histofthought1

464 Economic thought before Adam Smithtrade, free markets, and laissez-faire. It is true that Smith articulated thepolitical-economic sentiments ofhis day. As Joseph Schumpeter wrote: 'Thosewho extolled A. Smith's work as an epoch-making, original achievementwere, of course, thinking primarily of the policies he advocated...' Smith'sviews, Schumpeter added, 'were not unpopular. They were in fashion.' Inaddition, Schumpeter shrewdly noted that Smith was very much a 'judiciouslydiluted' Rousseauan in his eighteenth century egalitarianism: 'Humanbeings seemed to him to be much alike by nature, all reacting in thesame simple ways to very simple stimuli, differences being due mainly todifferent training and different environments. '30But while Schumpeter's explanation of Smith's vast popularity3! - that hewas a plodder in tune with the Zeitgeist - holds part of the truth, it stillscarcely accounts for the way in which Smith swept the board, blotting outgeneral knowledge of all previous and contemporary economists. This puzzlewill be examined further in the next chapter. For the mystery of Smith's totaltriumph deepens when we realize that he scarcely originated laissez1airethought: as we have seen, he was merely in an eighteenth century traditionflourishing in Scotland and especially in France. Why then were these precedingeconomists, analytically far superior to Smith and also in the laissezfaireframework, so readily forgotten ?32Smith's greatest achievement has generally been supposed to be the enunciationof the way in which the free market guides its participants to pursuethe good of the consumers by following their own self-interest. As Smithwrote in perhaps his most famous passage: A manwill be more likely to prevail if he can interest their self-love in his favour, andshow that it is for their own advantage to do for him what he requires of them... Itis not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that weexpect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address ourselves,not to their humanity, but to their self-love, and never talk to them of ourown necessities but of their advantages.And in an equally famous passage bringing out the general principles ofthis point:As every individual, therefore, endeavours as much as he can both to employ hiscapital in the support of. ..industry, and so to direct that industry that its producemay be of the greatest value; every individual necessarily labours to render theannual revenue of the society as great as he can. He generally, indeed, neitherintends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. ..(B)y directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatestvalue, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, ledby an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention.