Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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- Since landowners already face cutting restrictions within the takecircles, they may hesitate to contribute what they perceive to beadditional habitat toward conservation of the population.- Compliance with surveys and circles is costly and limits landowners'ability to plan timber harvest schedules.- Landowners are skeptical that a negotiated agreement to allow takeunder specified conditions will be as advantageous as simply complyingwith current take guidelines. Landowners also may perceive thatthe basis for a negotiated agreement is their current owl protectioncontribution, which they may perceive as excessive.- Many landowners disagree with the FWS's interpretation of when takeis likely to occur. The recent administrative recision of the take guidelinesfor strictly procedural reasons has further led to the perceptionthat the definition of take is unclear and uncertain. This hamperspredictability of owl protection and land management.- Mechanisms under the Endangered Species Act for authorizing takediffer for federal and nonfederal parties. Nonfederal landowners face amore arduous and lengthy process, which includes formal publicreview, for receiving take authorizations than do federal landowners.Even when spotted owl circles are centered on federal land and thefederal agency is given an incidental take permit for that owl,nonfederal landowners within that circle cannot receive permission toharvest until the landowners write protective management plans(under section 10 of the act) or until the FWS writes "special rules"allowing take under section 4(d).The success of the prohibition against take in contributing to recovery isvariable, and is dependent upon the province and existing conditions withinowl home ranges. It is also dependent upon the application of the take prohibitionguidelines by state regulators and the F'WS. Each state has a differentability and capacity to apply the take guidelines based on differences in theirregulatory frameworks.Habitat Conservation Plans. The Endangered Species Act generally prohibitsthe "taking" of listed species. Take is defined in part as harm, harassment, orkilling individuals of the species. Destruction of the species' habitat whichultimately results in harm or harassment to the species may also constitute ataking under the act. Prior to 1982, the only activities that could be exemptedfrom the prohibition against take were scientific research, captive breeding,and similar conservation actions. In 1982, the act was amended to permittaking "if such taking is incidental to, and not the purpose of, the carrying outof an otherwise lawful activity". In permitting such "incidental take," Congresshoped to reduce conflicts between listed species and private development andto encourage "creative partnerships" between the private sector and local,state, and federal agencies in the interest of endangered species and habitatconservation. An applicant for an incidental take permit must agree to instituteappropriate conservation measures for habitat maintenance, enhancement.and protection, described in a habitat conservation plan (HCP). TheFWS reviews the HCP and, before issuing a permit for the incidental take, mustfind that (1) the taking will be incidental; (2) the applicant will, to the maximumextent practicable, minimize and mitigate the impacts of such taking; (3)the applicant will ensure that adequate funding for the plan will be provided;(4) the taking will not appreciably reduce the likelihood of survival and recoveryof the species in the wild; and (5) other measures that FWS may require will bemet.78
5. State of CaliforniaRegulatory ProgramsForest Practices Act. The Forest Practices Act established a comprehensivesystem for the regulation and management of timberlands to assure thatproductivity is restored, enhanced, and maintained, and that the goal ofmaximum sustained production of high quality timber products is achievedwhile giving consideration to watershed, wildlife, recreational, and otherimportant values related to forest ecosystems. The program applies to morethan 7 million acres of state and private timberlands.Rules adopted by the California Board of Forestry implement the provisions ofthe Forest Practices Act and the requirements of other statutes, such as theCalifornia Environmental Quality Act.The forest practices regulatory programs and review process for timber harvestplans (THP) have been certified by the Secretary of Resources as functionallyequivalent to environmental impact report and analysis under the CaliforniaEnvironmental Quality Act. Before timber harvesting may commence, theDepartment of Forestry and Fire Protection must review and approve a THPwhich discloses information on the proposed timber harvest operation and itseffects on the environment. A timber harvest plan may not be approved asproposed if there are feasible alternatives or mitigation measures available thatwould substantially lessen any significant adverse environmental impacts frornimplementation of the proposal.1. Silvicultural RequirementsA THP must indicate which selected silvicultural methods are appropriateto the site conditions to protect environmental values. The plan is subjectedto a review process that includes consultation with other departments,such as the Department of Fish and Game and California WaterQuality Control Boards, and public review and comment.2. Sensitive Species Listing ProcessThe California Board of Forestry identifies by regulation plant and animalspecies or subspecies that require special consideration in the review ofTHPs to avoid damage to their habitat areas. The process is similar to thelisting process specified under the California Endangered Species Act.The state forestry board regulations include specific requirements forprotecting these species. The northern spotted owl is among the speciesfor which these requirements apply.3. Water Course and Lake Protection ZonesThe water course and lake protection rules ensure protection of the waterquality, beneficial uses, and biological characteristics of watercourses andlakes within timberlands. Within fixed protection zones timber operatorsare restricted or constrained (e.g., by prohibition of clear-cutting and limitson road building) to prevent discharge of materials and erosion in andaround watercourses and lakes.79
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I 1.2:Sp 6/draftRecovery Plan for t
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List of FiguresTable 4.1 Abbreviate
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Recovery ObjectiveSecretary of the
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Management Rules for Designated Con
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Monitoring and Research ProgramThe
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Chapter IIntroduction1
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"Threatened species" means a specie
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B. The Interagency Scientific Commi
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lished works and many government do
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II.A. Natural History of theNorther
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I- \IzXelT - - -.11 I..., ... I.."
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spring. Territories probably are sm
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Northern goshawks (Accipiter gentil
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also use a variety of nest sites in
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Home Range SizeHome range is define
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Table 2.2. Median amounts of old-gr
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3. Life Historycannot reject the hy
Page 44 and 45: Dispersal1984, Thomas et al. 1990,
Page 46 and 47: 4. ConclusionOur knowledge of the n
Page 48 and 49: Ca n a d aEastern Washington Cascad
Page 50 and 51: Table 2.3. Estimated spotted owl ha
Page 52 and 53: Table 2.4. Significant threats to t
Page 54 and 55: Table 2.5. Results of surveys for s
Page 56 and 57: isolated. In these provinces, small
Page 58 and 59: centers for 30 to 35 spotted owl te
Page 60 and 61: Southwest Washington occupies a key
Page 62 and 63: Distribution of Habitat and Populat
Page 64 and 65: Province Isolation. The eastern Was
Page 66 and 67: were in suitable habitat condition.
Page 68 and 69: Estimated acres of forest landbase:
Page 70 and 71: owned and contain little suitable h
Page 72 and 73: Vulnerability to Natural Disturbanc
Page 74 and 75: Douglas-fir/hardwood types, the lat
Page 76 and 77: miles from the contiguous populatio
Page 78 and 79: In comparison, the southern part of
Page 80 and 81: Sacramento River Canyon now provide
Page 82 and 83: On January 11, 1980, there was an a
Page 84 and 85: vation Strategy for the Northern Sp
Page 86 and 87: transfer of one area to the Grand R
Page 88 and 89: The BLM Spokane (Washington) Distri
Page 90 and 91: 3. National Park ServiceThe followi
Page 92 and 93: The results of a consultation are s
Page 96 and 97: 4. Cumulative Effects AssessmentThe
Page 98 and 99: Assessment, Planning, and Monitorin
Page 100 and 101: Spotted owl nesting sites and activ
Page 102 and 103: Coastal Oregon Productivity Enhance
Page 104 and 105: including wildlife. In other cases,
Page 106 and 107: Currently, the Yakima Indian Nation
Page 108 and 109: where timber harvest is limited to
Page 111 and 112: III.A. Recovery Objective and Delis
Page 113: 4. The population is unlikely to ne
Page 116 and 117: Needs of other species should be co
Page 118 and 119: years. The strategy of managing for
Page 120 and 121: 't0
Page 122 and 123: Finally, the plan recommends mainta
Page 124 and 125: A total of 1,181 pairs of owls has
Page 126 and 127: DKnown owlsin the OregonprovincesKn
Page 128 and 129: mologists, and representatives of o
Page 130 and 131: this prey species is an appropriate
Page 132 and 133: After 100 years residual snags will
Page 134 and 135: 2. Fuelwood Gathering. If allowed,
Page 136 and 137: The application of prescriptions A,
Page 138 and 139: owls. (Refer to tables in section I
Page 140 and 141: PRESCRIPTION D -RETAIN OWLS IN MANA
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DCA Management Plans.The recovery p
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Endangered Species Act) or through
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6. Costs to landowners should be re
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The real or perceived disincentives
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authority of the public body to ent
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* Use the recovery plan's recommend
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140
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Supplemental pair areas - Habitat d
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Numbers of owls currently are estim
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Biological goals and implementation
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ning. Also, several unsurveyed area
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Owl pairsKnown owlsin the province3
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- Initiate long-range planning effo
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Table 3.8. Summary comments on the
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from nonfederal lands are needed to
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Eastern Washington Cascades Provinc
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(Owl pairs140 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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habitat in DCA WD- 16. Approximatel
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Table 3.12. Summary comments on the
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Ttllwrnook/Astoria area. Provide su
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connectivity between key DCAs. This
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ITable 3.14. Summary comments on th
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crest of the Cascade Mountains. The
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sites on federal lands (figure 3.21
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Owl pairsL I 350- _ _ . ...........
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DCAs, often combined with adjacent
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Owl pairsLiKnown owlsin the provinc
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nesting and roosting habitat until
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Option 3: Management of clusters: g
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Table 3.21. Summary of acreage and
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Owl pairs -Known owlsin the provinc
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and to within 0.5 miles of the acti
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Spotted owls have been found at 86
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their distance from other sites. Ar
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* Recommend population and habitat
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away in some or all of the range. D
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4. What are the population dynamics
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If the monitoring and research prog
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lowlands, eastern Oregon Cascades,
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210
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Stepdown Outline1. Management Tasks
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Table 4.1 Abbreviated Cost TableThe
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continued-TaskPriorityResp. PartyCo
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218
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220
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and the number of invertebrate anim
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Table 5.2. Numbers of other species
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Amphibians and Reptiles: Larch Moun
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228
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230
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Barrows, C. W. 1980. Feeding ecolog
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Clark, R. J., D. G. Smith, and L. H
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Franklin, A. B., J. A. Blakesley, a
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Harestad, A. S., and F. L. Bunnell.
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Lundquist, R. W. and J. M. Mariani.
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O'Halloran, K. 1989. Spotted owl in
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Solis, D. M. 1980. Habitat use by n
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Young, K. D., A. B. Franklin, and J
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248
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250
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Table A.1. General approaches for e
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complete count of the territorial b
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Table A.3. Powera for various desig
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Table A.4. Illustration of a Markov
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Obviously, these statements hold on
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Table A.6. Reliability of trend est
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Demographic AnalysisAs noted earlie
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the estimate (using the simple equa
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however, we know little about the b
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Table A.8. Summary of information n
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predict the power achieved by diffe
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Other studiestached. If dispersing
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impractical at present. We describe
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Conclusionsthe year effect can be i
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280
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282
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284
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owls. Consequently, the issue of wh
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Use of the informationAssessments a
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Recent LiteratureWe might begin by
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Kerms (1989) measured habitat struc
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Hamer (pers. comm.) described 11 ne
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Table B.3. Percent hardwoods in the
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Table B.5. Comparison of habitats u
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Table B.8. Tree density (number of
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and numbers of trees, and percent o
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Under this hypothesis, owl fitness
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suitable habitat for that region (m
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ResultsDiscussionspotted owl habita
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__Discussiondata from 41 sites in t
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Recommendations for Future Research
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314
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Hamer, T. 1988. Home range size of
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318
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320
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Parameter Estimatesfor Individual S
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provided in Table C. 5. Study of th
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Table C.6. Summary of statistics re
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3. ConclusionsThis source of bias i
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330
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Gray Wolf .........................
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formed during the initial meeting t
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provide habitat for the numerous sp
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The ApproachA committee of the Reco
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The List of Threatened and Endanger
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Mammalsoldest trees in a stand. Eig
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ABBFigure D. 1. Distribution of: a)
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KTable D.3. A list of threatened an
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Fishestheir dispersal capabilities
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OlympicNorthcoastalRockyMountainSou
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continued-StatusabState Considered
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continued-SpeciesColumbia sidebandM
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endemic to the Pacific Northwest).
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------continued-SpeciesRhyacophila
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continued-SpeciesFed3tatusa bStateW
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StatusasbOld ForestState Associatio
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Summaryspores (Maser et al. 1978b).
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Biology of Owl Prey, Older Forest A
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Woodrats.-The dusky-footed woodrat
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and are less restrictive under stat
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Stock concept.-The term "stock" was
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Table D.10. List of fish stocks of
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continued-Steelhead-owipu Sea-runTr
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continued-BasinHoodWillametteRogueS
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Table D.13. Washington streams (or
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inland distribution currently decre
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nesting territories in the three st
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However, little is known about the
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Fisher (Martes penncmti)Distributio
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at one time supported marten popula
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each population of these animals is
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species also is found under the bar
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few meters from water after heavy r
Page 414 and 415:
In considering the needs of other s
Page 416 and 417:
Barrows, C. W. 1981. Roost selectio
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Clark, T. W., E. Anderson, C. Dougl
Page 420 and 421:
Hamer, T. E. 1991. Habitat relation
Page 422 and 423:
Mannan, R. W., E. C. Meslow, and H.
Page 424 and 425:
Oakley, A. L., Collins, J. A., Ever
Page 426 and 427:
Solis, D. M. 1983. Summer habitat e
Page 428 and 429:
Washington Natural Heritage Program
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414
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f. Wilderness.g. Livestock grazing.
Page 434 and 435:
I. Monitoring.1. Northern spotted o
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420
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here will reduce some of that habit
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424
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426
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Selection of Forest TypesAt the tim
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eceive as little as 25 inches. Disc
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A. FireThe combination and interact
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Table F.4. Important forest insects
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continued-Common Name Causal Agent
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D. DiseasesForest diseases in the P
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III. Forest Protection in theWest C
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120 100200 500I~~~~.K446Figure F.4.
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InsectsDiseasesInsects in this subr
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__hardwoods are immune. Shade toler
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pests (Schowalter 1988). Black stai
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tion and initial attack. If manipul
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log and snag density was likely low
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B. Management Effects on StandsMana
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units (underburning or lop/scatter)
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In the higher elevation White Fir a
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growth often increases (Reinhardt a
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50rcc4*0-cC)2M CmZ13010-yearI ,...*
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In the East Cascades subregion fore
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The introduced disease, white pine
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VI. Conclusionsmortality will resul
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Baker, F.A. 1988. The influence of
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Habeck, J.R. 1990. Old-growth ponde
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Perry, D.A., and J.G. Borchers. 199
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Weatherspoon, C.P., and C.N. Skinne
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482
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484
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area, structure, ages, location; ne
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Stand AFigure G.2. A--unthmnned Dou
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figure 0.3. Effects of thinning Dou
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II. Review of Natural Vegetation an
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western hemlock, and sometimes othe
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year intervals (Appendix F). With t
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Live crown ratiobecent)6050IStand A
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Basal area growth continued to incr
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technology probably will allow some
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Stand A. No activities (west side 3
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Stand A. No activities (west side o
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acre, 4 to 12 inches in diameter),
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allow redwood sprout clumps maximum
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KAge 15 years - 511 trees per acre,
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6Stems per acre100 _ Stand A. Natur
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Basal Area(square feetper acre)50 1
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* Opening the canopy in small patch
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Drew, T.J. and J.W. Flewelling. 197
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Miller, R.E.; D.L. Reukema, and R.L
Page 540 and 541:
Tappeiner, J.C., P.M. McDonald, and
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526
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528
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6. Timber supply curve and economic
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scientifically credible biological
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E. Summary of Preliminary Estimates
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II. General Economic Principles for
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practices may be able to show how s
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Economic patterns show the efficien
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The sustainable yield concept that
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A. Previously Estimated Economic Co
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County receipts were estimated to d
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B. Potential Social Costs of Owl Co
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The contrast between the behavior d
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0U1 n1nDTable H.2. Economic depende
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cḻlTable H.4. Economic characteri
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An analysis completed by the State
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V. Preliminary Evaluation of the Ec
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25-° 20/0M 15-a)CLU)0 10-0CL 5 -0)
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25 -- 20-0co/o 15--Da)a0a)10m~ C) 5
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forestlands. The costs of productio
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In Figure H.8, the equilibrium betw
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foregone and the way they will save
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The income created by the purchase
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Two concepts are useful for underst
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y an estimate of the price that wou
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Table H.10. Comparison of timber em
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of the second year. The same assump
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are generally much lower than for c
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582
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studies at University of Washington
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586
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Most significant late successionall
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to evaluate options. Information in
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Q0Table 1.1. Estimated acres and ow
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soTable 1.3. Estimated acres and ow
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01CDarTable 1.5. Size class distrib
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Table 1.8. Frequency distribution o
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Literature CitedThomas, J.W., E.D.
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602
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- The overlap of home ranges among
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Table J.2. Acreage and owl numbers
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continuedDCA Land AcreageIdent. Sta
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Table J.9. Acrea ?e and owl numbers
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continued-DCA LandIdent. StatusAcre
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-DCAIdent.LandStatusAcreageNRF Tota
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626
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Experience Includes: Assistant Dire
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Education: B.S. in forestry from Or
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Team SupportCharles Bruce, Oregon D
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continued-1 5-24-91 Other SpeciesSu
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continued-9-16 thru9-20-919-19-91Sp
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Perry, D. 1991. The ecology of coar
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2mandate the achievement of recover
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642
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644
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Aspect - the direction a slope face
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Congressionally classified and desi
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Empirical - derived from direct obs
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Hummocky - a landscape characterize
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Mixed conifer - as used in this doc
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Potential habitat - a stand of tree
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Sensitive species - those species t
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Take -Uunder the Endangered Species
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wild, scenic, or recreational by an
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Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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