OF THE ITALIANS IN EGYPT - University of North Carolina Wilmington

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Piedmont‘s intentions toward uniting Italy were genuine. As a consequence, when theGrand Duchy of Tuscany and other states of the peninsula were annexed to the Kingdomof Piedmont then the Consul in Egypt of these states closed. 57In the meanwhile, the Italian community in Egypt continued to contribute to thedevelopment of their host country. Giacomo Castelnuovo created an Academy to traindoctors and surgeons in Alexandria. The facility, connected to a similar one in Turin, wasto strengthen relations between the peninsula and Egypt. 58 In May 10, 1860 Garibaldireached Marsala with the Mille and once again the Italian community in Egypt had beenthe most involved in raising money to help the cause. The city of Alexandria collected11.500 lire and donated them to the institution Soccorso a Garibaldi. 59After the war of independence most of the Italians who left for the peninsula tofight for unification, returned to Egypt where their family and work were waiting theirreturn. It was at this time that an Italian Saverio Vollaro, understanding the importance ofthe Italian community in Egypt, decided to buy the stock market of Alexandria. He turnedit into the Italian club. Even though Italy was now unified Italians still migrated to Egyptas the new kingdom of Italy did not assure employment to the same extent Egypt did. 60In 1863 Isma ‗il (r. 1863-1879) became the khedive of Egypt. He intended totransform Egypt into a European country. He emphasized that the Egyptian elite wouldobtain a European education. He increased the budget devoted not only to the primaryand secondary schools but also to technical institutions. The most important institutionsfounded in this time were Dar al-Ulum, the School of Languages, and the Cairo School of57 Ersilio, Esuli Italiani in Egitto: 1815-1861, 304.58 Ersilio, Esuli Italiani in Egitto: 1815-1861, 306.59 Ersilio, Esuli Italiani in Egitto: 1815-1861, 312.60 Ersilio, Esuli Italiani in Egitto: 1815-1861, 316.25
Law. During the reign of Islma ‗il, an new institution was created: the Mixed Courts. 61This judicial body was created to settle disputes between locals and the many foreignersin the country. The Mixed Courts, established in 1876, dealt with civil and commercialcases involving locals and Europeans. This system was essential in order to have theability to put foreigners on trial who, before the Mixed Courts, could get away with themajority of the crimes they committed as the Capitulations provided them withextraterritoriality and diplomatic immunity. National Courts were then established in1884 to deal with disputes pertaining only to locals. 62Isma ‗il also wanted Egypt to look like Europe. He then promoted theconstruction of buildings in Cairo and Alexandria so that they could resemble Europeancities. Boulevards, squares, fountains, parks, tramways were built under his reign. Manywere the Italians employed in the architectural projects. An Italian was also chosen tocompose an opera to open the celebration of the Suez Canal: Giuseppe Verdi. ‗Aida‘ wasplayed in the opera house in Cairo, which was also built by two Italians, Avoscani andRossi. 63 The grandiose projects promoted by Isma ‗il further indebted the country and ledto the end of Egypt‘s political autonomy. In fact, while British investments allowed forthe development of the Suez Canal, which pushed many Italians looking for job to cometo Egypt, it made Egypt financially tied to Britain. The Suez Canal was vital for Britainas it permitted them to reach India, declared a colony of Britain in 1858. In the 1870sEgypt was experiencing financial crisis due to the fluctuation of the market. Britain and61 Bruno Aglietti, L’Egitto dagli avvenimenti del 1882 ai giorni nostri (Roma: Istituto per l‘Oriente, 1965),41.62 Cleveland, A History of the Modern Middle East, 98.63 Balboni, Gl'Italiani nella civilta' egiziana del secolo XIX; storia-biografie-monografie, 168.26
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACTEgypt became the second hom
Page 5 and 6: DEDICATIONThis thesis is dedicated
Page 7: 22. Mussolini…………………
Page 12 and 13: written by the members of the Itali
Page 14 and 15: CHAPTER 1: ESCAPING THE RISORGIMENT
Page 17 and 18: Italy until the establishment of th
Page 19 and 20: Regardless of Italy‘s new geo-str
Page 21 and 22: kingdom was mostly centered in the
Page 23 and 24: Nevertheless, a large and well stru
Page 25 and 26: Britain, which at the time was very
Page 27 and 28: the war of independence. These orga
Page 29 and 30: soldiers and fired many people work
Page 31: York Times reported about the creat
Page 35 and 36: e the perfect excuse for the Britis
Page 37 and 38: CHAPTER 2: THE ITALIAN COMMUNITY IN
Page 39 and 40: administration. There were also a n
Page 41 and 42: Figure 2. Lloyd Triestino in Haag,
Page 43 and 44: uilt the Anglo-American Hospital, A
Page 45 and 46: Il Giornale Umoristico, L’Avvenir
Page 47 and 48: following in the campaign in Sudan.
Page 49 and 50: forget for a moment the distance se
Page 51 and 52: The international commission, creat
Page 53 and 54: an Italian school was also opened i
Page 55 and 56: Figure 5. Italian school in Alexand
Page 57 and 58: Figure 6. The Italian school Scuole
Page 59 and 60: an export market for Italian produc
Page 61 and 62: War Two began, Britain requested th
Page 63 and 64: In 1927 once he was the sultan of E
Page 65 and 66: and Mussolini‘s intent to create
Page 67 and 68: Egypt to stop donating large sums o
Page 69 and 70: nationalism and events in Palestine
Page 71 and 72: the war effort, which they did. The
Page 73 and 74: different rites and all three commu
Page 75 and 76: Italian was the language of study p
Page 77 and 78: these complaints, Egyptian Jews pro
Page 79 and 80: publication of the newspaper in thr
Page 81 and 82: that only those with Egyptian citiz
Page 83 and 84:
and the second half of the 1930s. T
Page 85 and 86:
The year after Jabès‘ case, othe
Page 87 and 88:
operations additionally aimed at th
Page 89 and 90:
of discriminatory laws that compell
Page 91 and 92:
promoted a communism that supported
Page 93 and 94:
CHAPTER 4: NATIONALISM IN EGYPT, FA
Page 95 and 96:
system. Despite of this economic gr
Page 97 and 98:
British colonialism. The request, Z
Page 99 and 100:
were not universal as they were not
Page 101 and 102:
However, the Italian community in E
Page 103 and 104:
The Fascist Party‘s membership in
Page 105 and 106:
Abyssinia. This group also created
Page 107 and 108:
Egypt remained neutral and not side
Page 109 and 110:
suspected of being used for propaga
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 7. Summer 1940: Italian and
Page 113 and 114:
opened again. The Dante Alighieri s
Page 115 and 116:
CONCLUSIONItaly has exercised a piv
Page 117 and 118:
WORKS CITEDPRIMARY SOURCESAciman, A
Page 119 and 120:
Manfroni, Camillo. I colonizzatori
Page 121 and 122:
SECONDARY SOURCESAglietti, Bruno. L
Page 123 and 124:
Pollard, Lisa. Nurturing the Nation
Page 125 and 126:
Falyza valigia luggageFasciulja fag
Page 127 and 128:
Appendix B: Italian newspapers repo
Page 129 and 130:
Figure 11. Urabi Pasha to a British
Page 131 and 132:
Figure 13. L’occupazione colletti
Page 133 and 134:
Figure 15. Maremagno politico ―Ec
Page 135 and 136:
Figure 17. L’equilibrista inglese
Page 137 and 138:
Figure 19. The first Italian-Arabic
Page 139 and 140:
Appendix D: Egyptian newspapers car
Page 141 and 142:
Figure 22. Mussolini: ―How strang
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