Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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Estimated acres of forest landbase:Estimated acres of suitable habitat:4,475,000 743,000Private 32.3% NPSO.3% BLMI4.1%state 1.9%BLIMV 8.8% FS 56.7%NPS 0.3%Private 1.0%FS 56.7% Unsuitable 69.3 State 0.0%BLM = U.S. Bureau of Land ManagementFS = U.S. Forest ServiceNPS = National Park ServiceSources: Mellen (pers. comm.). Neitro (pers. comm.), Johnson (pers. comm.), Bruce (pers. comm.), Starkey (pers. comm.).Greber et al. (1990).Figure 2.5a. Land base and suitable habitat, western Oregon Cascades.52Declining Populations. Based on demographic data gathered from the H.J.Andrews study area from 1987 through 1991, populations in the centralportion of the province are declining by about 7 percent annually (lambda =0.928)(Appendix C). Additional demographic data come from the Medfordstudy area in the southern part of the province. Most of the Medford studyarea lies within the Klamath province and the remainder is within the westernCascades province. Using data pooled from both provinces within the studyarea, the annual rate of population decline is 16 percent (lambda = 0.844,Appendix C).Limited Habitat. Although the western Cascades province has a higher owldensity than in any other Oregon province, suitable owl habitat is limitedmainly to federal lands (Figure 2.5a). Much of the suitable habitat of federallands has been fragmented significantly in the past 40 years. For example,within areas approximately equal to the median home ranges of 383 owl-pairsites on the Willamette National Forest, 49 percent of the sites contained lessthan 40 percent owl habitat, 33 percent contained from 41 to 60 percenthabitat, and only 11 percent contained more than 60 percent habitat. No datawere available for 7 percent of the pairs (Byford, pers. comm.).Johnson (pers. comm.) assessed the amount of old-growth and mature forestwithin 70 plots (totaling 86,695 acres) located at random on Forest Serviceland within the central portion of the province. The mean amount of oldgrowthand mature forest within these plots was 53 percent in 1990.Declining Habitat. Timber harvest from all ownerships for the period 1950 to1990 indicates an estimated annual rate of habitat loss of 1.4 percent for thisprovince (Figure 2.5b). The rate of habitat loss on federal lands is approximately1.0 percent annually.Ripple et al. (1991) assessed the changes in forest fragmentation patterns from1972 to 1987 on approximately 65,000 acres of national forest land in the
central portion of the province. They reported an 8.7 percent decrease in theamount of natural forest (as a result of timber harvest) and a concomitant 18.0percent decrease in the amount of interior habitat. The loss of interior habitat,at nearly double the rate of timber harvest, reflected the harvest of timber in acheckerboard manner during the study period.In a different study, Ripple (pers. comm.) used satellite imagery to assess thechanges in the amount of closed-canopy forest and closed-canopy interiorforest from 1972 to 1987 on an 866,950-acre study area in the western Cascadesprovince. During this period, the proportion of closed-canopy forest wasreduced from 71 percent to 58 percent, along with a significant reduction inclosed-canopy interior forest. In this study, closed-canopy forest was definedas stands 30 to 40 years of age or older with more than 60 percent canopyclosure, and closed-canopy interior forest was the amount remaining afterremoval of a 330-foot edge zone.Distribution of Habitat and Populations. The north-to-south distribution ofspotted owls through the central portion of this province is adequate, with theexception of the Santiam Pass area where owl sites are separated by 6 to 10miles. Owls are scattered on BLM lands along the western portion of theprovince and some owl sites are isolated by intervening private lands withlimited habitat. Few owls are found above 4,500 feet and little suitable habitatexists above 5,000 feet.The forested lands on the flanks of the western Cascades between the nationalforest boundaries and the Willamette Valley floor are predominantly privately5U)OnCo0U)0432- - - - - - - t. t. -:. zz* -- ' ' ' ' ' -.- 1. . . . . . . . . . . . ... ........... .. .. .... . . . 1. . . . .*.0. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .-... . .:l !1940 1950 1960 1970Year1980 1990 2000........... All ownerships_______ BLM (U.S. Bureau of Land Management)- - - - FS (U.S. Forest Service)....... ... Private*------- StateSources: Mellen (pers. comm.),Neitro (pers. comm.), Johnson(pers. comm.), Bruce (pers.comm.), Starkey (pers. comm.),Greber et al. (1990).Figure 2.5b. Trend in northern spotted owl habttat, western Oregon Cascades province.53
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I 1.2:Sp 6/draftRecovery Plan for t
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List of FiguresTable 4.1 Abbreviate
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Recovery ObjectiveSecretary of the
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Management Rules for Designated Con
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Monitoring and Research ProgramThe
Page 17: Chapter IIntroduction1
Page 20 and 21: "Threatened species" means a specie
Page 22 and 23: B. The Interagency Scientific Commi
Page 24 and 25: lished works and many government do
Page 27 and 28: II.A. Natural History of theNorther
Page 29 and 30: I- \IzXelT - - -.11 I..., ... I.."
Page 32 and 33: spring. Territories probably are sm
Page 34 and 35: Northern goshawks (Accipiter gentil
Page 36 and 37: also use a variety of nest sites in
Page 38 and 39: Home Range SizeHome range is define
Page 40 and 41: Table 2.2. Median amounts of old-gr
Page 42 and 43: 3. Life Historycannot reject the hy
Page 44 and 45: Dispersal1984, Thomas et al. 1990,
Page 46 and 47: 4. ConclusionOur knowledge of the n
Page 48 and 49: Ca n a d aEastern Washington Cascad
Page 50 and 51: Table 2.3. Estimated spotted owl ha
Page 52 and 53: Table 2.4. Significant threats to t
Page 54 and 55: Table 2.5. Results of surveys for s
Page 56 and 57: isolated. In these provinces, small
Page 58 and 59: centers for 30 to 35 spotted owl te
Page 60 and 61: Southwest Washington occupies a key
Page 62 and 63: Distribution of Habitat and Populat
Page 64 and 65: Province Isolation. The eastern Was
Page 66 and 67: were in suitable habitat condition.
Page 70 and 71: owned and contain little suitable h
Page 72 and 73: Vulnerability to Natural Disturbanc
Page 74 and 75: Douglas-fir/hardwood types, the lat
Page 76 and 77: miles from the contiguous populatio
Page 78 and 79: In comparison, the southern part of
Page 80 and 81: Sacramento River Canyon now provide
Page 82 and 83: On January 11, 1980, there was an a
Page 84 and 85: vation Strategy for the Northern Sp
Page 86 and 87: transfer of one area to the Grand R
Page 88 and 89: The BLM Spokane (Washington) Distri
Page 90 and 91: 3. National Park ServiceThe followi
Page 92 and 93: The results of a consultation are s
Page 94 and 95: - Since landowners already face cut
Page 96 and 97: 4. Cumulative Effects AssessmentThe
Page 98 and 99: Assessment, Planning, and Monitorin
Page 100 and 101: Spotted owl nesting sites and activ
Page 102 and 103: Coastal Oregon Productivity Enhance
Page 104 and 105: including wildlife. In other cases,
Page 106 and 107: Currently, the Yakima Indian Nation
Page 108 and 109: where timber harvest is limited to
Page 111 and 112: III.A. Recovery Objective and Delis
Page 113: 4. The population is unlikely to ne
Page 116 and 117: Needs of other species should be co
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years. The strategy of managing for
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't0
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Finally, the plan recommends mainta
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A total of 1,181 pairs of owls has
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DKnown owlsin the OregonprovincesKn
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mologists, and representatives of o
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this prey species is an appropriate
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After 100 years residual snags will
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2. Fuelwood Gathering. If allowed,
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The application of prescriptions A,
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owls. (Refer to tables in section I
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PRESCRIPTION D -RETAIN OWLS IN MANA
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126
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DCA Management Plans.The recovery p
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Endangered Species Act) or through
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6. Costs to landowners should be re
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The real or perceived disincentives
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authority of the public body to ent
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* Use the recovery plan's recommend
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140
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Supplemental pair areas - Habitat d
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Numbers of owls currently are estim
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Biological goals and implementation
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ning. Also, several unsurveyed area
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Owl pairsKnown owlsin the province3
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- Initiate long-range planning effo
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Table 3.8. Summary comments on the
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from nonfederal lands are needed to
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Eastern Washington Cascades Provinc
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(Owl pairs140 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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habitat in DCA WD- 16. Approximatel
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Table 3.12. Summary comments on the
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Ttllwrnook/Astoria area. Provide su
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connectivity between key DCAs. This
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ITable 3.14. Summary comments on th
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crest of the Cascade Mountains. The
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sites on federal lands (figure 3.21
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Owl pairsL I 350- _ _ . ...........
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DCAs, often combined with adjacent
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Owl pairsLiKnown owlsin the provinc
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nesting and roosting habitat until
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Option 3: Management of clusters: g
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Table 3.21. Summary of acreage and
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Owl pairs -Known owlsin the provinc
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and to within 0.5 miles of the acti
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Spotted owls have been found at 86
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their distance from other sites. Ar
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* Recommend population and habitat
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away in some or all of the range. D
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4. What are the population dynamics
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If the monitoring and research prog
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lowlands, eastern Oregon Cascades,
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210
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Stepdown Outline1. Management Tasks
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Table 4.1 Abbreviated Cost TableThe
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continued-TaskPriorityResp. PartyCo
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218
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220
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and the number of invertebrate anim
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Table 5.2. Numbers of other species
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Amphibians and Reptiles: Larch Moun
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228
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230
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Barrows, C. W. 1980. Feeding ecolog
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Clark, R. J., D. G. Smith, and L. H
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Franklin, A. B., J. A. Blakesley, a
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Harestad, A. S., and F. L. Bunnell.
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Lundquist, R. W. and J. M. Mariani.
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O'Halloran, K. 1989. Spotted owl in
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Solis, D. M. 1980. Habitat use by n
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Young, K. D., A. B. Franklin, and J
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248
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250
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Table A.1. General approaches for e
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complete count of the territorial b
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Table A.3. Powera for various desig
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Table A.4. Illustration of a Markov
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Obviously, these statements hold on
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Table A.6. Reliability of trend est
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Demographic AnalysisAs noted earlie
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the estimate (using the simple equa
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however, we know little about the b
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Table A.8. Summary of information n
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predict the power achieved by diffe
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Other studiestached. If dispersing
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impractical at present. We describe
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Conclusionsthe year effect can be i
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280
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282
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284
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owls. Consequently, the issue of wh
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Use of the informationAssessments a
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Recent LiteratureWe might begin by
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Kerms (1989) measured habitat struc
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Hamer (pers. comm.) described 11 ne
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Table B.3. Percent hardwoods in the
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Table B.5. Comparison of habitats u
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Table B.8. Tree density (number of
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and numbers of trees, and percent o
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Under this hypothesis, owl fitness
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suitable habitat for that region (m
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ResultsDiscussionspotted owl habita
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__Discussiondata from 41 sites in t
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Recommendations for Future Research
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314
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Hamer, T. 1988. Home range size of
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318
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320
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Parameter Estimatesfor Individual S
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provided in Table C. 5. Study of th
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Table C.6. Summary of statistics re
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3. ConclusionsThis source of bias i
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330
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Gray Wolf .........................
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formed during the initial meeting t
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provide habitat for the numerous sp
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The ApproachA committee of the Reco
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The List of Threatened and Endanger
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Mammalsoldest trees in a stand. Eig
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ABBFigure D. 1. Distribution of: a)
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KTable D.3. A list of threatened an
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Fishestheir dispersal capabilities
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OlympicNorthcoastalRockyMountainSou
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continued-StatusabState Considered
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continued-SpeciesColumbia sidebandM
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endemic to the Pacific Northwest).
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------continued-SpeciesRhyacophila
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continued-SpeciesFed3tatusa bStateW
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StatusasbOld ForestState Associatio
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Summaryspores (Maser et al. 1978b).
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Biology of Owl Prey, Older Forest A
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Woodrats.-The dusky-footed woodrat
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and are less restrictive under stat
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Stock concept.-The term "stock" was
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Table D.10. List of fish stocks of
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continued-Steelhead-owipu Sea-runTr
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continued-BasinHoodWillametteRogueS
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Table D.13. Washington streams (or
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inland distribution currently decre
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nesting territories in the three st
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However, little is known about the
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Fisher (Martes penncmti)Distributio
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at one time supported marten popula
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each population of these animals is
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species also is found under the bar
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few meters from water after heavy r
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In considering the needs of other s
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Barrows, C. W. 1981. Roost selectio
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Clark, T. W., E. Anderson, C. Dougl
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Hamer, T. E. 1991. Habitat relation
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Mannan, R. W., E. C. Meslow, and H.
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Oakley, A. L., Collins, J. A., Ever
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Solis, D. M. 1983. Summer habitat e
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Washington Natural Heritage Program
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414
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f. Wilderness.g. Livestock grazing.
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I. Monitoring.1. Northern spotted o
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420
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here will reduce some of that habit
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424
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426
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Selection of Forest TypesAt the tim
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eceive as little as 25 inches. Disc
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A. FireThe combination and interact
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Table F.4. Important forest insects
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continued-Common Name Causal Agent
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D. DiseasesForest diseases in the P
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III. Forest Protection in theWest C
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120 100200 500I~~~~.K446Figure F.4.
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InsectsDiseasesInsects in this subr
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__hardwoods are immune. Shade toler
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pests (Schowalter 1988). Black stai
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tion and initial attack. If manipul
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log and snag density was likely low
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B. Management Effects on StandsMana
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units (underburning or lop/scatter)
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In the higher elevation White Fir a
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growth often increases (Reinhardt a
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50rcc4*0-cC)2M CmZ13010-yearI ,...*
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In the East Cascades subregion fore
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The introduced disease, white pine
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VI. Conclusionsmortality will resul
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Baker, F.A. 1988. The influence of
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Habeck, J.R. 1990. Old-growth ponde
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Perry, D.A., and J.G. Borchers. 199
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Weatherspoon, C.P., and C.N. Skinne
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482
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484
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area, structure, ages, location; ne
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Stand AFigure G.2. A--unthmnned Dou
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figure 0.3. Effects of thinning Dou
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II. Review of Natural Vegetation an
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western hemlock, and sometimes othe
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year intervals (Appendix F). With t
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Live crown ratiobecent)6050IStand A
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Basal area growth continued to incr
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technology probably will allow some
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Stand A. No activities (west side 3
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Stand A. No activities (west side o
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acre, 4 to 12 inches in diameter),
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allow redwood sprout clumps maximum
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KAge 15 years - 511 trees per acre,
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6Stems per acre100 _ Stand A. Natur
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Basal Area(square feetper acre)50 1
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* Opening the canopy in small patch
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Drew, T.J. and J.W. Flewelling. 197
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Miller, R.E.; D.L. Reukema, and R.L
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Tappeiner, J.C., P.M. McDonald, and
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526
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528
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6. Timber supply curve and economic
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scientifically credible biological
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E. Summary of Preliminary Estimates
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II. General Economic Principles for
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practices may be able to show how s
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Economic patterns show the efficien
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The sustainable yield concept that
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A. Previously Estimated Economic Co
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County receipts were estimated to d
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B. Potential Social Costs of Owl Co
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The contrast between the behavior d
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0U1 n1nDTable H.2. Economic depende
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cḻlTable H.4. Economic characteri
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An analysis completed by the State
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V. Preliminary Evaluation of the Ec
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25-° 20/0M 15-a)CLU)0 10-0CL 5 -0)
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25 -- 20-0co/o 15--Da)a0a)10m~ C) 5
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forestlands. The costs of productio
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In Figure H.8, the equilibrium betw
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foregone and the way they will save
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The income created by the purchase
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Two concepts are useful for underst
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y an estimate of the price that wou
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Table H.10. Comparison of timber em
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of the second year. The same assump
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are generally much lower than for c
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582
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studies at University of Washington
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586
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Most significant late successionall
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to evaluate options. Information in
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Q0Table 1.1. Estimated acres and ow
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soTable 1.3. Estimated acres and ow
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01CDarTable 1.5. Size class distrib
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Table 1.8. Frequency distribution o
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Literature CitedThomas, J.W., E.D.
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602
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- The overlap of home ranges among
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Table J.2. Acreage and owl numbers
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continuedDCA Land AcreageIdent. Sta
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Table J.9. Acrea ?e and owl numbers
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continued-DCA LandIdent. StatusAcre
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-DCAIdent.LandStatusAcreageNRF Tota
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626
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Experience Includes: Assistant Dire
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Education: B.S. in forestry from Or
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Team SupportCharles Bruce, Oregon D
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continued-1 5-24-91 Other SpeciesSu
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continued-9-16 thru9-20-919-19-91Sp
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Perry, D. 1991. The ecology of coar
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2mandate the achievement of recover
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642
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644
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Aspect - the direction a slope face
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Congressionally classified and desi
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Empirical - derived from direct obs
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Hummocky - a landscape characterize
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Mixed conifer - as used in this doc
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Potential habitat - a stand of tree
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Sensitive species - those species t
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Take -Uunder the Endangered Species
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wild, scenic, or recreational by an
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Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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