asal one 6–8 mm. Flowers solitary; pedicel 4–6 mm, articulateproximally. Tepals bluish, ovate, ca. 5 × 2.5–3 mm. Filamentsca. 0.5 mm; anthers ca. 2 mm. Style ca. 2 × as long as anthers,slender. Fl. Jun. 2n = 36*.Broad-leaved forests, scrub forests, streamsides, moist andshady places, cliffs; 700–1800 m. N Guizhou, S Sichuan.6. Ophiopogon yunnanensis S. C. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin.26: 140. 1988.滇 西 沿 阶 草 dian xi yan jie caoStem elongate,subterete, 5–7 mm thick,covered with grayishsheaths, with some aerial roots. Leaves in distant tufts 3–4cm apart, 9–11 per tuft, sessile, long linear, 40–50 cm × 5–9mm, base somewhat equitant, margin membranous. Scape arisingfrom an apical leaf axil, 17–22 cm. Inflorescence a reducedpanicle, more than 10-flowered; bracts lanceolate to linearlanceolate,1–2 cm. Flowers paired, rarely also solitary; pedicelmuch shorter than the bracts, articulate proximally. Tepalswhite, oblong to subovate, 7.5–9 × 3–5 mm, inner ones slightlywider than outer. Filaments very short; anthers ca. 5 mm. Styleslightly exceeding anthers, slender. Fl. Jun.Forests along rivers; 1700–2200 m. W Yunnan (Lushui Xian).7. Ophiopogon reptans J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 6: 268.1892.蔓 茎 沿 阶 草 man jing yan jie caoMondo dracaenoides (Baker) Farwell var. reptans (J. D.Hooker) Farwell.Stem prostrate, elongate, sometimes with a few somewhatstiltlike roots. Leaves in distant tufts, subsessile, abaxially glaucous,long linear, 10–15 cm × 3–4 mm, ca. 5-veined, marginmembranous at base. Scape arising from an apical leaf axil, 4–8cm, slender. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, several flowered;bracts ovate-lanceolate, 4–6 mm, membranous. Flowers solitaryor paired; pedicel 5–8 mm, articulate near middle. Tepalsgreenish yellow, lanceolate, 5–6 × 1.5–2 mm. Filaments veryshort; anthers ca. 3 mm. Style nearly as long as anthers. Seedssubglobose, 4–5 mm in diam. Fl. Jun–Jul, fr. Aug. 2n = 36.Forests, sandy soil along streams; 1300–1800 m. SW Guangxi,Hainan [India, Thailand, Vietnam].8. Ophiopogon multiflorus Y. Wan, Guihaia 8: 235. 1988.隆 安 沿 阶 草 long an yan jie caoStem prostrate, distally ascending, elongate, 1–2 cm thick,with a few woody roots. Leaves in distant tufts, indistinctlypetiolate, abaxially longitudinally grayish streaked, grasslike,35–80 × 1.3–2.6 cm, base attenuate, margin membranous.Scape 1(or 2) arising from apical leaf axils. Inflorescence areduced panicle, densely 110–180-flowered; bracts ovatelanceolateto lanceolate, basal one 2–3(–5) cm. Flowers usuallyin clusters of 2–6; pedicel 1.2–1.8 cm, articulate near middle.Tepals recurved, purplish blue, ovate, ca. 6 × 2.5 mm.Filaments very short; anthers 2.5–3 mm, connate. Style ca. 5mm. Seeds ellipsoid, ca. 13 × 9 mm. Fl. Oct, fr. Nov.Forests on rocky slopes. WC Guangxi (Long’an Xian).9. Ophiopogon tsaii F. T. Wang & Tang, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst.Biol. 7: 282. 1937.簇 叶 沿 阶 草 cu ye yan jie caoStemprostrate, distally ascending,elongate, ca.4 mm thick,covered with grayish brown sheaths, proximally with somewhite-hairy roots. Leaves in distal tufts, 8–12 per tuft, sessile,grasslike, 4–35 cm × 4–6 mm, margin membranous at base.Scape arising from an apical leaf axil, 13–19 cm. Inflorescencea reduced panicle, 10–25-flowered; bracts setiform, ca. 1 cm,basal one to 3.5 cm. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2–4; pedicel2–3 mm. Tepals purplish, oblong to subelliptic, ca. 2.5 × 1.5mm. Filaments short; anthers ca. 2 mm. Style ca. 3 mm,slender. Seeds ellipsoid to globose, 8–10 mm in diam. Fl.Jun–Jul, fr. Aug–Oct. 2n = 36*.Forests, hillsides along ravines; 800–1800 m. S Yunnan.10. Ophiopogon motouensis S. C. Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin.17(4): 111. 1979.墨 托 沿 阶 草 mo tuo yan jie caoStem prostrate, distally usually suberect, occasionallybranched, elongate, 10–30 cm × 4–8 mm, covered with purplishbrown sheaths. Leaves in distant tufts 5–10 cm apart, usually 4–8 per tuft, sessile, long linear, 40–60 × 0.7–1.2 cm, 9–15-veined, base somewhat distichous equitant, margin purplishbrown at base. Scape arising from an apical leaf axil, (20–)30–45 cm. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, more than 10-flowered;rachis slightly flat and narrowly 2-winged; bracts linearlanceolate,5–9 mm. Flowers usually paired; pedicel 5–9 mm,articulate proximally. Tepals white, narrowly ovate to oblonglanceolate,8–9 × 1.5–3 mm. Filaments very short; anthers 6–7mm. Style 6–8 mm, slender. Fl. Aug.Forests, shady places; 800–1700 m. SE Xizang (Mêdog Xian).11. Ophiopogon menglianensis H. W. Li, Acta Bot. Yunnan.13: 268. 1991.勐 连 沿 阶 草 meng lian yan jie caoStem ± prostrate, elongate, subterete, 5–7 mm thick, coveredwith sheaths and with a few roots. Leaves in distant tufts4–5 cm apart, 7–9 per tuft, sessile, adaxially green, abaxiallyglaucescent, long linear, 28–40 × (0.7–)1–1.6 cm, base somewhatdistichous equitant,margin membranous at base, apex acuminate.Scape arising from an apical leaf axil, ca. 6 cm, slightlycompressed, wingless. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, ca. 6cm; bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 5–7 mm, base ca. 5 mmwide, apex acuminate to long acuminate. Flowers often inclusters of 3 or 4; pedicel less than 8 mm, articulateproximally. Tepals white, subovate, ca. 7 × 3 mm.Forests; ca. 1000 m. SW Yunnan (Menglian Dai-Lahu-Va ZuZizhixian).12. Ophiopogon jiangchengensis Y. Y. Qian, Acta Bot. AustroSin. 7: 14. 1991.江 城 沿 阶 草 jiang cheng yan jie caoStem erect, rarely prostrate, elongate, 2.5–4 mm thick,covered with sheaths and with a few woody, striate, densely
pubescent roots 3–4 mm thick. Leaves in distant tufts 5–7 cmapart, 4–14 per tuft, indistinctly petiolate (petiole 1–10 cm),adaxially deep green, abaxially gray-green or whitish streaked,long linear, 5–35 cm × 4–8(–11) mm, papery, base attenuate,sheathing, margin membranous at base, apex acuminate. Scapearising from an apical leaf axil, deep violet, 8–20 cm, slightlycompressed, furrowed. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, 4–12cm, 20–60-flowered; bracts ovate-lanceolate, basal one 1–2 cm.Flowers in clusters of 2–5, campanulate, 8–11 mm in diam.;pedicel 6–8 mm, articulate near middle. Tepals pale violet,ovate, 4.8–5 × 3–3.2 mm, apex slightly revolute. Filaments 0.2–0.3 mm; anthers narrowly ovate-deltoid, 3.5–4 × ca. 1.5 mm,free. Style 4–4.5 mm. Seeds pale violet at maturity, ellipsoid,7–10 × 5–7 mm. Fl. Aug–Sep, fr. Oct–Feb.Forests; 300–1300 m. S Yunnan (Jiangcheng Hani-Yi Zu Zizhixian).This species is similar to Ophiopogon siamensis M. N. Tamura(Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 49: 27. 1998), from N Thailand, but differs inhaving longer bracts and shorter filaments and style. Ophiopogon siamensishas bracts less than 1 cm, filaments 0.7–1.1 mm, and style 5–5.4mm. Further studies are needed to ascertain whether or not these twospecies are really distinct.13.Ophiopogon albimarginatus D. Fang, J. Trop.Subtrop. Bot.6: 97. 1998.白 边 沿 阶 草 bai bian yan jie caoStem prostrate proximally and erect distally, or wholly decumbent,elongate, terete, 13–22 cm × 2–5 mm, covered withsheaths and with a few roots (1–)2–3 mm thick. Leaves indistant tufts, indistinctly petiolate, long linear to narrowly elliptic-linear,14–30 cm × 6–11 mm, 5–9-veined, base slightly attenuate,apex acuminate. Scape arising from an apical leaf axil,slightly compressed, narrowly 2-winged. Inflorescence a reducedpanicle, 4.5–6.5 cm, 14–18-flowered; bracts linear-lanceolateto narrowly ovate, basal one ca. 2 cm, base 3–5 mmwide, membranous. Flowers in clusters of 2 or 3; pedicel 6–9mm, shorter than bracts, articulate proximally or near middle.Tepals reflexed distally, purple with white margin, narrowlyovate to lanceolate, ca. 7 × 2.3 mm, apex obtuse. Seeds broadlyellipsoid, 8–11 × 5–8 mm.Valley forests; ca. 300 m. E Guangxi (He Xian).The present authors have not seen flowers of this species. Judgingfrom the characteristics of the vegetative organs, it is similar to Ophiopogonjiangchengensis. Detailed observation of the flowers is necessaryin order to ascertain whether or not the two species are really distinct.14. Ophiopogon chingii F. T. Wang & Tang, Bull. Fan Mem.Inst. Biol. 7: 282. 1937.长 茎 沿 阶 草 chang jing yan jie caoOphiopogon chingii var. glaucifolius F. T. Wang & L. K.Dai.Stem prostrate, distally ± ascending, sometimes branched,elongate,2–5 mm thick, proximally with stiff, somewhat woodyroots. Leaves scattered, subsessile, abaxially glaucous, swordshaped,7–20 cm × 3–8(–20) mm, 5–9-veined, base clasping,margin membranous at base. Scape arising from a distal leafaxil, 8–15 cm. Inflorescence a reduced panicle, 5–10-flowered;bracts white, ovate to lanceolate, scarious, basal one ca. 6 mm.Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2–4; pedicel 6–12 mm,articulate proximally. Tepals white or purplish, oblong to ovateoblong,ca. 5 × 2 mm. Filaments ca. 1 mm; anthers ca. 2 mm.Style 3–4 mm. Fl. May–Jul. 2n = 36*.Dense evergreen broad-leaved forests, bamboo forests, thickets,rocky and moist places; 700–2100 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou,Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan.15. Ophiopogon filipes D. Fang, J. Trop. Subtrop. Bot. 6: 98.1998.丝 梗 沿 阶 草 si geng yan jie caoStem decumbent, elongate, terete, more than 19 cm × 3–5mm, proximally with dense, residual sheaths. Leaves scattereddistally on stem, sessile, long linear, 16–24 cm × 2.5–5 mm, 5-or 6-veined, base not attenuate, apex acuminate. Scape arisingfrom an apical leaf axil, ca. 5 cm. Inflorescence a reduced panicle,ca. 12 cm, ca. 60-flowered; bracts pale green, linear-lanceolateto narrowly deltoid, basal one ca. 6 cm, base ca. 2 mmwide. Flowers in clusters of 2–4; pedicel filiform, 13–15 mm,articulate distally. Tepals salmon pink, ovate to narrowly so, ca.3.5 × 2–2.5 mm, apex obtuse. Filaments very short; anthers narrowlyovate, ca. 2.5 mm, free. Style ca. 4 mm. Fl. Oct.Limestone hills. SW Guangxi (Daxin Xian).16. Ophiopogon amblyphyllus F. T. Wang & L. K. Dai in F.T. Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 251. 1978.钝 叶 沿 阶 草 dun ye yan jie caoStem rhizomelike, terete, elongate, stout, with dense nodesand several creeping stolons. Leaves nearly crowded and subterminal;petiole 3–6 cm; leaf blade abaxially glaucous, oblanceolate-oblongto suboblanceolate, 6–8 × 0.8–2.4 cm, apex subroundedor obtuse. Scape 9–15 cm. Inflorescence a raceme or areduced panicle, 5–8 cm, several to 15-flowered; bracts lanceolate,basal one 5–8 mm. Flowers solitary or rarely paired; pedicel3–4 mm, articulate near middle. Tepals purple, ovate, ca. 4× 2 mm. Filaments short, less than 1 mm; anthers ca. 1.5 mm.Style ca. 3 mm. Seeds ellipsoid, ca. 9 mm. Fl. Jul, fr. Aug–Sep.2n = 108*.Forests, shady and humid places, hillsides; 1600–2200 m. SSichuan, NW Yunnan.17. Ophiopogon angustifoliatus (F. T. Wang & Tang) S. C.Chen, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 26: 141. 1988.短 药 沿 阶 草 duan yao yan jie caoOphiopogon bockianus Diels var. angustifoliatus F. T.Wang & Tang, Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 15: 252. 1978.Stem rhizomelike,elongate, subterete, 4–6 mm thick, stout,with dense nodes, stoloniferous. Leaves nearly crowded andsubterminal, long linear, 15–25 cm × 3–7 mm. Scape 5–15 cm.Inflorescence a raceme, usually 3–6-flowered; bracts lanceolate,6–9 mm. Flowers solitary; pedicel 8–10 mm, articulatenear middle. Tepals subovate, 7–8 × 3–3.5 mm. Filaments veryshort; anthers 3.5–4 mm, connate to form a cone. Style 6–7.5mm, slender. Seeds globose, 5–7 mm. Fl. Jul–Aug, fr. Sep–Oct.
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34b. Stem very short; leaves basal
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simple, erect, usually with a few s
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ciflorus and S. spicatus Klotzsch);
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pendulous .........................
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ase, persistent. Stamens 6, free or
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Helonias umbellata (Baker) N. Tanak
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6-11 cm, adaxially sometimes with p
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小 重 楼 xiao chong louPlants 7-
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14b. Paris thibetica var. apetala H
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slightly convex connective apically
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when dried, not wrinkled adaxially
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80b. Flowers much smaller, tepals 2
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8. Smilax davidiana A. de Candolle
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present. Leaf blade abaxially sligh
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This species was misidentified in F
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slightly shorter than petiole; umbe
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马 甲 菝 葜 ma jia ba qiaVines
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Vines climbing, usually unarmed. St
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70. Smilax bauhinioides Kunth, Enum
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4a. Male umbel 5-9-flowered; filame
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persistent tepals. Seeds many, glob
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Imag. Descr. Fl. Russ. 8. 1844; Gag
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ca. 2/3 as wide as inner ones.6a. I
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1a. Bracts 2-4, much smaller than l
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oblong to lanceolate, 2-2.5 cm × 6
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12b. Leaves 0.5-1 cm wide; inflores
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Yunnan.The bulbs are used medicinal
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甘 肃 贝 母 gan su bei muFritil
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ather long, slender; stigma 3-lobed
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2b. Flowers not campanulate, tepals
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etween apical whorl and basal bract
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Lilium nanum Klotzsch var. brevisty
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2.5-3 cm × 5-10 mm. Stem 20-30 cm,
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5.5-6 cm × 8-10 mm, margin revolut
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woolly hairs ......................
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3-5-veined, margin papillose. Flowe
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3a. Inner tepals neither spotted no
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3a. Stems subglabrous.4a. Flowers p
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Tepals obliquely outward spreading,
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12a. Tepals white to cream, spotted
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latipetalum Collett & Hemsley; D. p
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only slightly exserted from periant
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laysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines
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3b. Perianth tube longer, to 4 cm,r
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About 660 species: N hemisphere, ma
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44a. Scape 10-15(-20) cm; perianth
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85b. Perianth segments 3-6 mm; fila
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125b. Inner filaments entire at bas
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Leaf blade without white main veins
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irregularly 2-lobed. Filaments subu
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Scrub, moist places; 4500-5000 m. S
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Forests, slopes, pastures; 1600-330
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(40-)50-80 cm, terete, covered with
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2/3-5/6 as long as perianth segment
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Filaments shorter than perianth seg
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umbel, covered with leaf sheaths on
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shores; 1900-3700 m. Xinjiang [Afgh
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昆 仑 韭 kun lun jiuBulbs cluste
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Bulb solitary or clustered, applana
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北 葱 bei congBulbs usually clust
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112. Allium songpanicum J. M. Xu in
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Style exserted. Fl. and fr. May-Jul
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Forests on shady slopes, sands, san
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stigma small. Fruit a capsule, glob
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