260 DRISKELL, GOODWIN, SALAS, AND O’SHEATable 2Effects of Team Member <strong>Personality</strong> Facets on Teamwork DimensionsTeamwork dimensionsTeam member facetsAdaptabilitySharedsituationalawarenessPerformancemonitoring<strong>and</strong> feedbackTeammanagementInterpersonalrelations Coordination CommunicationDecisionmakingEmotional stabilityAdjustment Self-esteem ExtraversionDominance Affiliation Social perceptiveness Expressivity OpennessFlexibility AgreeablenessTrust Cooperation ConscientiousnessDependability Dutifulness Achievement Note. denotes positive prediction; denotes negative prediction; denotes intermediate prediction.
PERSONALITY AND TEAM EFFECTIVENESS261AdjustmentWe predict that adjustment will have a positiveeffect on all behaviors that are performed ina <strong>team</strong> environment. Although <strong>team</strong> tasks maydiffer in the degree of cooperation required (seeShaw, 1981), an essential feature that defines a<strong>team</strong> is interdependent behavior (Salas, Dickinson,Converse, & Tannenbaum, 1992). Teammembers who are ill-tempered, distressed, <strong>and</strong>emotionally unstable are disruptive of any typeof coordinated or interdependent behavior (cf.Barrick et al., 1998; Barrick & Mount, 2001).Moreover, George (1990) found that the positive/negativeaffectivity of <strong>team</strong> members wasrelated to the extent to which <strong>team</strong>s engaged inprosocial behaviors, <strong>and</strong> Barsade (2002) foundthat <strong>team</strong> members’ positive affect led to greatercooperation, conflict management, <strong>and</strong> <strong>team</strong> performance.Therefore, in Table 2, we follow thelead of Barrick et al. (1998) <strong>and</strong> others, <strong>and</strong>predict that adjustment is critical to any task or<strong>team</strong>work activity that requires coordinated activity.Self-EsteemOne factor that distinguishes self-esteemfrom adjustment is that adjustment reflects generalemotional instability or negative affect, <strong>and</strong>self-esteem involves the self as a reference point(Brown & Marshall, 2001). Thus, those high onself-esteem are confident <strong>and</strong> self-assured,whereas those low on self-esteem appear hopeless<strong>and</strong> critical. Research indicates that selfesteemaffects interpersonal relationships (Murrayet al., 1998) <strong>and</strong> is generally related to jobsatisfaction (Judge et al., 1998), <strong>and</strong> thus wepredict that self-esteem will be positively relatedto interpersonal relations. Further, Erez<strong>and</strong> Judge (2001) found that self-esteem wasrelated to goal setting <strong>and</strong> motivation, <strong>and</strong>thus we predict that self-esteem will be positivelyrelated to <strong>team</strong> management activities.Given that those high in self-esteem tend tomaintain effort in the face of failure (Dodgson& Wood, 1998), we predict that self-esteemwill be positively related to adaptability. Webelieve that self-esteem will have less director more intermediate effects on shared situationalawareness, performance monitoring <strong>and</strong>feedback, coordination, communication, <strong>and</strong>decision making.DominanceWe predict that high dominance will have anegative effect on shared situational awareness,interpersonal relations, communication, <strong>and</strong> decisionmaking. Dominant <strong>team</strong> members, whoview interaction along a superior/inferior dimension,are likely to have a different perspectiveon <strong>team</strong> tasks <strong>and</strong> relationships than other<strong>team</strong> members (shared situational awareness).Dominant <strong>team</strong> members also tend to engenderless positive interpersonal relations (Driskell,Olmstead, & Salas, 1993), exhibit more ineffectivecommunication behaviors (Yukl & Falbe,1990), <strong>and</strong> are less likely to attend to the taskinputs of other <strong>team</strong> members in decision making(Driskell & Salas, 1992). We predict thathigh dominance will have intermediate effectson adaptability, performance monitoring <strong>and</strong>feedback, <strong>team</strong> management, <strong>and</strong> coordination.Team members who are dominant <strong>and</strong> controllingmay be less flexible but perhaps more proneto backup other <strong>team</strong> members’ behavior as ameans of control (adaptability), they may bemore prone to monitor others’ behavior as aprecursor to control (performance feedback <strong>and</strong>monitoring), <strong>and</strong> the dominant <strong>team</strong> member’sneed to direct <strong>and</strong> influence others may supportsome instrumental management functions (<strong>team</strong>management).AffiliationGiven that those low on affiliation tend tohelp or assist others less (Wageman, 1995) <strong>and</strong>in general may choose to interact less (Davis,1969), we predict those who are more sociable<strong>and</strong> affiliative are more likely to assist <strong>and</strong> supportother <strong>team</strong> members (adaptability), shareexperiences with other <strong>team</strong> members (sharedsituational awareness), seek <strong>and</strong> receive feedbackfrom others (performance monitoring <strong>and</strong>feedback), engage in socioemotional activities(interpersonal relations), <strong>and</strong> talk more <strong>and</strong> exchangeinformation with other <strong>team</strong> members(communication). We believe that high affiliation,because it may interfere with instrumentaltask activities (see Driskell, Hogan, & Salas,1987), may have negative effects on <strong>team</strong> management,coordination, <strong>and</strong> decision making. Infact, Barry <strong>and</strong> Stewart (1997) have noted thatextraverts “have a propensity to seek pleasur-
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