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List of abbreviationsSTEMIST elevation myocardial infarctionTnItroponin ITNtrue-negativeTnTtroponin TTnCtroponin CTPtrue-positiveAll abbreviations that have been used in this report are listed here unless the abbreviationis well known (e.g. NHS), or it has been used only once, or it is a non-standardabbreviation used only in figures/tables/appendices in which case the abbreviation isdefined in the figure legend or at the end of the table.xiiNIHR Journals Library
DOI: 10.3310/hta17010 Health Technology Assessment 2013 Vol. 17 No. 1Executive summaryBackgroundChest pain due to suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is responsible for a large and increasingnumber of hospital attendances and admissions. Current standard practice involves using troponin I(TnI) or troponin T (TnT) to diagnose myocardial infarction (MI), measured on admission and at least10 hours after symptom onset to allow for the limited early sensitivity of troponin. The development ofhigh-sensitivity troponin assays and alternative biomarkers has raised the possibility of early diagnosis ofMI with reduced hospital length of stay and health-care costs, but with potentially higher rates of initialmisdiagnosis. Determining the optimal strategy for MI diagnosis involves weighing the costs and benefitsof accurate diagnosis.Once MI has been ruled out, the risk of future adverse events can be estimated using biomarkers ofischaemia or inflammation, exercise electrocardiography (ECG) or computed tomographic coronaryangiography (CTCA), with antithrombotic treatment or coronary intervention being used to reduce the riskof adverse outcome in those with positive tests. Determining the optimal strategy involves weighing thebenefits of reducing adverse events against costs of additional investigation and treatment.ObjectivesWe undertook systematic reviews and meta-analysis to estimate:1. the diagnostic accuracy of early biomarkers (including troponin) for MI2. the prognostic accuracy of biomarkers for predicting major adverse cardiac adverse events (MACEs) introponin-negative patients3. the diagnostic accuracy of CTCA and exercise ECG for coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients withsuspected ACS4. the prognostic accuracy of CTCA and exercise ECG for predicting MACE in patients withsuspected ACS.We then developed an economic model to:1. estimate the cost-effectiveness [measured as the cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained byeach strategy] of using early biomarker strategies to diagnose MI2. estimate the cost-effectiveness of using biomarkers, CTCA and exercise ECG to risk-stratify patientswith troponin-negative suspected ACS3. identify the optimal strategies for diagnosing MI and investigating troponin-negative patients inthe NHS, defined as the most cost-effective strategy at the National Institute for Health and ClinicalExcellence threshold for willingness to pay per QALY gained4. identify the critical areas of uncertainty in the management of suspected ACS, where future primaryresearch would produce the most benefit.MethodsThe systematic reviews and meta-analysis were undertaken in accordance with the guidelines published bythe Centre for Reviews and Dissemination for undertaking systematic reviews and the Cochrane DiagnosticTest Accuracy Working Group on the meta-analysis of diagnostic tests. Separate searches were undertaken© Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO 2013. This work was produced by Goodacre et al. under the terms of a commissioning contract issued by the Secretary of Statefor Health. This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts (or indeed, the full report) may be included in professional journalsprovided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising. Applications for commercial reproduction should beaddressed to: NIHR Journals Library, National Institute for Health Research, Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre, Alpha House, University of Southampton SciencePark, Southampton SO16 7NS, UK.xiii
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Discussionspecificity were 62% (95%
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Discussionneed for revascularisatio
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Discussionchanges in sensitivity an
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Discussionuncertainty about these p
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Discussiontroponin assays have bett
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ConclusionsSuggested research prior
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Appendix 144. heart-type fatty acid
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Appendix 1135. interleukin 33.mp. (
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Appendix 9Clinical diagnosis of NST
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Appendix 9respectively. Exercise EC
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Appendix 9ES (Information Resources
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Appendix 923. Westwood ME, Whiting
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