Liang Songyun ( 梁 松 筠 Liang Song-jun); Minoru N. TamuraAntherolophus Gagnepain; Colania Gagnepain; Evrardiella Gagnepain; Macrogyne Link & Otto; Plectogyne Link.Herbs perennial, rhizomatous. Rhizome creeping, elongate; nodes dense. Leaves solitary or 2–4-tufted, basal, erect, long petiolate;leaf blade many veined. Scape usually very short, with 2–8 scales, 1(or 2)-flowered. Flowers bisexual, terminal, generally embracedby 1 or 2 bracts at perianth base. Perianth campanulate, urceolate, or cupular, fleshy, apically (4–)6–8(–10)-lobed. Stamens asmany as and opposite perianth lobes, usually inserted in proximal part of perianth tube; filaments very short or absent; anthers dorsifixed.Ovary 3- or 4-loculed; ovules several per locule. Style short, sometimes articulate; stigma usually peltate or mushroom-shaped,large, entire or lobed at margin. Fruit a berry, globose to ovoid-ellipsoid, usually 1-seeded.About 55 species: <strong>China</strong>, India, Japan, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam; 49 species (46 endemic, one introduced) in <strong>China</strong>.Aspidistra has never been well studied so, for the convenience of later criticisms, we use the narrowest species concept in this treatment. Accordingly,the key to the species may not function completely in some cases. Further studies are needed in order to understand the precise speciesvariation and to establish an adequate species concept in the genus.1a. Leaves 2–5-tufted (at least mostly so in a clone).2a. Perianth urceolate.3a. Perianth surface with many deep, longitudinal grooves ................................................................................... 49. A. hekouensis3b. Perianth surface ± flat, not deeply grooved.4a. Scapes usually tufted; leaf blade rounded or nearly so at base .............................................................................. 45. A. typica4b. Scape solitary.5a. Stigma 10–12 mm in diam., margin slightly 3-lobed .................................................................................. 46. A. caespitosa5b. Stigma 1.5–2.5 mm in diam., margin 3-lobed or (4 or)6-crenate.6a. Leaf blade oblong to oblong-lanceolate; stigma strongly convex centrally, margin 3-lobed .................. 47. A. urceolata6b. Leaf blade lorate to lorate-oblanceolate; stigma not strongly convex centrally, margin(4 or)6-crenate .......................................................................................................................................... 48. A. minutiflora2b. Perianth campanulate or subcupular.7a. Perianth subcupular; lobes deltoid, erect and smooth ....................................................................................... 38. A. cyathiflora7b. Perianth campanulate; lobes oblong, oblong-ovate, or deltoid-ovate, recurved and/or papillose.8a. Leaf blade ovate to ovate-lanceolate; perianth white; anthers 5–6 mm ................................................... 39. A. dolichanthera8b. Leaf blade lorate, linear, linear-lanceolate, or narrowly oblanceolate; perianth blackish purple, purple,purple-red, pale green, or pale yellow-green, not white; anthers 1.5–4 mm.9a. Leaf blade spotted with pale yellow on both surfaces, narrowly oblanceolate; perianth lobes with4 papillose keels adaxially .................................................................................................................... 40. A. yingjiangensis9b. Leaf blade without yellow spots, lorate, linear, or linear-lanceolate; perianth lobes with 2, 4, or 6keels, or sometimes without a keel.10a. Stamens inserted at middle of perianth tube, positioned nearly as high as stigma ................................. 41. A. muricata10b. Stamens inserted near base or proximally in perianth tube, positioned lower than stigma.11a. Perianth lobes with 4 smooth keels adaxially ................................................................................. 42. A. hainanensis11b. Perianth lobes with 4–6 papillose keels adaxially.12a. Stigma with white convex markings adaxially; perianth lobes 7–8 mm ......................................... 43. A. omeiensis12b. Stigma purple, with 3–6 minute grooves adaxially; perianth lobes 15–19 mm ............................ 44. A. linearifolia1b. Leaves solitary, spaced.13a. Perianth urceolate.14a. Perianth tube with fleshy keels on both surfaces; ovary keeled ......................................................................... 34. A. carinata14b. Perianth tube and ovary without keels.15a. Perianth lobes narrowly oblong ................................................................................................................... 37. A. marginella15b. Perianth lobes deltoid-ovate or ovate.16a. Leaf blade oblong or narrowly oblong-lanceolate; perianth lobes purple, deltoid ................................ 35. A. leshanensis16b. Leaf blade oblanceolate-oblong; perianth lobes yellow, ovate ........................................................ 36. A. fenghuangensis13b. Perianth campanulate (including urceolate-campanulate in plants in Taiwan).17a. Perianth white or yellow (at least abaxial surface wholly white or yellow).18a. Perianth white .................................................................................................................................................... 1. A. cavicola18b. Perianth yellow (at least mostly so).19a. Scape 10.5–22.5 cm; perianth lobes 8–15 mm ............................................................................... 2. A. longipedunculata19b. Scape 0.5–2.5 cm; perianth lobes 4.5–7 mm.20a. Perianth lobes narrowly ovate-lanceolate, ca. 4.5 mm, not keeled adaxially; stamens inserted at middleof perianth tube, positioned higher than stigma ............................................................................................ 3. A. triloba20b. Perianth lobes lanceolate, 5–7 mm, with 2 fleshy keels adaxially; stamens inserted in proximal part ofperianth tube, positioned lower than stigma .............................................................................................. 4. A. flaviflora
17b. Perianth pink, red, purple, blue, or pale green.21a. Perianth pale green with purplish brown speckles.22a. Leaf blade lanceolate, 25–30 × 4.5–5.5 cm; perianth lobes with 2 keels adaxially ...................................... 5. A. punctata22b. Leaf blade narrowly oblanceolate or lorate-lanceolate, 2.5–3.0 × 4.5–5.5 cm; perianth lobes with 4 keelsadaxially ......................................................................................................................................................... 6. A. fasciaria21b. Perianth pink, red, purple, or blue (sometimes tube white), sometimes with colored speckles.23a. Scapes usually 2–5-tufted; perianth lobes smooth adaxially ....................................................................... 33. A. saxicola23b. Scape solitary.24a. Perianth lobes basally expanded inward forming toothlike, subulate, or oblong appendages.25a. Perianth lobes 0.3–1 cm, shorter than or nearly as long as tube.26a. Perianth lobes 0.3–0.4 cm, shorter than tube ............................................................................... 28. A. oblongifolia26b. Perianth lobes 0.7–1 cm, nearly as long as tube .......................................................................... 29. A. longanensis25b. Perianth lobes 2.4–7.5 cm, much longer than tube.27a. Perianth tube villous, lobes 7–7.5 cm, appendages papillose .......................................................... 32. A. longiloba27b. Perianth tube glabrous, lobes 2.4–4.5 cm, appendages not papillose.28a. Perianth pale purple; perianth lobes less than 2 × as long as tube; berry softly prickly ........... 30. A. patentiloba28b. Perianth red-pink; perianth lobes ca. 3 × as long as tube; berry glabrous .............................. 31. A. luodianensis24b. Perianth lobes without appendages basally.29a. Stamens inserted at or above middle of perianth tube, positioned as high as or higher than stigma.30a. Perianth 0.9–1.2 cm .......................................................................................................................... 7. A. claviformis30b. Perianth 1.7–2.5 cm.31a. Stamens inserted above middle of perianth tube, positioned much higher than stigma; perianthlobes (5 or)6 ........................................................................................................................................... 8. A. retusa31b. Stamens inserted at middle of perianth tube, positioned slightly higher than stigma; perianth lobes7 or 8.32a. Perianth tubular-campanulate, lobes ovate-deltoid, not keeled adaxially ................................... 9. A. attenuata32b. Perianth urceolate-campanulate, lobes narrowly deltoid, 2-keeled adaxially ........................ 10. A. daibuensis29b. Stamens inserted nearly at base of or proximally in perianth tube, positioned lower than stigma.33a. Perianth pink .................................................................................................................................. 13. A. mushaensis33b. Perianth not pink (at least in Chinese plants).34a. Stigma subglobose or mushroom-shaped, 1–1.9 cm in diam.35a. Style articulate; stigma mushroom-shaped, 1–1.2 cm in diam. .......................................... 11. A. fungilliformis35b. Style not articulate; stigma subglobose, to 1.9 cm in diam. ...................................................... 12. A. subrotata34b. Stigma peltate, orbicular to cross-shaped, sometimes convex adaxially, 5–14 mm in diam.36a. Perianth lobes equaling or longer than tube.37a. Scape 1–4 cm; perianth 1–1.8 cm ................................................................................... 15. A. austrosinensis37b. Scape 0.3–0.5 cm; perianth 3–3.5 cm ................................................................................. 17. A. longipetala36b. Perianth lobes shorter than tube.38a. Stigma cross-shaped ............................................................................................................ 26. A. cruciformis38b. Stigma usually orbicular, not cross-shaped.39a. Perianth 3–3.5 cm .............................................................................................................. 16. A. tonkinensis39b. Perianth 1–2.5 cm.40a. Stigma with 3 or 4 globose, fleshy projections at center adaxially ...................... 14. A. acetabuliformis40b. Stigma without globose projections.41a. Stigma with 4 hollows at center adaxially .................................................................... 27. A. leyeensis41b. Stigma without hollows.42a. Fleshy keels on adaxial surface of perianth lobes fimbriate ...................................... 18. A. fimbriata42b. Fleshy keels on adaxial surface of perianth lobes not fimbriate.43a. Leaf blade oblanceolate, or at least partly so.44a. Leaf blade 5–9 cm wide; perianth lobes subdeltoid; stigma 3(or 4)-lobed atmargin .................................................................................................................. 21. A. xilinensis44b. Leaf blade 2–4 cm wide; perianth lobes narrowly lanceolate or narrowly oblong;stigma 4- or 8-lobed at margin.45a. Perianth lobes narrowly lanceolate; stigma 1–1.2 cm in diam., 4-lobed atmargin ............................................................................................................. 19. A. ebianensis45b. Perianth lobes narrowly oblong; stigma 0.5–0.6 cm in diam., 8-lobed atmargin ........................................................................................................ 20. A. oblanceifolia43b. Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate to elliptic, never oblanceolate.46a. Leaf blade subrounded or broadly cuneate at base; stigma 6-lobed at margin,
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34b. Stem very short; leaves basal
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simple, erect, usually with a few s
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ciflorus and S. spicatus Klotzsch);
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pendulous .........................
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ase, persistent. Stamens 6, free or
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Helonias umbellata (Baker) N. Tanak
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6-11 cm, adaxially sometimes with p
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小 重 楼 xiao chong louPlants 7-
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14b. Paris thibetica var. apetala H
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slightly convex connective apically
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when dried, not wrinkled adaxially
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80b. Flowers much smaller, tepals 2
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8. Smilax davidiana A. de Candolle
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present. Leaf blade abaxially sligh
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This species was misidentified in F
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slightly shorter than petiole; umbe
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马 甲 菝 葜 ma jia ba qiaVines
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Vines climbing, usually unarmed. St
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70. Smilax bauhinioides Kunth, Enum
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4a. Male umbel 5-9-flowered; filame
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persistent tepals. Seeds many, glob
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Imag. Descr. Fl. Russ. 8. 1844; Gag
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ca. 2/3 as wide as inner ones.6a. I
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1a. Bracts 2-4, much smaller than l
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oblong to lanceolate, 2-2.5 cm × 6
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12b. Leaves 0.5-1 cm wide; inflores
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Yunnan.The bulbs are used medicinal
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甘 肃 贝 母 gan su bei muFritil
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ather long, slender; stigma 3-lobed
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2b. Flowers not campanulate, tepals
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etween apical whorl and basal bract
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Lilium nanum Klotzsch var. brevisty
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2.5-3 cm × 5-10 mm. Stem 20-30 cm,
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5.5-6 cm × 8-10 mm, margin revolut
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woolly hairs ......................
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3-5-veined, margin papillose. Flowe
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3a. Inner tepals neither spotted no
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3a. Stems subglabrous.4a. Flowers p
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Tepals obliquely outward spreading,
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12a. Tepals white to cream, spotted
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latipetalum Collett & Hemsley; D. p
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only slightly exserted from periant
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laysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines
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3b. Perianth tube longer, to 4 cm,r
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About 660 species: N hemisphere, ma
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44a. Scape 10-15(-20) cm; perianth
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85b. Perianth segments 3-6 mm; fila
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125b. Inner filaments entire at bas
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Leaf blade without white main veins
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irregularly 2-lobed. Filaments subu
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Scrub, moist places; 4500-5000 m. S
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Forests, slopes, pastures; 1600-330
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(40-)50-80 cm, terete, covered with
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2/3-5/6 as long as perianth segment
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Filaments shorter than perianth seg
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umbel, covered with leaf sheaths on
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shores; 1900-3700 m. Xinjiang [Afgh
- Page 120 and 121: 昆 仑 韭 kun lun jiuBulbs cluste
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- Page 124 and 125: 北 葱 bei congBulbs usually clust
- Page 126 and 127: 112. Allium songpanicum J. M. Xu in
- Page 128 and 129: Style exserted. Fl. and fr. May-Jul
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- Page 134 and 135: 90: 27. 1931.紫 萼 zi eBryocles v
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- Page 142 and 143: Asparagus soongoricus Iljin.Herbs d
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- Page 148 and 149: Tovaria oleracea Baker, J. Linn. So
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- Page 176 and 177: 26. Aspidistra cruciformis Y. Wan &
- Page 178 and 179: Fl. Apr. 2n = 36*.SW Guangxi (Longz
- Page 180 and 181: 2.5 mm. Flowers solitary, sometimes
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- Page 188 and 189: Plants stoloniferous; stolons with
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- Page 192: Stem 2-3 cm. Leaves 2 or 3; petiole