histofthought1

The Scottish Enlightenment 421Liberty on the market involves reciprocal aid through mutually beneficialexchange, a prime example of the beneficence of nature. The division oflabour is a key to the preservation of human life, and Hutcheson shows theenormous advantages of specialization, skill, and exchange over the punyproductivity of an isolated Crusoe. Extended division of labour also connotesa more extensive communication of knowledge, and permits greater use ofmachinery in production.In his analysis of money, Hutcheson set forth an analysis of which commoditiesare likely to be chosen as money on the market that used to bestandard in money and banking texts until governments destroyed the goldstandard in the early 1930s. Money, Hutcheson pointed out, is a commoditygenerally accepted in a particular country, that becomes used as a generalmedium of exchange, and as a common standard of value and measure foreconomic calculation. Commodities which are chosen as money on the marketare those with the most money-ish qualities: already generally desirableand acceptable in exchange; divisible into small quantities without losingtheir pro rata share of value; durable for long periods of time; and portable,for which quality they must have a high value per unit weight. Generally, hepointed out, silver and gold have been the two commodities that have beenchosen as by far the most suitable as money, with coins becoming the mostpopular form precisely for being divisible and easily carrying a warrant ofpurity.Debasement of coins increases their supply proportionately and raisesprices of goods in terms of the money unit. As in the case of all other goods,an increase in the supply of gold or silver, Hutcheson pointed out, lowerstheir value in terms of other goods, i.e., increases their prices in terms ofspecie.Hutcheson's most impressive achievement was his sharp rebuttal of thesatiric Bernard de Mandeville (1670-1733), whose enormously popular Fableofthe Bees, or, Private Vices, Public Benefits was published in 1714, andexpanded and reprinted in several editions over the next 15 years. 3 In a prephysiocratic,proto-Keynesian piece of mischief, the Fable maintained thatthe vice of luxury, no matter how deplorable, performs the important economicfunction of maintaining the prosperity of the economy. Many historians,especially FA. von Hayek, have held Mandeville to be a forerunner ofSmithian laissez-faire, since Smith held that individual self-interest is harmonizedwith the interests of all through the operation of competition and thefree market. But the intent and the analysis are very different, for Mandevillestressed the alleged paradox of 'private vice, public benefits', and the 'benefit'was to come through the pre-Keynesian mechanism of consumptionspending. Mandeville, furthermore, did not in any sense draw laissez-faireconclusions from this analysis; on the contrary, in a Letter to Dion (1732)