G. A. Cohen on Self-Ownership, Property, and ... - Tom G. Palmer

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248 Critical Review Yo(. 12, No. 3example of acrophobia or acrophilia and the talent for tree climbing amongcoconut harvesters; the preference for high places would generate an economic“rent” (or profit) indistinguishable tiom the “rent” or profit generatedby a talent for climbing, and thus preferences and talents are difficult, if notimpossible, to distinguish.r3. The party who can make an “irrevocable comqitment” will be able to“squeeze the range of indeterminacy down to the point most favorable tohim“ (Schelling 1960,24).14. For a treatment of complementary strategies, see Sugden 1986.6749.IS. For an informed discussion of the variety of land regimes possible and consistentwith classical liberal views, see Bllickson 1993.16. The issue is usefully canvassed in Buckle rg91, especially 36, 93, 104-5,16447, and 183-87. See also the careful discussion of the issue in Pufendorf1994, especially 176-8s.17. Alan Ryan (1994) criticizes the notion of “property in one’s person,’’ but hedoes not consider the advantages to the concept of “property in” objects.Contemporary imprecise English usage identifies property and object; thus, I .might say that “this land [watch, book, etcJ is my property? The older usageof speaking of having “a property in a thing” is far more precise and resectsthe complex multiplicity of property arrangements that are possible and thatare fully compatible with the libertarian defense of several property Thus, itmay be that each of many different persons has “a property” in a piece ofland; one has the right to live on it, another has the right to walk across it,yet another has the right to the rental income from it, and so on. As theRoman lawyers and the modern law-and-economics scholars realize, “ownership”normally represents a bundle of such rights. Presenting the rights thatone has over oneself (not to be raped, not to be killed, not to be beaten, toexpress one’s opinions, to consent to one’s marriage, and pthcr bourgeois indulgences)as property in one’s person allows the legal system to rest on a coherentand integrated foundation. The transition fiom the classical formulation(“person X has a propercy in object Y”) to the modern and less preciseformulation (“object Y is X’s property”) has made legal discussion less clearand has led-in the attempt to focus attention on the right rather than theobject-to the formation of such concepts as “property rights,’’ which means“right rights.”James Madiron (1983,266) made a valiant attempt to retain theprecision of the classical formulation, and to relate the righo to keedom ofspeech and religion to the rights to dominion over land and other objects, inhis essay “Property”:This term in its particulat application means ‘that dominion which oneman claims and exercises over the external things of the world, in exclusionof every other individual.’ In its larger and juster meaning, itembraces every thing to which a man may attach a value and have aright; and which leaves to euey one else the like adwntage. In the formersense, a man’s land, or merchandise, or money is called his property Inthe latrer sense, a man has a property in his opinions and the free com-
Palmer <strong>Cohen</strong> on Property and Equality 249munication of them. He has a property of particular value in his religiousopinions, and in the profession and practice dictated by them. Hehas a property very dear to him in the safety and liberty of his person.He has an equal property in the free use of his faculties and free choiceof the objects on which to employ them. In a word, as a man is said tohave a right to his property, he may be equally said t6. have a propertyin his rights.REFERENCESBarry, Brian. 1996. “You have to be crazy to believe it!’ Times Literary Supplement,October 25.Bethell, Tom. 1998. rite Noblest 7Eumpli: Property and Prosperify Through the Ages.New York St. Martin’s Press.Buckle, Stephen. 1991. Natural Law and die TIIeory of Properly. Oxford ClarendonPress.Christman, John. rgg4a. “Distributive Justice and the Complex Structure ofOwnership.” PliNosophy and Public Ajairs 23: aaj-so.Christman, John. 1994b. The Myth of Property: Toward an Egalitarian Theory ofOwnership. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<strong>Cohen</strong>, G. A. 1985. “Nozick on Appropriation.” New L.e? Review no. 150: 89-105.<strong>Cohen</strong>, G. A. 1986a. “Self-Ownership, World-Ownership, and Equality’’ In Justiceand EquaNty Here and Now, ed. Frank S. Lucash. lthaca: Cornell UniversityPress.<strong>Cohen</strong>, G. A. 1986b. “Self-Ownership, World Ownership. and Equality: Part 11.”Social Philosophy &.Policy 3(2): 77-96.<strong>Cohen</strong>, G. A. r989. “Are Freedom and Equality Compatible?” In Alternafiues foCapitalism, ed. Jon Elster and Karl Ove Moene. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.<strong>Cohen</strong>, G. A. IggSa. “Incentives, Inequalityl and Community” In Equal Freedom:Selected Tanner Lectures on Human Yaues, ed. Stephen Darwall. Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press.<strong>Cohen</strong>, G. A. rggsb. Seljownetsh@, Freedom, and Equality. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press.<strong>Cohen</strong>. G. A. 1996. “Self-ownership and the libertarian challenge:“ Times Literarysupplement, November 8.de Coul&ges, Numa Denis Fustel. [IS&] 1956. The Ancient City:A Study on dieReligion, Laws, and Institurions of Greece and Rome. Garden City, N.Y.: DoubledayAnchor.Ellickson, Robert C. 1993. “Property in Land.” Yale Lawjournal 102: 1315-1440.Filmer, Sir Robert. 1991, “Observations Concerning the Originall of Government,upon Mr. Hobs ‘Leviathan,’ Mr. Milton against Salmasius, H. Grotius‘De Jure Bell?!’ In idem, Patriarcha and Other Writings, ed. Johann P. Sommerville.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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