespan of anindividual gas heat pump areequal to these characteristicsof an electric heat pump3 LCEI The environmental impact ofthe materials and processesthat are required to producethe gas heat pump is equal tothe environmental impact of anelectric heat pumpFIGURE 107 - ASSUMPTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT GAS HEAT PUMPThis product matches the bestwith the situation in reality. Thecapacity of the heat pump inreality will be a little higher(approximately 7 kW). However,this product matches good withthe real situation.The differences in dimensions andprocessed materials between thetwo types of heat pumps can beneglected.The differences in dimensions andprocessed materials between thetwo types of heat pumps can beneglected. Therefore, theenvironmental impact is assumedto be the same.EPCFigure 108 shows the effect of applying a gat heat pump instead of an electric heatpump. The efficiency of a gas heat pump is significantly lower than the efficiency of anelectric heat pump. Therefore, the performance on EPC also decreases.EPC performance Effect on primary energy use (MJ)Apply gas heat pump +0.32 +14607FIGURE 108 - EFFECT ON EPC OF GAS HEAT PUMPThe EPC of the WarmBouwen concept increases from 0,70 to 1,02 when if a gas heatpump is used for the production of heat and cold.LCCInitial operational costs:AspectEnergy Used energy Costs (€)source (MJ)Heating Gas 18435 337Warm tap water Gas 21936 401Summer comfort Electricity 339 22Fixed costs for connection to electricity - - 237112

gridFixed costs for connection to gas grid - - 180,21Energy tax decrease - - -379,16Total 798Figure 109 shows the impact of the application of the gas heat pump on the factor „lifecycle costs‟.Initial operating Average yearly LCCcostsWarmBouwen 1526 9714WarmBouwen withsolar systems798 6041FIGURE 109 - IMPACT ON LCC OF GAS HEAT PUMPLCYThe impact of the gas heat pump on the performance on the factor „life cycle yields‟ isdepicted in figure 110.WarmBouwenrenovation + gas heatpumpWarmBouwenrenovationNormalized Weigh Normalized Weighscore factor score factorPrimary returns 0,974 0,863 1 0,863Secundary returns 1 0,087 1 0,087Risk 1 0,05 1 0,05Total normalizedscore 0,98 1,00FIGURE 110 - IMPACT GAS HEAT PUMP ON LCYLCEIThe impact of the gas heat pump on the performance on the factor „life cycleenvironmental impact‟ is depicted in figure 111.ScoresScenarioAspectWarmBouwenrenovationWarmBouwenrenovation +gas heat pumpx.2.2.y Greenhouse 106 100Ozone layer 0,0968 0,0879Acidification 22,8 21Eutrophication 8,48 7,84Heavy metals 70,1 69,9Carcinogens 11,8 14,9Pesticides 0 0Summer smog 9,12 10,7Winter smog 18,4 17,6Energy resources 146 147Total 393 389Converting factor 1 1Total (converted) 393 389Normalized score 0,990 1FIGURE 111 - IMPACT OF GAS HEAT PUMP ON LCEIQualityApplying a gas heat pump instead of an electric heat pump at the WarmBouwen conceptdoes not influence the performance of the concept on the aspect quality.113

IMPROVEMENT 2 – SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMSThe first improvement of the WarmBouwen is the application of solar energy systems. Inthe sections below, the impact of this improvement is elaborated.ELABORATION OF THE IMPACT ON PERFORMANCEAssumptions that are made at the elaboration are described in figure 112.# Field of impactof assumptionAssumptionMotivation1 LCEISolar heatingsystem2 LCEISolar heatingsystem3 LCEIPV-cells4 EPCPV-cellsSolar heatingsystem5 LCCInvestment PVcells4 LCCInvestment solarheating systemThe weight of a solarheating of 4 m 2 systemis 32 kg.The product that isselected for the solarheating system is “Solarcollector glass tube,with silver mirror, atplant/DE S”The product that isselected for the PV-cellsis “Photovoltaic panel,multi-Si, at plant/RER/IS”The orientation of thepanels is south.The intitial investmentfor 3,9 m 2 PV-cells is€2850.The intitial investmentfor 4 m 2 solar heatingsystem is €2500.FIGURE 112 - ASSUMPTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMSThis information is provided by M.Jansen, which is a specialist fromsolar energy company “Energieker”,Amsterdam.This product refers to an averagesolar heating system. For thisevaluation the assumption is madethat the evaluated system is anaverage system.This product corresponds best withthe product that is offered by solarenergy company “Energieker”,Amsterdam.Depends on the situation. This is themost desired orientation, which leadsto the best performanceThis information is provided by M.Jansen, which is a specialist fromsolar energy company “Energieker”,Amsterdam.This information is provided by M.Jansen, which is a specialist fromsolar energy company “Energieker”,Amsterdam.EPCFigure 113 shows the effect of applying a 3,9 m 2 PV-cell, and 4 m 2 solar heating systemto a WarmBouwen renovated house on the factor „energy performance coefficient‟. Theeffect of the solar heating systems is determined by calculations in the software toolEPW.EPC performance Effect on primary energy use (MJ)3,9 m 2 PV-cell -0.11 -47684 m 2 Solar heating system -0.14 -6155Total -0.24 -10923FIGURE 113 - EFFECT ON EPC OF SOLAR ENERGY SY STEMSThe EPC of the WarmBouwen concept decreases from 0,70 to 0,46 if the defined solarsystem are applied.LCCThe impact of the solar energy systems on the performance on the factor „life cycle costs‟is depicted in figure 114.114

Initial operating costs:AspectEnergy Used energy Costs (€)source (MJ)Heating Electricity 11296 722Secondary heating energy Electricity 969 62Warm tap water Electricity 7344 469Summer comfort Electricity 339 22Production PV-cell Electricity -4768 -305Fixed costs for connection to electricity - - 237gridEnergy tax decrease - - -379,16Total 1065Figure 114 shows the impact of the application of the defined solar systems.Initial investment Initial operating Average yearly LCCcostsWarmBouwen 22461 1526 9714WarmBouwen withsolar systems27811 1065 7771FIGURE 114 - IMPACT OF SOLAR ENERGY SY STEMS ON LCCLCYThe impact of the solar energy systems on the performance on the factor „life cycleyields‟ is depicted in figure 115.WarmBouwenrenovationWarmBouwenrenovation + solarsystemsNormalizedscoreWeighfactorNormalizedscoreWeighfactorPrimary returns 0,97 0,863 1 0,863Secundary returns 1 0,087 1 0,087Risk 1 0,05 1 0,05Total normalized score 0,97 1FIGURE 115 - IMPACT ON LCY OF SOLAR ENERGY SY STEMSLCEIThe impact of the solar energy systems on the performance on the factor „life cycleenvironmental impact‟ is depicted in figure 116.FIGURE 116 - IMPACT OF SOLAR SY STEMS ON LIFE CYCLE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT115ScenarioAspectScores per renovation alternativeWarmBouwen WarmBouwenrenovation renovation3.2.2.y Greenhouse 106 87,3Ozone layer 0,0968 0,0686Acidification 22,8 21,7Eutrophication 8,48 8,2Heavy metals 70,1 70,1Carcinogens 11,8 11,8Pesticides 0 0Summer smog 9,12 7,32Winter smog 18,4 17,6Energy resources 146 119Total 393 343Converting factor 1 1Total (converted) 393 343Normalized score 0,872 1

QualityApplying solar systems to the WarmBouwen concept does not influence the performanceof the system on the aspect quality.IMPROVEMENT 3 – FLEXIBLE INTERNAL WALLSThe third improvement of the WarmBouwen is the application of flexible interior walls. Inthe section below, the impact of this improvement is elaborated.Figure 117 provides the assumptions that are made at the elaboration.# Field ofimpact ofassumptionAssumptionMotivation1 LCEISteel –flexible walls2 LCEISteel –flexible walls3 LCEIGypsum board– flexible walls4 LCEIGlass wool –flexible walls5 LCEIBase plaster –flexible wallsThe product that is selected for the steelof the flexible wall is “Chromium steel18/8, at plant/RER S”The process that is selected for the steelof the flexible wall is “Zinc coating,coils/RER S”The product that is selected for thegypsum board of the flexible wall is“Gypsum plaster board, at plant/CH S”The product that is selected for the glasswool of the flexible wall is “Glass woolmat, at plant/CH S”The product that is selected for theplasterwork for finishing the flexible wallis “Base plaster, at plant/CH S”FIGURE 117 - ASSUMPTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT FLEXIBLE INTERNAL WALLSThe selected productsand processes matchthe products that areused in the flexible wallsystem. The wallsystem that is used asreference wall is the“Lafarge E-11/75/100+MW 30” wall.ELABORATION OF THE IMPACT ON PERFORMANCELCEIThe impact of the flexible interior walls on the performance on the factor „life cycleenvironmental impact‟ is depicted in figure 118.Scores per renovation alternativeScenarioAspectWarmBouwenrenovationWarmBouwen(Flexible walls)x.3.1.y Greenhouse 173 152Ozone layer 0,146 0,143Acidification 35 34,5Eutrophication 15,1 12,3Heavy metals 170 85,9Carcinogens 18,6 20,7Pesticides 0 0Summer smog 14,7 14,1Winter smog 28,4 28,9Energy resources 222 221Total 677 570Converting factor 0,67 0,67Total (converted) 451 380Normalized score 0,746 0,887FIGURE 118 - LCEI OUPUT OF FLEXIBLE INTERNAL WALLS116

APPENDIX O - TOOLKIT BESTAANDE BOUWCONCEPT #1113This appendix provides information about concept #1113 of the „Toolkit bestaande bouw‟.This concept provided information about the investment costs for standard renovationmeasures in a house. Figures 119 and 120 present the pages from the „toolkit bestaandebouw‟ that are used in this research.FIGURE 119 - OVERVIEW OF CONCEPT OF 'TOOLKIT BESTAANDE BOUW'117

FIGURE 120 - OVERVIEW OF COSTS FOR STANDARD MEASURES118

APPENDIX P - TRANSMISSION WARMBOUWENThis appendix describes the calculation of the transmission value of a WarmBouwen wall.To be able to import WarmBouwen into EPW, which is the software tool that is used inthis research to determine the energy performance coefficient of the renovationconcepts, a transmission coefficient has to be calculated. For the WarmBouwenrenovation concept a distinction is made between the emission of heat and and cold tothe building and the influence of absorbing heat and cold during summer en winter,which is accumulated in the soil.For an accurate calculation of the effect of WarmBouwen, a dynamic calculation modelhas to be made, because it is impossible to calculate the accurate effect of WarmBouwenstatically.VALIDATION OF THE CALCULATION METHODFor this research the effect of absorbing heat and cold is outside the scope of thecalculation. Therefore, the outcomes of the calculations will probably by less sustainablethan they are in reality. The calculation of the transmission of WarmBouwen has beenpresented to an expert of DGMR. The expert of DGMR states that the current calculationmethod of the effect of WarmBouwen for interior climate control is a reasonablecalculation that represents the real situation. However, the consulted expert expects thatit is plausible that the performance of the system is better than currently calculated withEPW.ASSUMPTIONSFor determining the transmission of the water that flows through the WarmBouwentubes, it is assumed that the tubes contain still standing water of twenty degrees Celsius.As a result, the value λ = 0.6 W/m*K is used for the calculation of the transmission ofthe WarmBouwen concept.CALCULATION TRANSMISSIONSTEP 1: DETERMINING CONSTRUCTION OF THE WALLThe construction of the wall consists of several layers. The specifications of theconstruction of the wall are depicted in the figure 121.Wall specifications - WarmBouwenL1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6L1: Outer brick layerL2: CavityL3: Inner brick layerL4: AlufoamL5: InsulationL6: WarmBouwen Layer 1L7: WarmBouwen Layer 2L7FIGURE 121 – CROSS-SECTION OF A WARMBOUWEN WALL119

STEP 2: DETERMINE TECHNICAL INFORMATION OF THE MATERIALSFigure 122 depicts a cross-section of the tubes that are used in the applied system forthe emission of heat and cold. The technical information about the tube has beenacquired from the producer of the tubes.1.8 mmTube: UWHB – AKB leidingλ=0.43 W/m*K8.4 mmWater: t= 293 °Kλ=0.60 W/m*KGipsvezelplaatλ=0.32 W/m*K1.8 mmFIGURE 122 - CROSS-SECTION OF THE PROCESSED TUBESSTEP 3: DETERMINE THE PROPORTIONS OF TUBES AND GYPSUM FIBER OF THEWARMBOUWEN LAYER.Figure 123 shows one square meter of the WarmBouwen layer. For the transmission ofthis layer, the proportions of tubes and gypsum fiber must be determined. Technicalinformation about the WarmBouwen concept points out that the heart-to-heart distanceof the tubes is 100 mm. Therefore, 9 meters of tubes is process per m 2 WarmBouwen.The proportion of surface where tubes are processed is: 9 * 0.012 = 0.108 m 2The proportion of surface covered with only gypsum fiber is: 1 - 0.012 = 0.892 m 2Front view of L5 & L6 of Wall Structure1 mWarmBouwen Tubes1 m· 9 meter tubes processedper m 2 . (h.o.h. = 100mm)· Tubes: 12/1.8 mm.· Surface of tube per m 2 :9*0.012= 0.108m 2· Surface of loam:1-0.108=0.892m 2FIGURE 123 – ONE SQUAREMETER OF WARMBOUWEN WALL120

STEP 4: DETERMINE AVERAGE U-VALUE (W/M2K) OF WARMBOUWEN LAYERThe next step in the process is to determine the average U-value of the layers 6 & 7 ofthe construction of the wall. Figure 124 provides these calculations.Layer 6 - WarmBouwen tubes & gypsumfiberNumber Layer Thickness (m) λ (W/m*K) Rc (m 2 *K/W) Number Layer Thickness (m) λ (W/m*K) Rc (m 2 *K/W)1 Tube 0,0018 0,43 0,004186047 1 Gypsumfiber 0,018 0,32 0,056252 Water 0,0084 0,6 0,0143 Tube 0,0018 0,043 0,0418604654 Gypsumfiber 0,006 0,32 0,01875Calculation U-Average Layer 6 & Layer 7FIGURE 124 - U-VALUE LAYERS 6 & 70,079 Rc_total0,05612,691 U-total (W/m 2 *K) 17,7777777810,8% Part of total surface 89,2%U average = (A 1 U 1 +A 2 U 2 )/(A 1 +A 2 ) U average = (0,108*12,69 + 0,892*17,78) / (0,108+0,892)U average : 17,23028 (W/m2*K)A 1 0,108 m 2 Rc average : 0,0580 (m2*K/W)U 1 12,69 (W/m2*K) λ average : 0,6892112 (W/m*K)A 2 0,892 m 2U 2 17,78 (W/m2*K)Rc_totalU-total (W/m 2 *K)Part of total surfaceLayer 7 -Loam stuccoSTEP 5: CALCULATION OF THE TOTAL TRANSMISSION VALUE OF AWARMBOUWEN WALLThe last step is the calculation of the total transmission value of a WarmBouwen wall.These calculations are presented in figure 125.Calculation U-Value of the Wall structureNumber Layer Thickness (m) λ (W/m*K) Rc (m 2 *K/W)1 External surface n/a n/a 0,062 Brick Information from report3 CavitySenterNovem0,364 Brick (Standardized values for5 Alufoam 0,002 0,02 0,106 Insulation 0,03 0,023 1,307 WarmBouwen 0,018 0,69 0,038 Internal surface n/a n/a 0,12Rc_total1,97 (m2*K/W)U-total0,51 (W/m2*K)FIGURE 125 - TRANSMISSION WARMBOUWEN WALL121

APPENDIX Q - SCENARIOS AND CODESFigure 126 provides an overview of all the scenarios with accompanying characteristicsthat are defined for this research.Scenario Characteristics[1.1.1.1] No renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[1.1.1.2] No renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[1.1.1.3] No renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[1.1.2.1] No renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[1.1.2.2] No renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[1.1.2.3] No renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[1.1.3.1] No renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[1.1.3.2] No renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[1.1.3.3] No renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[1.2.1.1] No renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[1.2.1.2] No renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[1.2.1.3] No renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[1.2.2.1] No renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[1.2.2.2] No renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[1.2.2.3] No renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[1.2.3.1] No renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[1.2.3.2] No renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[1.2.3.3] No renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[1.3.1.1] No renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[1.3.1.2] No renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[1.3.1.3] No renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[1.3.2.1] No renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[1.3.2.2] No renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[1.3.2.3] No renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[1.3.3.1] No renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[1.3.3.2] No renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[1.3.3.3] No renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[2.1.1.1] Standard renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[2.1.1.2] Standard renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[2.1.1.3] Standard renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[2.1.2.1] Standard renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[2.1.2.2] Standard renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[2.1.2.3] Standard renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[2.1.3.1] Standard renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[2.1.3.2] Standard renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[2.1.3.3] Standard renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[2.2.1.1] Standard renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[2.2.1.2] Standard renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[2.2.1.3] Standard renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[2.2.2.1] Standard renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[2.2.2.2] Standard renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[2.2.2.3] Standard renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[2.2.3.1] Standard renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[2.2.3.2] Standard renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[2.2.3.3] Standard renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[2.3.1.1] Standard renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[2.3.1.2] Standard renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[2.3.1.3] Standard renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[2.3.2.1] Standard renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[2.3.2.2] Standard renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[2.3.2.3] Standard renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[2.3.3.1] Standard renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[2.3.3.2] Standard renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[2.3.3.3] Standard renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[3.1.1.1] WarmBouwen renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[3.1.1.2] WarmBouwen renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[3.1.1.3] WarmBouwen renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[3.1.2.1] WarmBouwen renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[3.1.2.2] WarmBouwen renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[3.1.2.3] WarmBouwen renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[3.1.3.1] WarmBouwen renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[3.1.3.2] WarmBouwen renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[3.1.3.3] WarmBouwen renovation, low extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[3.2.1.1] WarmBouwen renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[3.2.1.2] WarmBouwen renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[3.2.1.3] WarmBouwen renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[3.2.2.1] WarmBouwen renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[3.2.2.2] WarmBouwen renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[3.2.2.3] WarmBouwen renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[3.2.3.1] WarmBouwen renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[3.2.3.2] WarmBouwen renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[3.2.3.3] WarmBouwen renovation, expected extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[3.3.1.1] WarmBouwen renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[3.3.1.2] WarmBouwen renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[3.3.1.3] WarmBouwen renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, low functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[3.3.2.1] WarmBouwen renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[3.3.2.2] WarmBouwen renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[3.3.2.3] WarmBouwen renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, expected functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy price[3.3.3.1] WarmBouwen renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, low increase of energy price[3.3.3.2] WarmBouwen renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, expected increase of energy price[3.3.3.3] WarmBouwen renovation, high extenstion of lifespan building, high functional lifespan of elements, high increase of energy priceFIGURE 126 - ALL DEFINED SCENARIOS122

APPENDIX R - IMPACT OF FUNCTIONAL CHANGESFigure 127 shows two interior scenarios of the reference house that is selected for thisresearch. The two scenarios are used to determine the number elements that arechanged during the life cycle of a dwelling.Scenario 1 Scenario 21 st Floor2 nd Floor3 rd FloorFIGURE 127 - INTERIOR CHANGE SCENARIOSAssumptions that are made to calculate the number of radiators and amount of pipingthat is changed during the life cycle are:- At the first change, the interior changes from scenario 1 to scenario 2. At the nextinterior change the interior changes back from scenario 2 to scenario 1.- Radiators that are changed will be replaced by new radiators. Replaced radiators willbe disposed.Next to replacements due to functional changes within the dwelling, replacement ofelements is caused by the expiration of the technical life span of elements. Figure 128shows the technical lifespan of the elements that are used in the calculations of thisresearch.ElementTechnical life span (years)Piping 30Radiator 30Roof insulationwhole life cycleFloor insulationwhole life cycleFacade insulation whole life cycleWindows 20Wall heating system whole life cycleFIGURE 128 - TECHNICAL LIFESPAN OF ELEMENTS123

APPENDIX S - ASSUMPTIONS# Field ofimpact ofassumption1 LCC & LCEIFixed internalwalls2 LCCSpecificationsreferencehouse3 LCC & LCEIStart life cyclealternatives 1& 24 LCC & LCEIPipingWarmBouwenconcept5 LCCDisposal costsalternatives6 LCCChange overcosts7 LCCSubsidies8 LCC & LCEIChange of124AssumptionThe fixed internal wallsare made of Ytongbricks, and finishedwith plasterwork.The reference housethat is used in thisresearch is unoccupiedat the moment ofrenovation.At the start of the lifecycle of thealternatives „Norenovation‟ &„Standard renovation‟new radiators, aboiler, and piping arerequired.The piping that isprocessed in the wallheating system ofWarmBouwen has atechnical life cycle thatis equal to the lifecycle of the building.The disposal costs ofthe three evaluatedrenovation conceptsare equal.The change-over costsof the three evaluatedrenovation conceptsare equal.In the calculations ofthis research,subsidies are nottaken into account.The house changesfrom scenario 1 toMotivation„Ytong bricks‟ is a product that is appliedon large scale for non-constructive wallsin houses. It is fast and easy to process.The calculations without costs forreplacement of occupants, gives a betterview on the costs of the renovationconcept itself. In practice the situationcan differ from the calculations made inthis research, because occupants have tobe taken into account.Is can be assumed that renovation ofhouses takes place after a significantperiod of exploitation. Therefore, it ismost realistic to assume that newradiators and piping is required at thestart of the life cycle.The piping that is processed in the wallshas a minimal exposure to theenvironment. The chance on damage isnil, and the material is protected, longlasting,and not susceptible for erosion.Therefore it is realistic to assume that thelifecycle of this piping is the same as thelife cycle of the building after renovation.It is assumed that the building isdemolished after its lifecycle is ended.The end of life scenario is not affected bythe applied renovation concept.Therefore, it is most realistic to assumethat the disposal costs at the end of thelife cycle of the building are equal for allthree concepts.At the start of the life cycle, the existinginstallations have to be removed in caseof all three renovation concepts. Theexisting installation, and the process ofremoving it, is equal for all the renovationconcepts. Therefore, the costs of thisprocess are also equal.It would give an unrealistic view on thesituation. If a subsidy would be appointedto one or more renovation concepts inthis research. For a clear and faircomparison, subsidies are not taken intoaccount. (In practice, WarmBouwen wouldhave a big chance on receiving a subsidy)To be able to determine the impact on theLCC and LCA of functional changes during

adiators9 LCC & LCEIChange ofpiping duringlife cycle10 LCCEnergy pricedevelopment11 LCC & LCEIExtension oflifespan ofbuilding afterrenovation12 LCC & LCEIChange rateand functionallifespan ofelements inhouses13 LCCDiscount ratescenario 2 at the firstfunctional change. Atthe second functionalchanges, the housechanges back fromscenario 2 to scenario1.For each radiator thatis changed during htlife cycle of a house,7.4 meters of pipingreplaced.For the energy pricedevelopment, threescenarios have beendefined. The scenariosare averagedevelopment per year.Defined scenarios:+5%, +8%, and+11%.For the extension ofthe life cycle of thebuilding afterrenovation, threescenarios have beendefined. Definedscenarios: +25 year,+50 year, and +75year.Change rate scenarios:Scenario 1: once in 5years functionalchange.Scenario 2: once in 10years functionalchange.Scenario 3: once in 20years functionalchange.The discount rate thatis used in the LCCcalculations of thisresearch is: 5.68%the lifetime of a house, 2 scenarios havebeen created. The assumptions is madethat the house goes from scenario1 to 2and backwards during its life cycle. Theimpact depends on the amount offunctional changes during the lifecycle ofthe house. Appendix R shows the twodefined scenarios.Appendix xx shows a calculation of thetotal amount of piping that is present in ahouse. The average amount of piping thatis processed per radiator is 7.4 meter. Isis realistic that piping will be replaced if aradiator is changed. Therefore theassumption is made that every change ofradiator, results in the replacement of 7.4meters of piping.Appendix C2.1 shows a calculation of theenergy price development in the pastfifteen years. Based upon this analysis,the three scenarios are defined.Scenario 1: Development is lower thanexpected:+5%Scenario 2: Development is increasing asexpected: +8%Scenario 3: Development is higher thanexpected: +11%Different experts have their ideas aboutthe intended lifecycle of a building. Forthis research I have assumed that the lifecycle of the building after renovation isequal to the life cycle that housingcorporations define for buildings that arenewly developed. This assumptionresulted in the scenarios described in theprevious column.Appendix C1 gives a more detailedmotivation of the selected scenarios onthis subject.For the determination of costs andenvironmental impact of elements of arenovation concept, 3 scenarios havebeen defined for the functional changerate en lifespan of elements of the threerenovation concepts. In appendix C1, thefunctional lifespan of elements in therenovation concepts are described inmore detail.For the determination of the discountrate, the average discount rate that theEuropean Union prescribes forgovernments is analyzed. Based upon theaverage discount rate that is prescribedby the EU, the discount rate for thisresearch is defined. The analysis of thediscount rate of the EU is described in125

14 LCEIAveragetransportdistance ofelements15 LCEIRadiators16 LCEIEfficiencyboiler17 LCEISingle glazing18 LCEIPiping19 LCEIRadiators20 LCEIPIR-insulation126Three differenttransport scenarioshave been defined forthe determining theenvironmental impactdue to transport ofelements:Scenario 1: 200 kmScenario 2: 600 kmScenario 3: 1000 kmThe average length ofa radiator is 1.5 meterand is 0,60 meterhigh.The environmentalimpact of material thatare processed in theefficiency boiler isequal to that of a highefficiency boilerThe assumption ismade that singleglazing is 50% of theimpact of doubleglazingThe weight of thepiping consists for60% out of aluminum,and for 40% out of PE.A radiator consists for100% out of steelThe environmentalimpact of PIR is equalto the environmentalimpact of PURappendix C2.1.To be able to determine theenvironmental impact of transport ofelements in the renovation concepts,three scenarios have been defined. Basedupon consults of experts and ownestimations, each element is assigned toone of the three transport scenarios.Appendix C2.3 shows the input for theenvironmental impact calculations. Thisappendix describes the elements and theirassigned transport classification.Radiators that have to heat large roomslike the living room, or the kitchen mostlyare bigger than 1,5. Radiators in thebathroom or sleeping room mostly aresmaller. Based upon this information theaverage length of radiators in a house on1,5 meter per radiator is determined. Theinformation about the radiators isdetermined by consulting an expert. (Mr.van Tilburg – The Heating Company)Although a high efficiency boiler maycontain more elements, it can be said thatthe difference between a efficiency boilerand a high efficiency boiler is nil.Therefore, the assumption is made thatthe environmental impact of the twoboilers is identical.Double glazing is nothing else than twolayers of single glazing and a vacuumcavity that is filled with gas or air.Therefore, no difference is made betweenthe impacts of the material of these twopossibilities, but only the amount of glassdiffers. There is made a distinction in theproduction process for single and doubleglass.The specific gravity of aluminum = 2800kg/m 3 and of PE = 1000 kg/m 3 . Based onthe technical information about this pipingit is assumed that 65% of the pipingconsists of PE en 35% of aluminum. Thiscalculation results in the weight partitionof the piping: 60% aluminum, 40% PE.In practice a radiator consists for about95-98% out of steel. The percentage thatis caused by paint and synthetic materialis neglected.The product PIR is not defined in thelibrary of the used LCA software tool.Based on information from severalwebsites life www.immoweb.be it can beassumed that that although the chemicalcomposition of PIR and PUR differsslightly, the environmental impact isabout the same.

21 LCEIPiping wallheatingsystem22 LCEIFaçadeinsulation(cavityinsulation)23 LCEIHeat pump24 EPCWarmBouwenPer m 2 wall heatingsystem, 9 meters ofpiping is processed.The thickness of thecavity is assumed tobe 10 cm.The composition andweights of materials ofthe heat pump areequated to the resultsthat are determined inthe scientific researchby Rey et al.For determining theheat conductivity of aWarmBouwen façade,the influence ofcapturing heat andcold is neglected.Based upon technical information aboutthe wall heating system of WarmBouwen,the amount of meters processed piping iscalculated. The heart-to-heart distance ofpiping is 10 cm. This means 9 strokes ofpiping is processed per m 2 . This results in9 m piping per m 2 .For determining the quantity of processedPUR in the cavity wall in the standardrenovation concept, the thickness of thecavity is of influence. The assumption ofthe thickness of the cavity is made, basedupon technical information of thereference house.The composition of the used heat pump inthe WarmBouwen renovation concept isequal to the composition of the heatpump that is analyzed in the research:“Life cycle assessment and externalenvironmental cost analysis of heatpumps” by Rey et al.This assumption is made based upon aconsult of an expert, Mr. Verbaan –DGMR. For a precise determination of theenergetic performance of a WarmBouwenwall, a 3D calculation must be made. Thiscalculation is outside the scope of thisresearch.Assumptions made for the modeling in SimaPro (LCA tool)# Field ofimpact ofassumptionAssumptionMotivation25 LCEIWeight factorsLCEIcalculations25 LCEITransportspecifications127For the determination of theenvironmental impact of thealternatives, the followingweight factors are used:Greenhouse: 8Ozone Layer: 5Acidification: 5Eutrophication: 5Heavy Metals: 5Carcinogens: 5Pesticides: 5Summer smog: 5Winter smog: 5Energy resources: 8„Lorry 20-28 ton, fleetaverage/CHS‟ is selected forthe transportation of materialsand elementsAssembly in SimaPro26 LCEIBoiler-The aluminum that is selectedfor the use in a boiler isThere are two factors that have ahigher weight factor than theothers: Greenhouse and Energyresources. This is because thesetwo factors have an influence onthe problems that are urgent andactual at this moment.In the LCA software, differentlorries are defined. For thisresearch, the selected lorry isidentical to the lorry that is usedin the example calculations of thesoftware tool.This aluminum is the aluminumthat is produced for consumption

27 LCEIProcessBoileraluminum128aluminum “aluminum, primary, at plant” in Europe.The process that is selectedfor the production of aluminumin the boiler is “aluminumproduct manufacturing,average metal working”28 LCEIBoiler – Steel29 LCEIBoiler – Steel30 LCEIBoiler-Castiron31 LCEIBoiler-Castiron32 LCEIBoiler-copper33 LCEIBoiler-copper34 LCEIPiping-PE35 LCEIPiping-PEThe steel that is selected forthe use in a boiler is“Chromium steel 18/8, atplant”The process that is selectedfor the production of steel inthe boiler is “Chromium steelproduct manufacturing,average metal working”The cast iron that is selectedfor the use in a boiler is “castiron, at plant”The process that is selected forthe production of cast iron inthe boiler is “Drilling,conventional, cast iron”The copper that is selected forthe use in a boiler is “Copper,at regional storage”The process that is selected forthe production of copper is“copper productmanufacturing, average metalworking”The product that is selected forthe part of the piping that isnot made of Aluminum is“Polyethylene, HDPE,granulate, at plant”The process that is selected forthe production of PE is“Extrusion, plastic pipes”This is the average process thatis executed to produce aluminuminto a final product. These finalproducts are applied in the boiler.This data is specified on themarket in Europe.The steel that is processed inboilers is stainless steel.Therefore, the chromium steelalternative is selected. The dataof this product is specified onplant in the EU.This process is selected becauseit is specified to the EU, and itmatches the product that isselected for the steel that is usedin boilers.The SimaPro library contains onlyone sort of cast iron. This is theaverage cast iron product that isused and produced in the EU.Therefore, this product isselected for this research.This is the average productionprocess that belongs to theproduction of cast iron, if youwant to create final products asan end product. This productionprocess is the averagetechnology.For the selection of copper, themost common sort of copper isselected. Copper at regionalstorage is the most common sortof copper that is used. Therefore,this type of product is selectedThis is the average process thatis executed to produce copperinto a final product. These finalproducts are applied in the boiler.This data is specified on themarket in Europe.The product sheet of the pipingdelivered the input for theselection of this product. In thelibrary of SimaPro several typesof PE are available. The profile ofthis product matches the productthat is use for piping the most,because it is high quality andspecified on production in the EU.The PE is processed in piping.The extrusion process changesthe material from base product toend product, whereby the endproduct is suitable for the

36 LCEIPiping-Aluminum37 LCEIPiping-Aluminum38 LCEIPiping-Aluminum39 LCEIRadiators40 LCEIRadiators41 LCEIExpansionbarrel (rest)42 LCEIExpansionbarrel (rest43 LCEIExpansionbarrel – steel44 LCEIExpansionbarrel – steel129The product that is selected forthe aluminum part of thepiping is “Aluminum, primary,at plant”The first process that isselected for processing thealuminum of the piping is”Sheet rolling, aluminum”The second process that isselected for processing thealuminum of the piping is”Laser machining, metal, withCO 2 -laser, 4000W power”The steel that is selected forthe use in the radiators is“Chromium steel 18/8, atplant”The process that is selectedfor the production of steel inthe radiators is “Chromiumsteel product manufacturing,average metal working”The products that have beenselected for the production ofthe expansion barrel are:“Synthethis rubber, at plant”,“Epoxy resin, liquid, at plant”,“Acrylonitrile-butadienestyrenecopolymer, ABS, atplant” and “Brass, at plant”The process that are selectedfor the „rest‟ materials in anexpansion barrel are:“Thermoforming, withcalendaring”, “Injectionmoulding”, and “Casting,brass”The steel that is selected forthe use in the expansionsbarrel is “Chromium steel18/8, at plant”The process that is selectedfor the production of steel inthe expansion barrel is“Chromium steel productmanufacturing, average metalworking”processing in piping.This aluminum is the aluminumthat is produced for consumptionin Europe.Experts provided the informationabout this production process.Based upon this information thematching process from theSimaPro library is selectedTo finish the piping, the ends ofthe rolled sheets are lasered. Thisprocess is selected because itwas about the average of all thelaser processes. Next to that, it isassumed that the laser speed is5cm/second, Based on this theelectricity use for this process isdetermined.The steel that is processed inradiators is stainless steel.Therefore, the chromium steelalternative is selected. The dataof this product is specified onplant in the EU.This process is selected becauseit is specified to the EU, and itmatches the product that isselected for the steel that is usedin radiators.For all these products it accountsthat is the average usual productthat is applied in Europe.Therefore, these products areselected in this LCA.These selection processes areneeded to form the basematerials that are applied in aexpansion barrel into a finalproduct that can be applied in thebarrel.The steel that is processed inexpansion barrels is stainlesssteel. Therefore, the chromiumsteel alternative is selected. Thedata of this product is specifiedon plant in the EU.This process is selected becauseit is specified to the EU, and itmatches the product that isselected for the steel that is usedin boilers.

45 LCEISingle glazing46 LCEISingle glazing47 LCEIFixed internalwalls48 LCEIFinishinginternal walls49 LCEIDouble glazing50 LCEIDouble glazing51 LCEIVentilator –rest52 LCEIVentilator –rest130The glass that is selected forthe single glass that is used inthe concept “No renovation” is“Flat glass, coated, at plant”The process that is selected forthe production of the singleglazing is ”Tempering, flatglass”The brick that is selected forthe fixed internal walls “Sandlimebrick, at plant”The product that is selected forthe finishing of the fixedinternal walls is “Base plaster,at plant”The product that is selected forthe double glazing that isapplied in the ´standard´ and´WarmBouwen´ renovationconcepts is “Glazing, double(2-IV), U

53 LCEIVentilator –steel54 LCEIVentilator –steel55 LCEIPiping (air)56 LCEIPiping (air)57 LCEIRoofinsulationmaterial58 LCEIRoofinsulation-Gypsum board59 LCEIFaçadeinsulationmaterial60 LCEIFloorinsulationmaterial131The steel that is selected forthe use in the ventilator is“Chromium steel 18/8, atplant”The process that is selectedfor the production of steel inthe ventilator is “Chromiumsteel product manufacturing,average metal working”The steel that is selected forthe use in the piping of air is“Chromium steel 18/8, atplant”The process that is selectedfor the production of steel inthe piping of air is “Chromiumsteel product manufacturing,average metal working”The product that is selected forthe insulation of the roof is“Glass wool mat, at plant”The product that is used forthe finishing of the roofinsulation is “Gypsum plasterboard, at plant”The product that is selected forthe insulation of the cavity wallin the „standard renovation‟concept is “Polyurethane,flexible foam, at plant”The product that is selected forthe insulation of the floor inthe „standard renovation‟concept is “Polyurethane,flexible foam, at plant”The steel that is processed in aventilator is stainless steel.Therefore, the chromium steelalternative is selected. The dataof this product is specified onplant in the EU.This process is selected becauseit is specified to the EU, and itmatches the product that isselected for the steel that is usedin ventilators.The steel that is processed in thepiping of air is stainless steel.Therefore, the chromium steelalternative is selected. The dataof this product is specified onplant in the EU.This process is selected becauseit is specified to the EU, and itmatches the product that isselected for the steel that is usedin piping of air.The technical information aboutthe „standard renovation‟ conceptprovided the input for theselection of this material. In thelibrary of SimaPro, the profile ofthis product matches the profileas defined in the concept. Theend products are the rolls of glasswool that can be directly appliedin the renovation concept.This is the standard product thatis normally applied to finish roofinsulation. The library of SimaProcontains one product type thatmatches the profile of the boardas defined in the „standardrenovation‟ concept.This product matches the profilefrom the technical informationthat is provided by the productsheet of the PUR that is used forthe façade insulation. The flexiblefoam is selected, because it hasto be brought into the cavity,which is not possible with rigidplates.This product matches the profilefrom the technical informationthat is provided by the productsheet of the PUR that is used forthe floor insulation. The flexiblefoam is selected, because mostlythe PUR gets sprayed onto thefloor.61 LCEI The products that are selected These products have been

132Heat pump(rest)62 LCEIHeat pump(rest)63 LCEIHeat pump –cast iron64 LCEIHeat pump –cast iron65 LCEIHeat pump –copper66 LCEIHeat pump –copper67 LCEIAquifer (rest)68 LCEIAquifer (rest)for the heat pump (rest) are:“Barite, at plant”, “Bauxite, atplant”, “Bentonite, at plant”,“Lead, at regional storage”,“Chromium, at regionalstorage”, “manganese, atregional storage”, “Nickel, 99.5%, at plant”, “Silver, atregional storage”, “Zinc, atregional storage”, and “Tin, atregional storage”The process that is selected forthe Heat pump (rest) materialsis “Chromium steel productmanufacturing, average metalworking”The cast iron that is selectedfor the use in a heat pump is“cast iron, at plant”The process that is selected forthe production of cast iron inthe heat pump is “Drilling,conventional, cast iron”The copper that is selected forthe use in a heat pump is“Copper, at regional storage”The process that is selected forthe production of copper is“copper productmanufacturing, average metalworking”The product that is selected fordetermining the impact of theaquifer (rest) is“Polyvinylchloride, at regionalstorage”The process that is needed forthe production of PVC piping is“Extrusion, plastic pipes”selected, based on estimationsand assumptions. For mostelements, the library of SimaProprovides only one product sheet.The product sheets that areprovided by SimaPro are selectedin these cases.In the library no suitableprocesses for the most elementsof the heat pump could be found.Most products are applied in verylittle amounts, and therefore thepossible missing processes wouldnot have a serious impact on thetotal renovation concept.The SimaPro library contains onlyone sort of cast iron. This is theaverage cast iron product that isused and produced in the EU.Therefore, this product isselected for this research.This is the average productionprocess that belongs to theproduction of cast iron, if youwant to create final elements asan end product. This productionprocess is the averagetechnology.For the selection of copper, themost common sort of copper isselected. Copper at regionalstorage is the most common sortof copper that is used. Therefore,this type of product is selectedThis is the average process thatis executed to produce aluminuminto a final product. These finalproducts are applied in the boiler.This data is specified on themarket in Europe.Expert information provided thecomposition of this element. Theselected product sheet ofSimaPro matches the definedmaterial that is stated by theexpert.Expert information provided therequired process of this element.The selected process sheet ofSimaPro matches the definedprocess that is stated by theexpert.69 LCEI The product that is selected for Expert information (Grundfos)

Aquifer steel70 LCEIAquifer steel71 LCEIWall heatingsystem72 LCEIFaçadeinsulation 173 LCEIFaçadeinsulation 174 LCEIFaçadeinsulation 275 LCEIFaçadeinsulation 2determining the impact of theaquifer - steel is “Chromiumsteel 18/8, at plant”The process that is needed forthe production of Chromiumsteel piping is “Chromium steelproduct manufacturing,average metal working”The product that is selected fordetermining the impact of thewall heating system is“Gypsum fibre board, at plant”The first product sheet that isselected to determine theimpact of the façade insulationat the WarmBouwenrenovation concept is“Polyurethane, rigid foam”The process that is needed tocreate the rigid PIR plates is“Foaming, expanding”The second product sheet thatis selected to determine theimpact of the façade insulationat the WarmBouwenrenovation concept is“Polyethylene terephthalate,granulate, amorphous, atplant”The process that is selected forthe production of in secondlayer of insulation is “Fleeceproduction, Polyethyleneterephthalate”Life cycle in SimaPro76 LCEIGas useduring lifeThe product that is selected forgas use during the life cycle ofthe „no renovation‟ andprovided the composition of thiselement. The selected productsheet of SimaPro matches thedefined material that is stated bythe expert.This process is selected becauseit is specified to the EU, and itmatches the product that isselected for the steel that is usedin boilers.This product sheet matches withthe technical informationprovided from the documents ofthe producer of the gypsumplates. The end product of thisproduct sheet is a plate thatdirectly can be applied in therenovation concept. The pipingthat is processed in the wallheating elements is the samepiping as applied in the otherrenovation concepts. Informationabout this piping is describedbefore. (Assumptions #33-37)Although the product that isapplied is PIR instead of PUR it isassumed that the environmentalimpact of these two materials isthe same. (see assumption #20).This product sheet was the mostplausible for the applied materialin practice.To harden the PIR foam into arigid board, the expandingprocess is needed. Therefore, thisprocess is selected in theproduction process of thisinsulation product.The technical information of theproducer of this insulationmaterial matches the best withthe product that has beenselected in SimaPro. Therefore,this material is selected as thesecond insulation layer of thefaçade insulation in theWarmBouwen renovationconcept.This process matches the bestwith the selected product.Therefore, this process is selectedin the LCA.This product is selected becausethe boilers in the Netherlands usenatural gas. Average boilers are133

cycle77 LCEIElectricity useduring lifecycle78 LCEIElectricity forheat pump„standard renovation‟alternative is “Heat, naturalgas, at boiler atmospheric nonmodulating

APPENDIX T - CASE STUDIESThis appendix provides the information about the cases that are analyzed in thisresearch.CASE: DE TEMPEL (CONFIDENTIAL)-CONFIDENTIAL-CASE: DE KRAYENHOFF (CONFIDENTIAL)-CONFIDENTIAL-135FIGURE 129 - INPUT INFORMATION FROM CASE 'DE KRAYENHOF F'

APPENDIX U - WWS 2010Figure 134 and 135 provide characteristics of the new „woning waarderingsstelsel‟ thatwill be implemented in the Netherlands in 2011.FIGURE 130 - NEW 'WWS' #1136

FIGURE 131 - NEW 'WWS' #2137

APPENDIX V - STAKEHOLDERS AT SUSTAINABLERENOVATIONSThis appendix describes the role and the required focus of involved stakeholders in arenovation project for the implementation of sustainable renovation applications.Central GovernmentIn a project specific situation the role of the central government is small unless thecentral government is involved as owner or user. The central government is responsiblefor the central subsidy distribution policy. This role is elaborated in more detail at thestakeholder „Subsidy distributor‟. The central government as a policymaker is responsiblefor appointing subsidies for sustainable renovation concepts and applications. Next tothat, the central government should simplify the process of obtaining the licenses thatare required to become eligible for subsidies in the flied of sustainable renovations. Alsorules and legislation should not form barriers for the implementation of sustainablerenovation measures.ProvinceThe characteristics of the stakeholder „Central Government‟ also account for the province.Only the influence of the province is on provincial level.Governmental water agency: The governmental water agency is responsible for thequality of the ground water and surface water. As a result, the governmental wateragency can be involved in renovation projects, for example if an aquifer is applied. Thisinstance can contribute by being clear at defining rules and regulations and by simplifyingthe process of obtaining licenses for the application of sustainable renovation techniques.MunicipalityThe characteristics of the stakeholder „Central Government‟ also account for themunicipality. Only the influence of the municipality is on municipal level.Prosperity agencyThe prosperity agency is can be a hindrance for the application of sustainable measuresto existing buildings. To contribute to the implementation of sustainable measures, thisinstance could define exceptions in this field. For example, exceptions could be definedfor adaptations to a protected building, if the adaptations have a certain level ofsustainability.LandownerIn case of a renovation project, the land owner mostly plays a minor role.Direct local residents and other involved residentsThe local residents can play an important role at the implementation of sustainablerenovation projects. Complaints and protests against construction projects can form amajor barrier for the execution of a project. It is hard to make a difference betweensustainable renovation projects and regular projects regarding the chance on complaintsand protests against the project. The project organization should focus on a clear andsolid communication process with local residents to prevent complaints and protests.Future userThe future user plays an important role at the implementation of sustainable renovationconcepts. The future user should demand the implementation of sustainable measuresinto a far-reaching degree at renovation projects. To compensate the investment of theowner, the future user should be willing to pay an increased rental price. This increasedrental price is compensated by decreased energy costs. If the future users do not138

demand a certain level of sustainability at a renovation, the project developer is nottriggered to come up with innovative and sustainable solutions.Project developerA project developer can play an important role at the implementation of sustainableapplications at renovation projects. However, the developer should be triggered andchallenged by other involved parties, to invest in sustainability at the developmentprocess, for example the future users. The current market does not challenge a projectdeveloper to implement sustainability at renovation projects. However, there is a biginterest in challenging the project developer to invest in sustainability, because theproject developer has the capacity to make major investments and has the capacity tofocus on long term profits. Long term profits fit with sustainability principals, and a longterm focus is essential for the successful application of sustainability.ArchitectThe architect can have a major influence on the degree of sustainability that isimplemented at renovation projects. The architect translates requirements and wishesinto the redesign of a building. If the architect has a strong focus on the implementationof sustainability aspects, this can result in a design which caters to sustainability aspectsinto higher extend. The architect should be triggered by project developers and futureusers to implement sustainability aspects in the redesign of buildings. In other words,owners should demand a certain degree of sustainability to trigger the architect.Contractor & ConstructorThe contractor and constructor are responsible for the execution of the renovationproject. This makes them an important player in the field of implementation ofsustainability aspects. The executing parties should have the skills to apply sustainablemeasures the way they are meant to be applied. To make sure that the designedsustainability measures are applicable, it is important that the contractor and constructorcommunicate with other involved parties like the architect, the project developer,consultants, and future users. Also, these stakeholders should be willing to be flexibleand studious to develop their sustainable skills.ConsultantsConsultants can have an important role at the implementation of sustainability aspects.Currently, there is only minor knowledge in the market about the implementation ofsustainability at renovation projects. Consultants are experts that are able to help aproject organization with the definition of sustainable ambitions, contracts, financialimpacts, and practical issues. The sustainability consultant should be involved in an earlyphase of renovation projects. Consultants must be willing to be flexible and to think outof the box.Financial consultantThe financial consultant should be able to provide consult that fits with the requirementsof the applied sustainable measures. The financial consultant should be able to thinkcreatively and out of the box to overcome the financial barriers that arise from thecurrent financial system.Environmental organizationsIn a project specific context, environmental organizations do not have the capability tohave a significant contribution on the implementation of sustainability measures atrenovation project.Subsidy distributorThe subsidy distributor is responsible for simplifying the process of obtaining a subsidyfor sustainable renovation measures. However, this may not be at the cost of the justiceof the system.139