Sudden Oak Death, Madrone Canker, and Systemic Acquired ...
Sudden Oak Death, Madrone Canker, and Systemic Acquired ...
Sudden Oak Death, Madrone Canker, and Systemic Acquired ...
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<strong>Sudden</strong> <strong>Oak</strong> <strong>Death</strong>, <strong>Madrone</strong> <strong>Canker</strong>,<strong>and</strong> <strong>Systemic</strong> <strong>Acquired</strong> ResistanceMarianne ElliottWSU Puyallup Research <strong>and</strong>Extension Center
<strong>Sudden</strong> <strong>Oak</strong> <strong>Death</strong>• First seen in early 1990s• Two types of symptoms– <strong>Canker</strong>– Foliar blight• Caused by Phytophthoraramorum (Oomycetes)• Over 70 plant hosts• Most of the outbreak incentral coastal CADead tanoak in Muir Woods NP, CAFoliar symptoms on Rhododendron
How P. ramorum spreads• Water - Winddrivenrain,irrigation, runoff• Humans – soil onhiker’s boots <strong>and</strong>bicycle tires,nursery plants• Wildlife
Stream monitoringRhododendron leaves usedas baitBaits set out in stream for 2weeksBaits cultured on Phytophthoraselective medium (CARP)Phytophthora species identified
Riparian alders dying from P. alni. Only found inEurope <strong>and</strong> AlaskaStream monitoring is an effective toolfor early detection of invasivePhytophthora spp. <strong>and</strong> discovery ofnew endemic Phytophthora spp.P. kernoviae is more aggressive than P. ramorum.Only in UK at present.
LegendPositive nurseryCountyWRIAPuget Sound Water Resource Inventory Areas withPhytophthora ramorum Positive NurseriesSan JuanSan JuanLower Skagit-SamishWhatcomSkagitIsl<strong>and</strong>Isl<strong>and</strong>StillaguamishUpperSkagitClallamElwha-DungenessQuilcene-SnowSnohomishJeffersonSnohomishSkokomish-DosewallipsKitsapKitsapCedar-SammamishKingMasonKennedy-GoldsboroughDuwamish-GreenKittitasLower ChehalisDeschutesChambers-CloverPiercePuyallup-WhiteKittitasGrays HarborThurstonUpper ChehalisNisquallyYakima
Four stream sites associated with nurseriesYears with positive Pr detectionNurseryStreamClark County 2008-2009 2008-2009Rosedale 2004-2005 2006-2009Gig Harbor 2004, 2009 2009Sammamish River 2005-2009 2007-2009
First case of Pr moving from nursery tol<strong>and</strong>scape via stream in WA
P. ramorum inNorth Americanforests• SOD currently found in14 CA counties <strong>and</strong> 1OR county• These counties areunder quarantine• SOD not known to beestablished anywhereelse in N.A. forestsSlide from the USDA PRED Training ModuleMap from www.suddenoakdeath.orgKelly, UC-Berkeley
Risk of sudden oak death based on P. ramorum climatematching <strong>and</strong> hardwood forest density in the USARisk Group IIIRisk Group IIRisk Group I(High)Fowler, G., Magarey, R., Colunga, M. 2006. Climate-host mapping of Phytophthora ramorum, causal agent ofsudden oak death In: Frankel, Susan J.; Shea, Patrick J.; <strong>and</strong> Haverty, Michael I., tech. coords. Proceedings of thesudden oak death second science symposium: the state of our knowledge. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-196. Albany,CA: Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture: 329-332
Nursery detections of P. ramorumin the USYear # nurseries # states Notes2000 0 No reported nurserydetections before 20012001 1 CA In infested area2002 02003 20 3 – CA, OR, WA2004 176 21 125 linked to one CAnursery’s shipments2005 99 72006 62 112007 23 62008 28 8 – CA, OR, WA, TX,FL, MS, NC, SC
Costs of SOD to PNW nurseryindustryOregon– Second largest in US insales– $966 million sold in 2006– OR ships 75% of itsproduction to otherstates or countries– Total losses estimatedrange from $77.9 millionto $204 million per year
• 7 th largest commodityin state• 14 th in US total grosssales• Most nursery stock isimported <strong>and</strong> is soldwithin the state• Estimated loss~$12,000 per nursery(direct costs)Washington Nurseries
GAIPGrower Assisted Inspection Programhttp://www.oregon.gov/ODA/PLANT/NURSERY/gaip.shtml
P. ramorum in Western US nurseries2004-20086050403020CAORWA1002004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Washington P. ramorum surveysNursery• 2002 0• 2003 1• 2004 25• 2005 16• 2006 12• 2007 7• 2008 5• 2009 4Forest <strong>and</strong> stream• 2002 ---• 2003 ---• 2004 ---• 2005 0• 2006 2• 2007 2• 2008 3• 2009 4
P. ramorum inEuropean forestsRhododendronponticumRed <strong>Oak</strong>:Quercus rubraBeech: Fagus sylvaticaSlide from the USDA PRED Training ModuleThese species usedas ornamentals in WAPhoto: DEFRA
Protecting high-value, high-risktrees“dead end hosts” – no sporulationStem canker hosts of SOD• <strong>Oak</strong>s–Live oaks– Red oaks, Black oaks• Beeches (Fagus sylvatica)• Tanoak (Lithocarpusdensiflorus)• Horse chestnut (Aesculushippocastananum)• Planetree maple (Acerpseudoplatanus)Bleeding on tanoak
Foliar hosts of SODLeaf spots, shoot dieback, defoliation,sometimes heavy spore production• California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica)• Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii)• Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)• Bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum)• Maples (Acer spp.)• Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)• True firs (Abies spp.)• Many others
Look-alikesBacterial gummosison Russian olivecaused byPseudomonassyringaeBacterial wetwood onwhite oak (Q. alba)Phytophthora root <strong>and</strong>crown rot cause by P.cambivora on beech
Management techniquesPrevention is the mosteffective method formanaging SOD• Cultural– Inoculum removal• Chemical–Agri-fos– Insecticides– Azomite <strong>and</strong> limewash
• Potassium phosphite• Preventative – use whenSOD is in area (within 3miles of infested plants)• Requires 4-6 weeks tobecome assimilated• Deciduous species – treatwhen leaves are present• Healthy trees have abetter chance of successAgri-fosPhoto: Phytosphere Research
Pacific <strong>Madrone</strong> Decline• First noticed in WA <strong>and</strong> BCin 1976 after a seriousdrought• Found in both urban <strong>and</strong>natural areas• Most severe symptoms onexposed sites• Several fungal diseases
Fungal pathogens<strong>Canker</strong>s• Fusicoccum arbuti• F. aesculiRoot rots• Armillaria• Heterobasidion annosum• Phytophthora
Leaf blight caused byPhacidiopycniswashingtonensis, also a postharvest disease of applesFoliar diseases
Symptoms<strong>Madrone</strong> canker causedby Fusicoccum arbuti• <strong>Canker</strong>s• Branch dieback• Shoot blight
Conditions for fungal infection<strong>and</strong> sporulation• Fungal biology is influenced by climate –temperature <strong>and</strong> moisture conditions affectsporulation <strong>and</strong> germination• Botryosphaeria sporulation <strong>and</strong> germinationconditions: 20 – 33 °C <strong>and</strong> wet• Infection courts created through heat orfreezing damage• Climate affects host stress: drought symptom expression sporulation onrecently dead material
Fruitmummies<strong>Canker</strong>ed woodShootblightImportant sources of inoculum
1996 2004
Management• Cultural methods – sanitation (inoculumreduction), improve tree vigor, preventstress <strong>and</strong> wounding• Chemical methods – fungicides (spray,soil drench, injected), plant activators
Injectedtreatments formanagement of<strong>Madrone</strong> cankerin urbanl<strong>and</strong>scapes
In-vitro test• Fungal growth on media with 200 ppmactive ingredient measured• 18 chemicals tested, 7 used in field tests• Benzimidazole <strong>and</strong> triazole fungicidesmost effective in vitro• No inhibition by plant activators,including Phosphorous acid
Chemicals used in field testsFungicide Active ingredient ManufacturerTebuject Tebuconazole J. J. Mauget Co.FungisolDebacarb,CarabendazimJ. J. Mauget Co.Arbotect Thiabendizole SyngentaAlamo Propiconazole SyngentaPhyton 27CambistatCopper sulphatepentahydratePaclobutrazoleSource Technology BiologicalsRainbow Treecare ScientificAdvancementsBio-serum Phosphorous acid Bioscape, Inc.
Field tests• Lopez Isl<strong>and</strong>, WA• 128 trees, 7 treatments + 1control, 16 trees/group
Field testsInjection treatments in July2002Inoculation with F. arbuti September2002<strong>Canker</strong>s measured in July 2003 <strong>and</strong>July 2004
Results140b2003120bblesion area, cm2100806040ababaabab200Control Alamo Arbotect BioSerum Cambistat Fungisol Phyton Tebuject
90802004-200370Lesion area, cm26050403020100Control Alamo Arbotect BioSerum Cambistat Fungisol Phyton TebujectTreatment
<strong>Systemic</strong> <strong>Acquired</strong> ResistanceA ‘whole plant’ resistance response toinfection by a pathogen – analogous to theimmune system in animals.Long-lasting, broad spectrum diseasecontrol based on multiple defensemechanisms
SAR has 3 stages• Hypersensitive response• Physical barriers – cell wall thickening toprevent further colonization• PR proteins – chitinase, peroxidase,glucanase
The hypersensitive response
Chemical activators of SAR• Salicylic acid• Jasmonic acid• Benzothiadiazole (BTH)• Volatile organic compounds• Phosphorous compounds– Phosphate, phosphorous acid
Biological activators of SAR• Plant extracts– Knotweed (Polygonumsachalinense)–Neem(Azadirachta indica)– Ivy (Hedera helix)• Fungi– Trichoderma spp.– Verticillium dahliae(DutchTrig®)• Bacteria– Bacillus subtilis– Pseudomonas fluorescensGiant knotweedPhoto: Thurston Co. Noxious Weed Control Agency
Summary• SOD is starting to spread from nurseries tol<strong>and</strong>scapes in the PNW, but early detection <strong>and</strong>eradication will keep it at low levels• Diseases like SOD <strong>and</strong> madrone canker can betreated with “plant activators” inducing SAR• This will reduce chemical fungicide applications<strong>and</strong> protect trees from a range of pathogens
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