ather long, slender; stigma 3-lobed, lobes slightly recurved. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds many, flat, narrowly or scarcely wingedall round.Five species: Afghanistan, Bhutan, <strong>China</strong>, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim; SW Asia (Iran, Iraq); three species in <strong>China</strong>.1a. Plants 18–35 cm tall; raceme 2–4(–6)-flowered; cauline leaves 4–8(–17) mm wide ......................................... 3. N. macrophyllum1b. Plants 60–150 cm tall; raceme 10–24-flowered; cauline leaves 10–25 mm wide.2a. Tepals pale purple or blue-purple, 2.5–3.6 × 0.8–1.2 cm ................................................................................. 1. N. bulbuliferum2b. Tepals red, dark red, pink, or sometimes red-purple, 3.5–5 × 1–2 cm ........................................................ 2. N. campanulatum1. Notholirion bulbuliferum (Lingelsheim ex H. Limpricht)Stearn, Kew Bull. 5: 421. 1950.假 百 合 jia bai heParadisea bulbuliferum Lingelsheim ex H. Limpricht,Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 12: 316. 1922; Liliumhyacinthinum E. H. Wilson; Notholirion hyacinthinum (E. H.Wilson) Stapf.Bulbels many, pale brown, ovoid, 3–5 mm in diam. Stem60–150 cm, subglabrous. Basal leaves several, lorate, 10–25 ×1.5–2 cm; cauline leaves linear-lanceolate, 10–18 × 1–2 cm.Raceme laxly 10–24-flowered; bracts leaflike, linear, 2–7.5 cm× 3–4 mm. Flowers horizontal; pedicel slightly curved, 5–7mm. Tepals usually spreading, pale purple or blue-purple, tingedwith green apically, obovate or oblanceolate, 2.5–3.6 × 0.8–1.2 cm. Stamens scarcely shorter than tepals. Ovary pale purple,1–1.5 cm. Style 1.5–2 cm. Capsule oblong to obovoid-oblong,1.6–2 × ca. 1.5 cm, obtusely angular. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug. 2n= 24*.Thickets, alpine grassy slopes; 3000–4500 m. Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan,Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim].2. Notholirion campanulatum Cotton & Stearn, Lily YearBook 3: 19. 1934.钟 花 假 百 合 zhong hua jia bai heBulbels many, pale brown, ovoid, 5–6 mm in diam. Stem60–100 cm, subglabrous. Basal leaves many, lorate, 22–24 × 2–2.5 cm, membranous; cauline leaves linear-lanceolate, 10–20 ×1–2.5 cm. Raceme laxly 10–16-flowered; bracts leaflike, linearlanceolate,3–7 cm × 4–9 mm. Flowers nodding, campanulate;pedicel slightly curved, 4–7 mm. Tepals usually spreading, red,dark red, pink, or sometimes red-purple, tinged with greenapically, obovate-oblanceolate, 3.5–5 × 1–2 cm. Stamensslightly shorter than tepals. Ovary cylindric, 1–1.3 cm × 2–3mm. Style ca. 2 cm. Capsule brownish, oblong, 2–2.5 × 1.6–1.8cm. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Sep. 2n = 24.Forest margins, grassy slopes; 2800–4500 m. Sichuan, NW Yunnan[Bhutan, Myanmar].3. Notholirion macrophyllum (D. Don) Boissier, Fl. Orient. 5:190. 1882.大 叶 假 百 合 da ye jia bai heFritillaria macrophylla D. Don, Prodr.Fl. Nepal. 51. 1825;Lilium macrophyllum (D. Don) Voss.Stem 18–35 cm, glabrous. Basal leaves lorate, 30–40 × ca.2 cm; cauline leaves 5–10, linear, 6.5–15 × 0.4–0.8(–1.7) cm.Raceme laxly 2–4(–6)-flowered; bracts narrowly linear, 1.2–1.5cm, apex curved. Flowers funnelform; pedicel slightly curved,0.6–1.5 cm. Tepals pale purple-red or purple, oblanceolateoblong,2.5–5 × 0.6–1.5 cm, base narrowed, apex obtuse orrounded. Stamens slightly shorter than tepals; filaments 2–3.5cm; anthers ca. 5 mm. Ovary oblong, 7–8 × ca. 4 mm. Style1.5–3.2 cm. Fl. Aug. 2n = 24.Rocky places in Quercus forests, grassy slopes, meadows; 2800–3400 m. Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim].19. CARDIOCRINUM (Endlicher) Lindley, Veg. Kingd. 205. 1846.大 百 合 属 da bai he shuLiang Songyun ( 梁 松 筠 Liang Song-jun); Minoru N. TamuraLilium [unranked] Cardiocrinum Endlicher, Gen. Pl. 141. 1836.Herbs perennial, bulbiferous. Bulb formed by swollen base of usually deciduous basal leaves; bulbels several, ovoid, coveredwith tunics. Stem very tall, stout, glabrous. Leaves basal and cauline, petiolate, usually ovate-cordate, reticulate veined. Inflorescencea terminal raceme, several to many flowered; bracts persistent or caducous. Flowers bisexual, tubular-funnelform, large; pedicelrather short. Tepals 6, free, ± connivent. Stamens 6, inserted at base of tepals; filaments flat; anthers dorsifixed, versatile, narrowlyellipsoid. Ovary cylindric, 3-loculed; ovules many per locule. Style elongate; stigma slightly 3-lobed. Fruit a loculicidal capsule.Seeds reddish brown, flat, narrowly winged all round.Three species: Bhutan, <strong>China</strong>, India, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim; two species (one endemic) in <strong>China</strong>.1a. Raceme 10–16-flowered; bracts caducous ................................................................................................................. 1. C. giganteum1b. Raceme 3–5-flowered; bracts persistent .................................................................................................................. 2. C. cathayanum1. Cardiocrinum giganteum (Wallich) Makino, Bot. Mag.(Tokyo) 27: 125. 1913.大 百 合 da bai heBulbels 3.5–4 × 1.2–2 cm. Stem erect, green or dark green,
1–3 m × 3–5 cm, hollow. Leaves on proximal 1/2 of stemlarger, those on distal 1/2 much smaller, sometimes bractlike;petiole 15–20 cm; leaf blade ovate-cordate, 15–20 × 12–15 cm.Raceme 10–16-flowered; bracts caducous. Tepals white ortinged with green, streaked with purple or purple-red adaxially,linear-oblanceolate, 12–15 × 1.5–2 cm, apex obtuse. Stamens6.5–7.5 cm; filaments slightly widened toward base; anthersca. 8 × 2 mm. Ovary 2.5–3 cm × 4–5 mm. Style 5–6 cm.Capsule subglobose, 3.5–4 cm in diam.; apex beaked. Seedsovate-deltoid, 4–5 × 2–3 mm. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Sep–Oct.Forests, hillsides; 1200–3600 m. Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi,Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, S Xizang, Yunnan[Bhutan, NE India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].1a. Stem green, 1.5–3 m; tepals adaxially streakedwith purple, abaxially greenish ............. 1a. var. giganteum1b. Stem dark green, 1–2 m; tepals adaxially streakedwith purple-red, abaxially white ......... 1b. var. yunnanense1a. Cardiocrinum giganteum var. giganteum大 百 合 ( 原 变 种 ) da bai he (yuan bian zhong)Lilium giganteum Wallich, Tent. Fl. Napal. 21. 1824.Stem green, 1.5–3 m. Tepals adaxially streaked with purple,abaxially greenish. 2n = 24*.Forests, hillsides; 2300–2900 m. S Xizang [Bhutan, NE India,Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim].1b. Cardiocrinum giganteum var. yunnanense (Leichtlin exElwes) Stearn, Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 124: 4. 1948.云 南 大 百 合 yun nan da bai heLilium giganteum Wallich var. yunnanense Leichtlin exElwes, Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 60: 49. 1916; L. mirabile Franchet.Stem dark green, 1–2 m. Tepals adaxially streaked withpurple-red, abaxially white. 2n = 24*.Forests; 1200–3600 m. Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi; Guizhou,Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan [Myanmar].2. Cardiocrinum cathayanum (E. H. Wilson) Stearn, Gard.Chron., ser. 3, 124: 4. 1948.荞 麦 叶 大 百 合 qiao mai ye da bai heLilium cathayanum E. H. Wilson, Lilies East. Asia, 99.1925.Bulbels ca. 2.5 × 1.2–1.5 cm. Stem erect, 0.5–1.5 m × 2–3cm, hollow. Leaves absent in proximal part of stem except basalones, crowded in middle part, laxly spirally alternate in distalpart; petiole 6–20 cm; leaf blade ovate to ovate-cordate, 10–22× 6–12 cm. Raceme 3–5-flowered; bracts oblong, 4–5.5 × ca.1.6 cm, persistent. Tepals white or greenish, purple streaked adaxially,linear-oblanceolate, 13–15 × 1.5–2 cm. Stamens 8–10cm, ca. 2/3 as long as tepals; anthers 8–9 mm. Ovary 3–3.5 cm× 5–7 mm. Style 6–6.5 cm. Capsule subglobose, 4–5 × 3–3.5cm. Seeds 4.5–2.5 mm, reddish brownish winged all round. Fl.Jul–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 24*.Moist and shady places on forested slopes; 600–2200 m. Anhui,Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang.20. LILIUM Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 302. 1753.百 合 属 bai he shuLiang Songyun ( 梁 松 筠 Liang Song-jun); Minoru N. TamuraHerbs perennial, bulbiferous. Bulb of many imbricate, fleshy scales, without tunic. Stem erect, leafy. Leaves alternate, rarelywhorled, sessile or subsessile, usually linear to linear-lanceolate. Bulblets sometimes present in leaf axils. Inflorescence terminal, araceme or solitary flower, very rarely an umbel or corymb; bracts leaflike. Flowers often funnelform or campanulate, sometimes tubularor cupular. Tepals 6, free, usually connivent, sometimes strongly recurved or revolute, white, yellow, greenish, or reddish to purplish,nectariferous near base adaxially; nectaries usually narrowly grooved, sometimes fringed with papillae or hairs, rarely flat onouter tepals. Stamens 6; filaments subulate or filiform, sometimes pubescent; anthers dorsifixed, versatile. Ovary 3-loculed; ovulesmany per locule. Style elongate, slender; stigma swollen, usually 3-lobed. Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds many, arranged like apile of coins in each valve, flat, narrowly winged all round.About 115 species: temperate and alpine regions of the N hemisphere, especially in E Asia; 55 species (35 endemic, one introduced) in <strong>China</strong>.The status of Lilium puerense Y. Y. Qian (Guihaia 11: 125. 1991) and L. rockii R. H. Miao (Acta Scient. Nat. Univ. Sunyatseni 34(3): 81. 1995)is unclear. Lilium puerense was described from S Yunnan (Pu’er Xian), based on specimens collected in 1987 (holotype: Y. Y. Qian 1774, SMAO). It issaid to be similar to L. sulphureum, but with leaf margin papillose, bracts ovate, and ovary greenish (vs. purple). Lilium rockii was described fromYunnan, based on a single specimen collected in 1932 (J. F. Rock 25129, SYS). It is said to be close to L. concolor, but with stem, leaf margin, and leafveins on both surfaces shortly hirsute (vs. papillose), flowers larger, tepals yellowish (vs. deep red), and style longer (vs. shorter) than ovary. Liliumpyi is also an unclear species, of which no specimens were seen by the present authors. It is briefly described at the end of this account (no. 55), butcould not be included in the key because insufficient details are known. Lilium apertum and L. saluenense are temporarily treated as Nomocharisaperta and N. saluenensis, respectively. At present, Nomocharis consists of six species. However, further studies are needed to clarify whetherNomocharis should be regarded as an independent genus or included within Lilium.1a. Leaves whorled.2a. Flowers campanulate; stamens converging.3a. Tepals purple, narrowly elliptic or rarely narrowly ovate, 25–35 × 10–14 mm ................................................. 6. L. paradoxum3b. Tepals yellow, elliptic, 50–60 × 20–24 mm ........................................................................................................ 7. L. medogense
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34b. Stem very short; leaves basal
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simple, erect, usually with a few s
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ciflorus and S. spicatus Klotzsch);
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- Page 16 and 17: Helonias umbellata (Baker) N. Tanak
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- Page 20 and 21: 小 重 楼 xiao chong louPlants 7-
- Page 22 and 23: 14b. Paris thibetica var. apetala H
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- Page 30 and 31: 8. Smilax davidiana A. de Candolle
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- Page 36 and 37: slightly shorter than petiole; umbe
- Page 38 and 39: 马 甲 菝 葜 ma jia ba qiaVines
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- Page 42 and 43: 70. Smilax bauhinioides Kunth, Enum
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- Page 86 and 87: latipetalum Collett & Hemsley; D. p
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2/3-5/6 as long as perianth segment
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Filaments shorter than perianth seg
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umbel, covered with leaf sheaths on
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shores; 1900-3700 m. Xinjiang [Afgh
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昆 仑 韭 kun lun jiuBulbs cluste
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Bulb solitary or clustered, applana
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北 葱 bei congBulbs usually clust
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112. Allium songpanicum J. M. Xu in
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Style exserted. Fl. and fr. May-Jul
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Forests on shady slopes, sands, san
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stigma small. Fruit a capsule, glob
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90: 27. 1931.紫 萼 zi eBryocles v
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Tepals white, linear, membranous; o
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19a. Male flowers 2-4 mm; branches
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perianth yellowish green, campanula
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Asparagus soongoricus Iljin.Herbs d
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北 天 门 冬 bei tian men dongAs
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fr. Sep-Nov.Forests, bamboo forests
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Tovaria oleracea Baker, J. Linn. So
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nate at base, outer ones broadly ov
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2.5 mm. Style ca. 2 mm; stigma capi
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38b. Peduncle usually 1-1.5 cm; inf
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5-12(-17)-flowered; peduncle 3-5 cm
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Himal. Mts. 1: 380. 1839.对 叶
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mm. Perianth pale yellow, cylindric
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nan [Laos, Thailand, Vietnam].2. Di
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Convallaria keiskei Miquel; C. keis
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margin, free part very short. Ovary
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sometimes greenish, ovate to lanceo
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Liang Songyun ( 梁 松 筠 Liang S
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lobes with a white hollow on adaxia
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ar-lanceolate, 30-40 × 3-5 cm, lea
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26. Aspidistra cruciformis Y. Wan &
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Fl. Apr. 2n = 36*.SW Guangxi (Longz
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2.5 mm. Flowers solitary, sometimes
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17b. Plants less than 40 cm tall; t
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asal one 6-8 mm. Flowers solitary;
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2n = 36*, 72*.Dense forests, mossy
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Plants stoloniferous; stolons with
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ulate distally. Tepals purple, or w
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Stem 2-3 cm. Leaves 2 or 3; petiole