Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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Vulnerability to Natural Disturbances. The potential for large-scale loss ofowl habitat to fire is higher here than it is for any other Oregon province.There is a low probability that any conservation area created in the easternCascades of Oregon will avoid a stand-replacing fire over a significant portionof its landscape during the next century (Appendix F).Klamath (Oregon Portion)The Klamath province covers large portions of southwestern Oregon andnorthern California. The Oregon portion lies south of the Coquille River andRoseburg, and west of Medford. Land ownership in the Oregon portion is 35percent Forest Service, 30 percent BLM, 33 percent private, and 3 percentstate (Figure 2.6a). Forest Service ownership includes the Siskiyou and partsof the Rogue and Klamath National Forests. BLM ownership includes much ofthe Medford District with lesser amounts of the Roseburg and Coos BayDistricts. The Oregon portion of the province is characterized by generallymountainous terrain (e.g., the Siskiyou and Klamath Mountains), a highdiversity of forest tree species, often occurring in mixed stands, and large areasof serpentine soils, which generally are incapable of supporting forest conditions.Unforested talus slopes are common. Threats to the owl populationinclude continued loss and fragmentation of habitat from timber harvest, amajor threat of habitat loss from fires (see Appendix F), and a declining population.Low Populations. Numbers and density of spotted owls are moderate in thisprovince, and the population generally is well distributed. Approximately 390pairs have been found in the province from 1987 through 1991. However,demographic data indicate that the owl population is in significant decline.Poor habitat conditions (due largely to serpentine soils and high elevation) andlow owl numbers occur within the Kalmiopsis Wilderness Area. Unlike theCalifornia portion of the province, few owl sites are known on private lands.Declining Populations. Based on demographic data gathered from 1985through 1991 in the Medford study area (Appendix A), owls in this area areexperiencing the highest annual rate of decline (16 percent) in Oregon. Thenesting success of owl pairs varies annually within all portions of the owl'srange, but has been particularly low for this area (and for the Oregon CoastRange as well). In only 3 of the last 7 years has the percent of pairs producingyoung exceeded 50 percent (of the pairs present), with the highest being 60percent in 1986 (the lowest was 14 percent in 1987).Limited Habitat. Approximately 38 percent of the 3,102,000 acres of forestedland in this province contains habitat suitable for owls (Figure 2.6a). Thishabitat is primarily on federal lands and is extensively fragmented, due totimber harvest patterns on the checkerboard and mixed land ownerships, aswell as natural vegetation patterns.Declining Habitat. The overall estimated rate of habitat decline for all ownershipswithin the province has been 1.3 percent per year for the period of 1950through 1990. The rate of decline has accelerated in the last decade to approximately3 percent annually, primarily reflecting a continued high level ofharvest on private land and an increased level of harvest on federal lands(Figure 2.6b).Distribution of Habitat and Populations. In general, owls and owl habitatare reasonably well distributed within the province. Low owl numbers and/orpoor habitat conditions exist in the Kalmiopsis Wilderness Area, on privatelands, and within the areas of checkerboard BLM/private lands.56
1Estimated acres of forest landbase:Estimated acres of suitable habitat:4,475,000 743,000BLM 29.2%Private 31.4% %BLM 17.4% State 0.2%ES 12.7%Private 1 .3%Unsuitable 68.4%BLM = U.S. Bureau of Land ManagementFS = U.S. Forest ServiceSources: Mellen (pers. comm.), Neitro (pers. comm.), Johnson (pers. comm.). Bruce (pers. comm.), Starkey (pers. comm.).IGreber et al. (1990).Figure 2.6a. Land base and suitable habitat. Oregon Klamath provincePredation and Competition. There have been no surveys for great homedowls or goshawks, and their impacts on northern spotted owls are poorlyunderstood in this portion of the Klamath province. From 1980 through 1991,22 barred owl locations were recorded in this province.Province Isolation. Due to the fragmented condition of the habitat in theRoseburg and Medford areas, connectivity to the Coast Range and the westernCascades provinces is weak. An assessment of dispersal habitat, as describedby Thomas et al. (1990), found that on BLM lands, 140 of 284 (49 percent) ofquarter-townships containing one section or more of BLM lands did notcontain habitat adequate for dispersal. Of Forest Service lands within theSiskiyou National Forest, 8 of 125 quarter-townships did not contain habitatadequate for dispersal (Webb, pers. comm.). Of particular concern are BLM/private checkerboard lands that are key linkage areas between the Klamathand adjacent provinces.Vulnerability to Natural Disturbances. The potential for large-scale loss ofhabitat is high because of the regular occurrence of fire (Appendix F). Due tosteep topography and changes in vegetation, fires in this province burn withvarying intensities, and create a complex mosaic of burned, partially burned,and unburned areas. Although fires are often large (93,000 acres in the 1987Silver fire), the total amount of owl habitat actually lost in a fire usually is notgreat.6. Threats by Province within CaliforniaCalifornia CoastThe California Coast province extends south from the Oregon border to SanFrancisco Bay and from the ocean inland to the western border of nationalforest lands. The coastal portion of the province encompasses the majority ofthe redwood forest habitat type. Inland forests are Douglas-fir and mixed57
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I 1.2:Sp 6/draftRecovery Plan for t
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List of FiguresTable 4.1 Abbreviate
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Recovery ObjectiveSecretary of the
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Management Rules for Designated Con
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Monitoring and Research ProgramThe
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Chapter IIntroduction1
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"Threatened species" means a specie
Page 22 and 23: B. The Interagency Scientific Commi
Page 24 and 25: lished works and many government do
Page 27 and 28: II.A. Natural History of theNorther
Page 29 and 30: I- \IzXelT - - -.11 I..., ... I.."
Page 32 and 33: spring. Territories probably are sm
Page 34 and 35: Northern goshawks (Accipiter gentil
Page 36 and 37: also use a variety of nest sites in
Page 38 and 39: Home Range SizeHome range is define
Page 40 and 41: Table 2.2. Median amounts of old-gr
Page 42 and 43: 3. Life Historycannot reject the hy
Page 44 and 45: Dispersal1984, Thomas et al. 1990,
Page 46 and 47: 4. ConclusionOur knowledge of the n
Page 48 and 49: Ca n a d aEastern Washington Cascad
Page 50 and 51: Table 2.3. Estimated spotted owl ha
Page 52 and 53: Table 2.4. Significant threats to t
Page 54 and 55: Table 2.5. Results of surveys for s
Page 56 and 57: isolated. In these provinces, small
Page 58 and 59: centers for 30 to 35 spotted owl te
Page 60 and 61: Southwest Washington occupies a key
Page 62 and 63: Distribution of Habitat and Populat
Page 64 and 65: Province Isolation. The eastern Was
Page 66 and 67: were in suitable habitat condition.
Page 68 and 69: Estimated acres of forest landbase:
Page 70 and 71: owned and contain little suitable h
Page 74 and 75: Douglas-fir/hardwood types, the lat
Page 76 and 77: miles from the contiguous populatio
Page 78 and 79: In comparison, the southern part of
Page 80 and 81: Sacramento River Canyon now provide
Page 82 and 83: On January 11, 1980, there was an a
Page 84 and 85: vation Strategy for the Northern Sp
Page 86 and 87: transfer of one area to the Grand R
Page 88 and 89: The BLM Spokane (Washington) Distri
Page 90 and 91: 3. National Park ServiceThe followi
Page 92 and 93: The results of a consultation are s
Page 94 and 95: - Since landowners already face cut
Page 96 and 97: 4. Cumulative Effects AssessmentThe
Page 98 and 99: Assessment, Planning, and Monitorin
Page 100 and 101: Spotted owl nesting sites and activ
Page 102 and 103: Coastal Oregon Productivity Enhance
Page 104 and 105: including wildlife. In other cases,
Page 106 and 107: Currently, the Yakima Indian Nation
Page 108 and 109: where timber harvest is limited to
Page 111 and 112: III.A. Recovery Objective and Delis
Page 113: 4. The population is unlikely to ne
Page 116 and 117: Needs of other species should be co
Page 118 and 119: years. The strategy of managing for
Page 120 and 121: 't0
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Finally, the plan recommends mainta
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A total of 1,181 pairs of owls has
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DKnown owlsin the OregonprovincesKn
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mologists, and representatives of o
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this prey species is an appropriate
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After 100 years residual snags will
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2. Fuelwood Gathering. If allowed,
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The application of prescriptions A,
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owls. (Refer to tables in section I
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PRESCRIPTION D -RETAIN OWLS IN MANA
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126
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DCA Management Plans.The recovery p
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Endangered Species Act) or through
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6. Costs to landowners should be re
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The real or perceived disincentives
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authority of the public body to ent
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* Use the recovery plan's recommend
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140
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Supplemental pair areas - Habitat d
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Numbers of owls currently are estim
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Biological goals and implementation
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ning. Also, several unsurveyed area
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Owl pairsKnown owlsin the province3
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- Initiate long-range planning effo
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Table 3.8. Summary comments on the
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from nonfederal lands are needed to
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Eastern Washington Cascades Provinc
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(Owl pairs140 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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habitat in DCA WD- 16. Approximatel
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Table 3.12. Summary comments on the
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Ttllwrnook/Astoria area. Provide su
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connectivity between key DCAs. This
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ITable 3.14. Summary comments on th
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crest of the Cascade Mountains. The
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sites on federal lands (figure 3.21
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Owl pairsL I 350- _ _ . ...........
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DCAs, often combined with adjacent
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Owl pairsLiKnown owlsin the provinc
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nesting and roosting habitat until
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Option 3: Management of clusters: g
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Table 3.21. Summary of acreage and
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Owl pairs -Known owlsin the provinc
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and to within 0.5 miles of the acti
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Spotted owls have been found at 86
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their distance from other sites. Ar
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* Recommend population and habitat
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away in some or all of the range. D
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4. What are the population dynamics
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If the monitoring and research prog
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lowlands, eastern Oregon Cascades,
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210
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Stepdown Outline1. Management Tasks
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Table 4.1 Abbreviated Cost TableThe
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continued-TaskPriorityResp. PartyCo
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218
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220
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and the number of invertebrate anim
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Table 5.2. Numbers of other species
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Amphibians and Reptiles: Larch Moun
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228
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230
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Barrows, C. W. 1980. Feeding ecolog
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Clark, R. J., D. G. Smith, and L. H
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Franklin, A. B., J. A. Blakesley, a
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Harestad, A. S., and F. L. Bunnell.
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Lundquist, R. W. and J. M. Mariani.
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O'Halloran, K. 1989. Spotted owl in
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Solis, D. M. 1980. Habitat use by n
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Young, K. D., A. B. Franklin, and J
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248
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250
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Table A.1. General approaches for e
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complete count of the territorial b
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Table A.3. Powera for various desig
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Table A.4. Illustration of a Markov
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Obviously, these statements hold on
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Table A.6. Reliability of trend est
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Demographic AnalysisAs noted earlie
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the estimate (using the simple equa
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however, we know little about the b
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Table A.8. Summary of information n
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predict the power achieved by diffe
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Other studiestached. If dispersing
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impractical at present. We describe
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Conclusionsthe year effect can be i
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280
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282
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284
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owls. Consequently, the issue of wh
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Use of the informationAssessments a
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Recent LiteratureWe might begin by
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Kerms (1989) measured habitat struc
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Hamer (pers. comm.) described 11 ne
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Table B.3. Percent hardwoods in the
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Table B.5. Comparison of habitats u
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Table B.8. Tree density (number of
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and numbers of trees, and percent o
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Under this hypothesis, owl fitness
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suitable habitat for that region (m
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ResultsDiscussionspotted owl habita
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__Discussiondata from 41 sites in t
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Recommendations for Future Research
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314
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Hamer, T. 1988. Home range size of
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318
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320
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Parameter Estimatesfor Individual S
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provided in Table C. 5. Study of th
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Table C.6. Summary of statistics re
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3. ConclusionsThis source of bias i
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330
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Gray Wolf .........................
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formed during the initial meeting t
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provide habitat for the numerous sp
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The ApproachA committee of the Reco
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The List of Threatened and Endanger
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Mammalsoldest trees in a stand. Eig
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ABBFigure D. 1. Distribution of: a)
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KTable D.3. A list of threatened an
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Fishestheir dispersal capabilities
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OlympicNorthcoastalRockyMountainSou
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continued-StatusabState Considered
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continued-SpeciesColumbia sidebandM
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endemic to the Pacific Northwest).
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------continued-SpeciesRhyacophila
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continued-SpeciesFed3tatusa bStateW
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StatusasbOld ForestState Associatio
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Summaryspores (Maser et al. 1978b).
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Biology of Owl Prey, Older Forest A
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Woodrats.-The dusky-footed woodrat
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and are less restrictive under stat
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Stock concept.-The term "stock" was
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Table D.10. List of fish stocks of
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continued-Steelhead-owipu Sea-runTr
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continued-BasinHoodWillametteRogueS
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Table D.13. Washington streams (or
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inland distribution currently decre
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nesting territories in the three st
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However, little is known about the
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Fisher (Martes penncmti)Distributio
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at one time supported marten popula
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each population of these animals is
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species also is found under the bar
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few meters from water after heavy r
Page 414 and 415:
In considering the needs of other s
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Barrows, C. W. 1981. Roost selectio
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Clark, T. W., E. Anderson, C. Dougl
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Hamer, T. E. 1991. Habitat relation
Page 422 and 423:
Mannan, R. W., E. C. Meslow, and H.
Page 424 and 425:
Oakley, A. L., Collins, J. A., Ever
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Solis, D. M. 1983. Summer habitat e
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Washington Natural Heritage Program
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414
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f. Wilderness.g. Livestock grazing.
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I. Monitoring.1. Northern spotted o
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420
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here will reduce some of that habit
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424
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426
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Selection of Forest TypesAt the tim
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eceive as little as 25 inches. Disc
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A. FireThe combination and interact
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Table F.4. Important forest insects
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continued-Common Name Causal Agent
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D. DiseasesForest diseases in the P
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III. Forest Protection in theWest C
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120 100200 500I~~~~.K446Figure F.4.
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InsectsDiseasesInsects in this subr
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__hardwoods are immune. Shade toler
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pests (Schowalter 1988). Black stai
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tion and initial attack. If manipul
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log and snag density was likely low
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B. Management Effects on StandsMana
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units (underburning or lop/scatter)
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In the higher elevation White Fir a
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growth often increases (Reinhardt a
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50rcc4*0-cC)2M CmZ13010-yearI ,...*
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In the East Cascades subregion fore
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The introduced disease, white pine
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VI. Conclusionsmortality will resul
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Baker, F.A. 1988. The influence of
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Habeck, J.R. 1990. Old-growth ponde
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Perry, D.A., and J.G. Borchers. 199
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Weatherspoon, C.P., and C.N. Skinne
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482
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484
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area, structure, ages, location; ne
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Stand AFigure G.2. A--unthmnned Dou
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figure 0.3. Effects of thinning Dou
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II. Review of Natural Vegetation an
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western hemlock, and sometimes othe
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year intervals (Appendix F). With t
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Live crown ratiobecent)6050IStand A
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Basal area growth continued to incr
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technology probably will allow some
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Stand A. No activities (west side 3
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Stand A. No activities (west side o
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acre, 4 to 12 inches in diameter),
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allow redwood sprout clumps maximum
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KAge 15 years - 511 trees per acre,
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6Stems per acre100 _ Stand A. Natur
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Basal Area(square feetper acre)50 1
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* Opening the canopy in small patch
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Drew, T.J. and J.W. Flewelling. 197
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Miller, R.E.; D.L. Reukema, and R.L
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Tappeiner, J.C., P.M. McDonald, and
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526
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528
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6. Timber supply curve and economic
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scientifically credible biological
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E. Summary of Preliminary Estimates
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II. General Economic Principles for
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practices may be able to show how s
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Economic patterns show the efficien
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The sustainable yield concept that
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A. Previously Estimated Economic Co
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County receipts were estimated to d
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B. Potential Social Costs of Owl Co
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The contrast between the behavior d
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0U1 n1nDTable H.2. Economic depende
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cḻlTable H.4. Economic characteri
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An analysis completed by the State
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V. Preliminary Evaluation of the Ec
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25-° 20/0M 15-a)CLU)0 10-0CL 5 -0)
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25 -- 20-0co/o 15--Da)a0a)10m~ C) 5
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forestlands. The costs of productio
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In Figure H.8, the equilibrium betw
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foregone and the way they will save
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The income created by the purchase
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Two concepts are useful for underst
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y an estimate of the price that wou
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Table H.10. Comparison of timber em
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of the second year. The same assump
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are generally much lower than for c
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582
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studies at University of Washington
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586
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Most significant late successionall
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to evaluate options. Information in
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Q0Table 1.1. Estimated acres and ow
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soTable 1.3. Estimated acres and ow
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01CDarTable 1.5. Size class distrib
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Table 1.8. Frequency distribution o
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Literature CitedThomas, J.W., E.D.
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602
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- The overlap of home ranges among
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Table J.2. Acreage and owl numbers
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continuedDCA Land AcreageIdent. Sta
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Table J.9. Acrea ?e and owl numbers
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continued-DCA LandIdent. StatusAcre
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-DCAIdent.LandStatusAcreageNRF Tota
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626
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Experience Includes: Assistant Dire
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Education: B.S. in forestry from Or
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Team SupportCharles Bruce, Oregon D
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continued-1 5-24-91 Other SpeciesSu
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continued-9-16 thru9-20-919-19-91Sp
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Perry, D. 1991. The ecology of coar
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2mandate the achievement of recover
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642
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644
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Aspect - the direction a slope face
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Congressionally classified and desi
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Empirical - derived from direct obs
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Hummocky - a landscape characterize
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Mixed conifer - as used in this doc
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Potential habitat - a stand of tree
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Sensitive species - those species t
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Take -Uunder the Endangered Species
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wild, scenic, or recreational by an
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Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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