ulate distally. Tepals purple, or white tinged with purple, oblong-ovate,ca. 5 × 2 mm, 1-veined. Filaments short; anthersoblong. Style 5–6 mm, slender. Seeds purple-blue at maturity,ellipsoid or globose. Fl. and fr. Aug–Oct.Forests, hillsides along streams, moist places. Guangxi, Hainan.43. Ophiopogon umbraticola Hance, J. Bot. 6: 115. 1868.阴 生 沿 阶 草 yin sheng yan jie caoFlueggea japonica (Linnaeus f.) Richard var. umbraticola(Hance) Baker; Mondo umbraticola (Hance) Ohwi; M. japonicum(Linnaeus f.) Farwell var. umbraticola (Hance) Farwell;Ophiopogon japonicus (Linnaeus f.) Ker Gawler var. umbraticola(Hance) C. H. Wright.Rhizome short. Leaves basal, tufted, sessile, grasslike, 15–35(–50) cm × 1–2 mm, ca. 3-veined, margin serrulate. Scapeca. 30 cm. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, 8–16 cm, manyflowered; bracts nearly subulate, basal one 6–8 mm. Flowers inclusters of 2 or 3 or solitary; pedicel ca. 1 cm, slender, articulatenear middle. Tepals bluish, lanceolate to oblong, ca. 4 × 1.5–2mm. Filaments ca. 0.8 mm; anthers ca. 2 mm. Style ca. 1.2 mmin diam., longer than anthers, basally widened. Fl. Aug. 2n =68*, 72*.Forests, scrub, cliffs, streamsides, moist and shady places alongvalleys; 700–1000 m. N Guangdong, NE Guizhou (Fanjing Shan),Jiangxi, SE Sichuan (Jinfo Shan).44. Ophiopogon bodinieri H. Léveillé, Mem. Pontif. Accad.Romana Nuovi Lincei 23: 343. 1905.沿 阶 草 yan jie caoMondo bodinieri (H. Léveillé) Farwell; M. formosanumOhwi; Ophiopogon bodinieri var. pygmaeus F. T. Wang & L.K. Dai; O. filiformis H. Léveillé; ?O. lofouensis H. Léveillé.Plants stoloniferous. Roots slender, usually with tuberouspart near tip. Leaves basal, tufted, sessile, grasslike, (5–)20–40× 1–4(–7) mm, margin serrulate. Scape (5–)15–35 cm. Inflorescencea reduced panicle, 1–7 cm, several to many flowered;bracts yellowish, linear, basal one ca. 7 mm. Flowers solitary orpaired; pedicel 5–8 mm, articulate at middle. Tepals white, purplish,or yellowish, tinged reddish, ovate-lanceolate to suboblong,4–6 × 1.5–3 mm. Filaments 0.5–0.8 mm; anthers ca. 2.5mm. Style 4–5 mm, slender. Seeds subglobose or ellipsoid, 5–6mm in diam. Fl. Jun–Aug, fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 36*, 108*.Forests, scrub forests, thickets, hillsides along ravines, moistplaces on grassy slopes; 500–3600 m. Gansu, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei,Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan [?Bhutan].The tuberous roots are used medicinally.45. Ophiopogon japonicus (Linnaeus f.) Ker Gawler, Bot.Mag. 27: t. 1063. 1807.麦 冬 mai dongConvallaria japonica Linnaeus f., Suppl. Pl. 204. 1782;Anemarrhena cavaleriei H. Léveillé, nom. illeg. (includedOphiopogon stolonifer); C. japonica var. minor Thunberg;Flueggea japonica (Linnaeus f.) Richard; Mondo japonicum(Linnaeus f.) Farwell; M. stolonifer (H. Léveillé & Vaniot)Farwell; O. argyi H. Léveillé; O. chekiangensis Koiti Kimura& Migo; O. stolonifer H. Léveillé & Vaniot; Slateria japonica(Linnaeus f.) Desvaux.Plants stoloniferous. Roots moderately thick, usually withtuberous part near middle or tip. Leaves basal, tufted, sessile,grasslike, generally 10–50 cm × 2–4 mm, 3–7-veined, marginserrulate. Scape 6–15(–27) cm, much shorter than leaves. Inflorescencea reduced panicle, 2–5 cm, several to more than 10-flowered; bracts lanceolate, basal one 7–8 mm. Flowers solitaryor paired, usually nodding; pedicel 3–4 mm, articulate nearmiddle. Tepals white or purplish, lanceolate, ca. 5 × 2 mm. Filamentsvery short; anthers 2.5–3 mm. Style somewhat narrowlyconical, ca. 4 mm, moderately thick, basally widened. Seedsglobose, 7–8 mm in diam. Fl. May–Aug, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n =34*, 36*, 67, 68*, 72*, 108*.Forests, dense scrub in ravines, moist and shady places on slopesand along streams, cliffs; 200–2800 m. Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong,Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi,Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Japan,Korea].Widely cultivated in <strong>China</strong> for its tuberous roots, which are usedmedicinally.46. Ophiopogon clarkei J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6: 268.1892.长 丝 沿 阶 草 chang si yan jie caoMondo dracaenoides (Baker) Farwell var. clarkei (J. D.Hooker) Farwell.Plants stoloniferous. Roots slender, usually with fusiform,tuberous part near middle or tip. Leaves basal, tufted, sessile,grasslike, 7–30 cm × 2–3 mm, 5–7-veined, margin slightly serrulate.Scape 10–20 cm. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, 2–3cm, 2–5-flowered; bracts lanceolate to narrowly ovate, basalone 6–7 mm. Flowers solitary or paired; pedicel 4–5 mm,articulate at or below middle. Tepals white, ovate to ovate-lanceolate,7–8 × 2.5–3.5 mm. Filaments ca. 1.5 mm; anthers ca.4.5 mm. Style basally slightly widened. Fl. Jun–Jul. 2n = 36*,?38.Forests, scrub forests, cliffs, streamsides; 2000–3500 m. E Xizang,NW Yunnan [Bhutan, NE India, Nepal, Sikkim].47. Ophiopogon paniculatus Z. Y. Zhu, Guihaia 14: 206. 1994.锥 序 沿 阶 草 zhui xu yan jie caoPlants stoloniferous. Rhizome stout. Roots slender. Leavesbasal, tufted, subsessile or indistinctly petiolate, grasslike, 12–33 × 0.2–0.7 cm, 5–7-veined, base attenuate. Scape 15–20 cm.Inflorescence a panicle, 3–5 cm, many flowered; branches 5–7mm, 2–4-flowered; bracts and bracteoles lanceolate to ovatelanceolate,5–7 mm. Pedicel 4–7 mm, articulate near apex. Tepalswhite, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 5–6 × 1.5–2 mm. Filamentsindistinct; anthers lanceolate, 3.8–4.5 mm. Style 4–5mm, slender. Fl. Jun–Jul.Slopes; ca. 1000 m. Sichuan.
57. PELIOSANTHES Andrews, Bot. Repos. 10: t. 605. 1810.球 子 草 属 qiu zi cao shuChen Xinqi ( 陈 心 启 Chen Sing-chi); Minoru N. TamuraBulbospermum Blume; Lourya Baillon; Neolourya L. Rodriguez; Teta Roxburgh.Herbs perennial, rhizomatous, with thick roots. Stem usually short, rarely elongate and procumbent. Leaves usually basal, rarelycauline, petiolate; leaf blade linear to elliptic-ovate, subplicate veined, with conspicuous, transverse veins between main, longitudinalveins, glabrous. Scape terminating in a raceme or reduced panicle. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2–5, subtended by a bract; pedicelarticulate near apex; bracteole absent or 1. Perianth segments 6, united into a tube. Stamens 6; filaments dilated, connate in afleshy ring (corona), rarely free; corona flat or elevated; anthers subsessile. Ovary inferior to semi-inferior, 3-loculed; ovules 2–4(or5) per locule. Style shortly conical to columnar; stigma capitate to 3-lobed, small. Fruit bursting at an early stage and exposing youngseeds. Seeds blue at maturity, berrylike, ellipsoid to globose.About 16 species: Bangladesh, <strong>China</strong>, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam; six species (five endemic)in <strong>China</strong>.Jessop (Blumea 23: 141–159. 1976) united all the previously recognized species of Peliosanthes into a single species, P. teta Andrews, comprisingtwo subspecies, subsp. teta and subsp. humilis (Andrews) Jessop ex Gandhi, because he could not find satisfactory correlations between thevariations of gross morphological characters. However, according to a molecular taxonomic study by Yamashita, Vogel, and Tamura (unpublished),individuals of some species of Peliosanthes based on the earlier, narrower species concept clearly form clades. Therefore, in this treatment, we use thenarrower species concept instead of that of Jessop. Peliosanthes kaoi, P. macrostegia, and P. yunnanensis are distinguishable from one anotherprimarily by size, and P. ophiopogonoides is distinguished from these three species primarily by leaf venation (the diagnostic value of which inPeliosanthes is not well known). Further studies are needed to ascertain whether or not these four species are really distinct from one another and alsofrom the Himalayan species P. macrophylla Wallich ex Baker. Peliosanthes stenophylla Merrill, described from Guangdong, has been transferred toOphiopogon, as O. stenophyllus (Merrill) L. Rodriguez. The holotype specimen of P. mairei H. Léveillé, described from Yunnan, can be identified asMaianthemum atropurpureum (Franchet) LaFrankie.1a. Flowers in clusters of 2–5; ovary inferior .............................................................................................................................. 1. P. teta1b. Flowers solitary; ovary semi-inferior.2a. Stem procumbent, 5.5–18.5 cm ................................................................................................................................... 2. P. sinica2b. Stem erect, less than 3 cm.3a. Leaves with oblique transverse veins ................................................................................................. 3. P. ophiopogonoides3b. Leaves with horizontal transverse veins.4a. Perianth 12–16 mm in diam.; anthers ca. 2 mm .................................................................................. 4. P. yunnanensis4b. Perianth 5.5–12 mm in diam.; anthers 0.5–1 mm.5a. Leaf blade 15–25 × 5–6 cm; petiole 20–30 cm; raceme 9–25 cm; scape 6–10 cm; pedicels5–6 mm .......................................................................................................................................... 5. P. macrostegia5b. Leaf blade 6–8 × 1.5–2 cm; petiole 3–5 cm; raceme 3–5 cm; scape 4–5 cm; pedicels 1.5–2 mm ........... 6. P. kaoi1. Peliosanthes teta Andrews, Bot. Repos. 10: t. 605. 1810.簇 花 球 子 草 cu hua qiu zi caoPeliosanthes minor Yamamoto; P. tonkinensis F. T. Wang& Tang; P. torulosa Y. Wan.Stem short. Leaves 4–8; petiole (5–)20–30 cm, slightlycompressed; leaf blade lanceolate to elliptic, (12–)16–23 × 2–4cm, with 5 main veins, apex acute to acuminate. Scape 3–20cm. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, (5–)10–15 cm; bractslanceolate, 3–7 mm, membranous. Flowers in clusters of 2–5;pedicel (3–)5–8 mm; bracteole 1, ca. 2 mm. Perianth purple, 6–8 mm in diam.; tube 2–3 mm, mostly adnate to ovary; lobesoblong to ovate, 2.5–4 × 1.5–2 mm. Corona purple, ca. 0.5 mmwide; anthers ca. 0.5 mm. Style short; stigma capitate. Seedssubglobose, 5–7 mm. Fl. Jan. 2n = 36*.Forests; ca. 600 m. S Guangxi, Hainan, S Yunnan [Bangladesh,NE and SE India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam].2. Peliosanthes sinica F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. PopularisSin. 15: 253. 1978.匍 匐 球 子 草 pu fu qiu zi caoStem procumbent, 5.5–18.5 cm. Leaves 3 or 4; petiole (2–)7–20 cm; leaf blade oblong to elliptic, 11–17 × 3–6 cm, with 7main veins. Scape ca. 3.5 cm. Inflorescence a raceme, 1.5–5cm; bracts lanceolate, 5–10 mm, papery, apex caudate. Flowerssolitary; pedicel ca. 3 mm; bracteole absent. Perianth purple, 6–7 mm in diam.; tube ca. 1 mm, proximally adnate to ovary;lobes ovate, 3–4 mm. Corona ca. 1 mm wide; anthers ca. 0.5mm. Style short; stigma shortly 3-lobed. Seeds ellipsoid, 0.7–1.5 cm. Fr. Oct. 2n = 36*.Evergreen broad-leaved forests, rainforests, bamboo forests;400–2100 m. S Guangxi, S Yunnan.3. Peliosanthes ophiopogonoides F. T. Wang & Tang, Fl.Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 253. 1978.长 苞 球 子 草 chang bao qiu zi cao
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34b. Stem very short; leaves basal
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simple, erect, usually with a few s
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ciflorus and S. spicatus Klotzsch);
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pendulous .........................
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ase, persistent. Stamens 6, free or
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Helonias umbellata (Baker) N. Tanak
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6-11 cm, adaxially sometimes with p
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小 重 楼 xiao chong louPlants 7-
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14b. Paris thibetica var. apetala H
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slightly convex connective apically
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when dried, not wrinkled adaxially
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80b. Flowers much smaller, tepals 2
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8. Smilax davidiana A. de Candolle
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present. Leaf blade abaxially sligh
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This species was misidentified in F
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slightly shorter than petiole; umbe
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马 甲 菝 葜 ma jia ba qiaVines
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Vines climbing, usually unarmed. St
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70. Smilax bauhinioides Kunth, Enum
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4a. Male umbel 5-9-flowered; filame
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persistent tepals. Seeds many, glob
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Imag. Descr. Fl. Russ. 8. 1844; Gag
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ca. 2/3 as wide as inner ones.6a. I
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1a. Bracts 2-4, much smaller than l
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oblong to lanceolate, 2-2.5 cm × 6
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12b. Leaves 0.5-1 cm wide; inflores
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Yunnan.The bulbs are used medicinal
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甘 肃 贝 母 gan su bei muFritil
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ather long, slender; stigma 3-lobed
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2b. Flowers not campanulate, tepals
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etween apical whorl and basal bract
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Lilium nanum Klotzsch var. brevisty
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2.5-3 cm × 5-10 mm. Stem 20-30 cm,
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5.5-6 cm × 8-10 mm, margin revolut
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woolly hairs ......................
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3-5-veined, margin papillose. Flowe
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3a. Inner tepals neither spotted no
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3a. Stems subglabrous.4a. Flowers p
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Tepals obliquely outward spreading,
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12a. Tepals white to cream, spotted
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latipetalum Collett & Hemsley; D. p
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only slightly exserted from periant
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laysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines
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3b. Perianth tube longer, to 4 cm,r
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About 660 species: N hemisphere, ma
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44a. Scape 10-15(-20) cm; perianth
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85b. Perianth segments 3-6 mm; fila
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125b. Inner filaments entire at bas
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Leaf blade without white main veins
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irregularly 2-lobed. Filaments subu
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Scrub, moist places; 4500-5000 m. S
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Forests, slopes, pastures; 1600-330
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(40-)50-80 cm, terete, covered with
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2/3-5/6 as long as perianth segment
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Filaments shorter than perianth seg
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umbel, covered with leaf sheaths on
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shores; 1900-3700 m. Xinjiang [Afgh
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昆 仑 韭 kun lun jiuBulbs cluste
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Bulb solitary or clustered, applana
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北 葱 bei congBulbs usually clust
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112. Allium songpanicum J. M. Xu in
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Style exserted. Fl. and fr. May-Jul
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Forests on shady slopes, sands, san
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stigma small. Fruit a capsule, glob
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90: 27. 1931.紫 萼 zi eBryocles v
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Tepals white, linear, membranous; o
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19a. Male flowers 2-4 mm; branches
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