Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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Executive Summaryof the Northern Spotted OwlRecovery PlanIntroductionA recovery plan is called for by the Endangered Species Act to guide themanagement actions needed to bring a threatened or endangered species to acondition in which it no longer needs special protection of the act. The northernspotted owl (also referred to in the recovery plan as the spotted owl and theowl) was placed on the list of threatened species in June 1990. Since February1991, a Recovery Team appointed by Secretary of the Interior ManuelLujan Jr. has been formulating a recovery plan for the spotted owl. This reportpresents a draft recovery plan for the northern spotted owl for review andcomment by the public and government agencies.The northern spotted owl draft recovery plan provides a comprehensive basisfor management actions to be undertakeni by forest landowners and wildlifeagencies to alleviate conditions threatening the species. Primary actions will betaken by federal land management agencies in the Pacific Northwest - theU.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, and the NationalPark Service. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service will oversee implementation ofthe plan through its authorities under the Endangered Species Act.State forest management and wildlife agencies in Oregon, Washington, andCalifornia also will take actions that contribute to recovery under the plan.These state agencies have an important role in managing state forests and inregulating forest practices on private land within their jurisdiction. Contributionsfrom habitat on Indian lands also were considered in formulating thedraft plan.The draft recovery plan was developed following review of the scientific datafrom previous plans for the spotted owl, particularly the conservation strategydesigned by the Interagency Scientific Committee (ISC) (Thomas et al. 1990),and by analyzing the most recent data available on owl populations and theirhabitat. This biological information was the basis for designing measures toachieve recovery.Vii
Page 1 and 2: I 1.2:Sp 6/draftRecovery Plan for t
Page 7: List of FiguresTable 4.1 Abbreviate
Page 12 and 13: Delisting CriteriaThe primary threa
Page 14 and 15: Management Guidelines for Federal F
Page 16 and 17: Consideration of Economic and Socia
Page 19 and 20: I.A. The Northern Spotted Owl and t
Page 21 and 22: 4. Recovery PlansThe Endangered Spe
Page 23 and 24: * Emphasis should be placed on mana
Page 25: Chapter IIBiology and Managementof
Page 28 and 29: distinguishing features are its dar
Page 30: BehaviorTehachapi Mountains of sout
Page 33 and 34: forests. Alternatively, habitat sel
Page 35 and 36: if all habitats were available to t
Page 37 and 38: Spotted owl use of young, managed t
Page 39 and 40: Table 2.1. Median annual home range
Page 41 and 42: Food Habitsto any particular area.
Page 43 and 44: SurvivorshipDeensitythey are 3 year
Page 45 and 46: stable pair bonds because the numbe
Page 47 and 48: IL.B. Status and Threats1. Habitat
Page 49 and 50: 2. Population StatusThere are no es
Page 51 and 52: uted across the range of ecological
Page 53 and 54: ThreatsConservatlonc NaturalProvinc
Page 55 and 56: NRegionaldemographicstudy areasDens
Page 57 and 58: occurs. The act also prohibits fede
Page 59 and 60:
tion of spotted owls to a portion o
Page 61 and 62:
differences occur in the northern a
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Eastern Washington CascadesThe east
Page 65 and 66:
Estimated acres of forest landbase:
Page 67 and 68:
Douglas-fir stands (less than 50 ye
Page 69 and 70:
central portion of the province. Th
Page 71 and 72:
hemlock forests and the lower eleva
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1Estimated acres of forest landbase
Page 75 and 76:
Limited Habitat. Spotted owl habita
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Declining Populations. Spotted owls
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Low Populations. Population levels
Page 81 and 82:
II.C. Current Management1. Forest S
Page 83 and 84:
Interim direction in the regional g
Page 85 and 86:
Table 2.6. Estimated acres of spott
Page 87 and 88:
7. Prepare a preharvest/postharvest
Page 89 and 90:
ecent historical levels. This chang
Page 91 and 92:
people of the United States." Redwo
Page 93 and 94:
that satisfies the act's requiremen
Page 95 and 96:
5. State of CaliforniaRegulatory Pr
Page 97 and 98:
or undertake any project that may r
Page 99 and 100:
6. State of Oregonsent a range of l
Page 101 and 102:
ResearchUnder Oregon law, the prima
Page 103 and 104:
they may have under federal law. Se
Page 105 and 106:
8. Indian LandIndian reservation la
Page 107 and 108:
This area is a portion of one of se
Page 109:
Chapter IIIRecovery93
Page 112 and 113:
2. The population has been stable o
Page 115 and 116:
III.B. Principles Followed in Devel
Page 117 and 118:
For these two reasons, Thomas et al
Page 119 and 120:
3. Integration of Strategic and Bio
Page 121 and 122:
III.C. The Recovery Plan1. Overview
Page 123 and 124:
III.C.2. Management Guidelines for
Page 125 and 126:
Owl pairs400-_g ~~~~~350-Known owls
Page 127 and 128:
_fOwl pairsm1111 400- l _LJ ~~~~350
Page 129 and 130:
5. Activities that comply with thes
Page 131 and 132:
The following section contains an e
Page 133 and 134:
changes in the characteristics and
Page 135 and 136:
appropriate to evaluate whether the
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2. Residual habitat areas will be p
Page 139 and 140:
PRESCRIPTION C -REDUCE THREAT FROM
Page 141 and 142:
amount of suitable habitat should b
Page 143 and 144:
III.C.3. ImplementationFederal land
Page 145 and 146:
3. Activities that may result in de
Page 147 and 148:
found to exceed protection called f
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These requirements would tend to en
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Implementation tools are defined as
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The feasibility of transfer or purc
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2. States:* Continue to implement t
Page 157 and 158:
III.C.4. Recovery Goals and Strateg
Page 159 and 160:
3. Within dispersal distance of def
Page 161 and 162:
DCAs, separated by dispersal habita
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I-Owl pairs100-_60-_50-_40-,D 9080-
Page 165 and 166:
Because of the distances involved,
Page 167 and 168:
Biological goals and implementation
Page 169 and 170:
Table 3.7. Summary of acreage and o
Page 171 and 172:
Owl pairs160140-_Known owls 120-in
Page 173 and 174:
However, state regulatory protectio
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ITable 3.10. Summary comments on th
Page 177 and 178:
seven areas have been identified as
Page 179 and 180:
Middle Oregon Coast (Highway 18 to
Page 181 and 182:
NOwl pairs300- _II ~~~250--Known ow
Page 183 and 184:
managed for nontimber values. This
Page 185 and 186:
Area south of OD-1 9. In the southe
Page 187 and 188:
Owl pairs9 0 0 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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conservation planning. To the exten
Page 191 and 192:
(IOwl pairsKnown owlsin the provinc
Page 193 and 194:
Table 3.18. Summary comments on the
Page 195 and 196:
In checkerboard ownership areas whe
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
out the province. These owl activit
Page 201 and 202:
This option would provide the oppor
Page 203 and 204:
There are 950 historic owl activity
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Managing for a new cluster on state
Page 209 and 210:
confine site location to a specific
Page 211 and 212:
Implementation options on nonfedera
Page 213 and 214:
Owl pairsKnown owlsin the provinceL
Page 215 and 216:
C,.,5. CoordinationNeedfor Coordina
Page 217 and 218:
III. --C.6. Monitoring and Research
Page 219 and 220:
3. Are activities in stands in the
Page 221 and 222:
when the population of owls in the
Page 223 and 224:
(Delisting Criterion 4: The populat
Page 225 and 226:
Chapter IVImplementation Schedule20
Page 227 and 228:
IV.The narrative and implementation
Page 229 and 230:
423. Monitor activity sites.4231. E
Page 231 and 232:
Table 4.2. Implementation ScheduleR
Page 233 and 234:
continued-TaskPriorityTask Duration
Page 235 and 236:
Chapter VConsideration of Other Spe
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v.The northern spotted owl is assoc
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salamander, Del Norte salamander, P
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currently unsuitable. The guideline
Page 243 and 244:
their response to different silvicu
Page 245 and 246:
Chapter VILiterature Cited229
Page 247 and 248:
Adamcik, R. S., and L. B. Keith. 19
Page 249 and 250:
Booth, D. E. 1991. Estimating prelo
Page 251 and 252:
Forsman, E. D. 1981. Molt of the sp
Page 253 and 254:
Greenwood, P. J. 1980. Mating syste
Page 255 and 256:
Kerns, S. J. 1989. Occurrence of sp
Page 257 and 258:
Moen, C., A. B. Franklin, and R. J.
Page 259 and 260:
Ruggiero, L. F., K. B. Aubry, R. S.
Page 261 and 262:
Thrailkill, J., and M. A. Bias. 198
Page 263 and 264:
Appendix ARecommendations forPopula
Page 265 and 266:
6tZ6LZ palls anlWJollISL.Z. suoTsnl
Page 267 and 268:
AbstractIntroductionThis appendix d
Page 269 and 270:
number of territorial birds even th
Page 271 and 272:
e used to calculate the ratio (resu
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the FWS Breeding Bird Survey on pop
Page 275 and 276:
population changes of less than 3 p
Page 277 and 278:
ted owl data. We used the following
Page 279 and 280:
analyses to determine effects of sa
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Now, if f, and sy are uncorrelated
Page 283 and 284:
ment of interest (e.g., the entire
Page 285 and 286:
size declines. In the former case,
Page 287 and 288:
Each program is discussed briefly h
Page 289 and 290:
studying how demographic rates vary
Page 291 and 292:
coordination effort must ensure tha
Page 293 and 294:
should play a minor role, compared
Page 295 and 296:
Literature CitedBalser, J.P. 1981.
Page 297 and 298:
Appendix BSuitable Habitat for Nort
Page 299 and 300:
Table of ContentsAbstract .........
Page 301 and 302:
AbstractThis appendix discusses the
Page 303 and 304:
scribe human actions. Furthermore,
Page 305 and 306:
Table B.1. Roles and relative impor
Page 307 and 308:
CaliforniaAsrow (1983) sampled the
Page 309 and 310:
the landscape and home ranges conta
Page 311 and 312:
dbh) trees that varied in density f
Page 313 and 314:
Table B.4. Abundance of snags and l
Page 315 and 316:
iTable B.7. Comparison of structura
Page 317 and 318:
ITable B.9. Snag density (number of
Page 319 and 320:
__-_ __- ------ - -Table B.10. Aver
Page 321 and 322:
Resultsstands were defined as being
Page 323 and 324:
Discussionbird varied considerably
Page 325 and 326:
Table B.14. Habitata within 1.3 mil
Page 327 and 328:
1.0 x xx x x 0 )OOQOX xx 0 OXO 000
Page 329 and 330:
types. Work in Washington is contin
Page 331 and 332:
Literature CitedAllen, H.L., K.R. D
Page 333 and 334:
Van Home, B. 1983. Density as a mis
Page 335 and 336:
Appendix CDemographic Analysis of N
Page 337 and 338:
1. IntroductionThe 1990 Status Revi
Page 339 and 340:
Table C.3. Estimates of age-specifi
Page 341 and 342:
ABiases in AUsing the conventions a
Page 343 and 344:
In summary, even with optimistic as
Page 345 and 346:
Appendix DConsideration of Other Sp
Page 347 and 348:
I££S8£ .........................
Page 349 and 350:
IntroductionMore than 450 species o
Page 351 and 352:
disturbance, natural succession is
Page 353 and 354:
Riparian Ecosystemssilvicultural pr
Page 355 and 356:
The list of species was developed i
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Table D.1. A list of threatened and
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
KA. B. C.D. E. F.Figure D.2. Distri
Page 363 and 364:
Del Norte SalamanderPlethodon elong
Page 365 and 366:
Dunn's SalamanderPlethodon dunniVan
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
Table D.5. A list of molluscs that
Page 371 and 372:
Some examples of species with limit
Page 373 and 374:
Table D.6. List of threatened, enda
Page 375 and 376:
I- ITable D.8. A list of candidate,
Page 377 and 378:
Red Mountain catchfly C1 E XSilene
Page 379 and 380:
continued-Statusa.bOld ForestState
Page 381 and 382:
Of the 364 species considered, the
Page 383 and 384:
Spotted Owl Prey 2timber harvest (M
Page 385 and 386:
forests questionable. Experimental
Page 387 and 388:
Summary.- Employment of an ecosyste
Page 389 and 390:
affect fish habitat in different wa
Page 391 and 392:
-Table D.1 1. California streams (o
Page 393 and 394:
I NTable D.12. Oregon streams (or s
Page 395 and 396:
continued-SteelheadSalmonSea-runTro
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continued-SteelheadSea-runTroutChin
Page 399 and 400:
In Oregon, stands occupied by murre
Page 401 and 402:
Range, the Blue and Okanogan Mounta
Page 403 and 404:
Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos)Distribu
Page 405 and 406:
forested riparian habitats. Fishers
Page 407 and 408:
AmphibiansHome range size of marten
Page 409 and 410:
and dart forward to snap up small i
Page 411 and 412:
southwestern British Columbia. Good
Page 413 and 414:
Summary and ConclusionsAs a result
Page 415 and 416:
Literature CitedLastly, the Other S
Page 417 and 418:
Bury, R. B., and P. S. Corn. 1988b.
Page 419 and 420:
Furniss, M. J., T. D. Roelofs, and
Page 421 and 422:
Irwin, L. 1987. Review of Minium Ma
Page 423 and 424:
Metter, D. E. 1968. The influence o
Page 425 and 426:
Reynolds, R. T., and H. M. Wight. 1
Page 427 and 428:
spotted owl. U.S. Forest Service, U
Page 429 and 430:
Appendix EPreparation ofDCA Managem
Page 431 and 432:
E.Section III.C.2. of the recovery
Page 433 and 434:
means other than the DCA management
Page 435 and 436:
Appendix FForest Protection Guideli
Page 437 and 438:
SummaryThe strategy for protecting
Page 439 and 440:
ITable F.2. Summary of risk (bold c
Page 441 and 442:
Table of ContentsI. Introduction ..
Page 443 and 444:
I. IntroductionThe long-term protec
Page 445 and 446:
Table F.3. Major tree species in th
Page 447 and 448:
II. Major Natural Disturbance Facto
Page 449 and 450:
B. WindMost of the information abou
Page 451 and 452:
Pandora mothDouglas-fir tussockmoth
Page 453 and 454:
Insects cause many problems in Paci
Page 455 and 456:
Common Name Causal Agent Tree Speci
Page 457 and 458:
continued-Common Name Causal Agent
Page 459 and 460:
Diseases constitute a major disturb
Page 461 and 462:
ums and all rebums are thought to h
Page 463 and 464:
WindLocal situations away from the
Page 465 and 466:
f I,Inland Douglas-fir/western heml
Page 467 and 468:
years old. A successional sequence
Page 469 and 470:
DiseasesIt will be difficult to com
Page 471 and 472:
high Pheltinus incidence. In most D
Page 473 and 474:
Figure F.7. A stand development seq
Page 475 and 476:
percentages would have been histori
Page 477 and 478:
described, and an innovative fire m
Page 479 and 480:
V. Forest Protection in theEast Cas
Page 481 and 482:
WindThere is no known published inf
Page 483 and 484:
Disases(Douglas-fir tussock moth an
Page 485 and 486:
Outbreaks of Douglas-fir tussock mo
Page 487 and 488:
DiseasesTotal fire protection will
Page 489 and 490:
Literature CitedAgee, J.K. 1981. Fi
Page 491 and 492:
Ficken, R.E. 1987. The Forested Lan
Page 493 and 494:
Huff, M.H., and J.K. Agee. 1980. Ch
Page 495 and 496:
Stuiver, M., and P. Quay. 1980. Cha
Page 497 and 498:
Apendix GkManaging Stands forNorthe
Page 499 and 500:
Table of Contents1. Summary of Lite
Page 501 and 502:
I. Summary of Literature Reviewand
Page 503 and 504:
6E Hardwood snagsLiConifer snagsN I
Page 505 and 506:
To treat them most effectively, tre
Page 507 and 508:
0.3.C. (treatment 1) = heavy thinni
Page 509 and 510:
These factors act together to affec
Page 511 and 512:
Douglas-fir forests. Fire (or some
Page 513 and 514:
thinning has altered substantially
Page 515 and 516:
20Heavy thinning15 | Stand A | (tre
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C. FertilizationThinning or other d
Page 519 and 520:
A. Douglas-fir and Western Hemlock
Page 521 and 522:
Figure G.9. A 70-year-old Douglas-f
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Table G.1. Costs per acre or return
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Trees per acre200 -Stand I A150 L1_
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Trees per acre200150Stand A. Thinne
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e used to maintain a structure like
Page 531 and 532:
.1iiHeight (feet)No treatment.h4420
Page 533 and 534:
II Stand A. No activities (east sid
Page 535 and 536:
Literature CitedAlaback, P.A. 1982.
Page 537 and 538:
Huffman, D. 1991. Salal seedling es
Page 539 and 540:
Sawyer, J.O. and D.A. Thornburgh. 1
Page 541 and 542:
Williamson, R.L. 1973. Results of s
Page 543 and 544:
Appendix HEconomic and Social Consi
Page 545 and 546:
Table of ContentsI. Introduction an
Page 547 and 548:
I. Introduction and SurnmaryA. Requ
Page 549 and 550:
Second, the analysis in this append
Page 551 and 552:
currently suitable. Rough estimates
Page 553 and 554:
The primary economic costs of achie
Page 555 and 556:
D. The Importance of Timber Product
Page 557 and 558:
Investments that would improve the
Page 559 and 560:
In general, the harvest of timber i
Page 561 and 562:
40,321. Income losses are estimated
Page 563 and 564:
ITable H.1. Summary of previous stu
Page 565 and 566:
timber dependent communities as a b
Page 567 and 568:
Table H.2, taken from the Beuter st
Page 569 and 570:
Table H.3. Job response coefficient
Page 571 and 572:
Timberand Wood(1990) 1989 1990 Prod
Page 573 and 574:
The State of Oregon has performed a
Page 575 and 576:
good that is achievable at various
Page 577 and 578:
Table H.7. Derivation of timber sup
Page 579 and 580:
timber harvesting in the Pacific No
Page 581 and 582:
3. Economic Effects of Owl Habitat
Page 583 and 584:
Ia) E-50).C0) ~~~t ~ soC QDPtP| \D~
Page 585 and 586:
Careful examination of Figures H. 1
Page 587 and 588:
The tendency of the supply curve to
Page 589 and 590:
Further employment effects, called
Page 591 and 592:
Table H.9. Comparison of federal ti
Page 593 and 594:
I,Table H.1 1. State and county tim
Page 595 and 596:
proceeds from sale of the timber re
Page 597 and 598:
(1 Table HA1 3. State and county re
Page 599 and 600:
BibliographyBeuter, J.H. 1990. Soci
Page 601 and 602:
Appendix IEvaluation of Alternative
Page 603 and 604:
IntroductionThis appendix presents
Page 605 and 606:
The process of mapping DCAs was org
Page 607 and 608:
Tables 1.8 through I. 10 clearly de
Page 609 and 610:
K/Table 1.2. Estimated acres and ow
Page 611 and 612:
Table 1.4. Estimated acres and owl
Page 613 and 614:
4Table 1.6. Size class distribution
Page 615 and 616:
Table 1.10. Frequency distribution
Page 617 and 618:
Appendix JDesignated Conservation A
Page 619 and 620:
IntroductionThis appendix presents
Page 621 and 622:
Abbreviations and Definitions Used
Page 623 and 624:
Table J.3. Acreage and owl numbers
Page 625 and 626:
continuedDCAIdent.LandStatusAcreage
Page 627 and 628:
continued-DCA LandIdent. StatusAcre
Page 629 and 630:
continued-DCAIdent.LandStatusAcreag
Page 631 and 632:
Page 633 and 634:
Table J.8. Acreage and owl numbers
Page 635 and 636:
Page 637 and 638:
Owl NumbersKnown Known CurrentPairs
Page 639 and 640:
DCAIdent.CD-39CD-40CD-41CD-42CD-43C
Page 641 and 642:
Appendix KRecovery Team Membersand
Page 643 and 644:
The Recovery TeamTeam MembersThe Re
Page 645 and 646:
Chief, Branch of Biological Support
Page 647 and 648:
631
Page 649 and 650:
Table K.2. Chronology of team activ
Page 651 and 652:
7-16 thru7-19-917-17-917-18-91Recov
Page 653 and 654:
continued-12-03 thru Recovery Team
Page 655 and 656:
THE SECRETARYOF THE INTERIORW A S H
Page 657 and 658:
3o Ecosystem Issues: There are othe
Page 659 and 660:
Appendix LGlossary643
Page 661 and 662:
50-11-40 rule - a guideline develop
Page 663 and 664:
ground surface that would be covere
Page 665 and 666:
Density, biological population - th
Page 667 and 668:
Floaters - nonbreeding adults and s
Page 669 and 670:
Kuchler vegetative types - potentia
Page 671 and 672:
Nonmarket - products derived from r
Page 673 and 674:
Regulated forest - a theoretical ma
Page 675 and 676:
Stand-replacing event - a disturban
Page 677 and 678:
egeneration of desirable species, a
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