Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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are generally much lower than for commercial harvest and that migrantlaborers often are used for such work. If the employment created by a silviculturalprogram is to benefit workers displaced from the harvesting timber,employment preferences may need to be made a requirement of the contractslet for such work.5. Estimating the Economic Effects of Salvage.As described in section III, the recovery plan allows limited salvage within theDCAs. Forest Service and BLM timber salvage sales averaged more than 650million board feet per year during the 1980s. A rough estimate of the economiceffects of allowing salvage was made by assuming an annual potential salvageof 600 million board feet total, of which the DCAs would contain approximatelyone third. The guidelines for salvage in DCAs are set forth in section III. C. Itwas assumed that the guidelines would allow 10 to 20 percent of the potentialsalvage, leaving the rest of the dead trees to contribute to maintenance ofhabitat conditions. Annual salvage in DCAs could yield 20 to 40 million boardfeet. The total job coefficients for the timber counties range from eight to justmore than 17 jobs per million board feet, averaging 15.7. At the average totaljob coefficient, salvage in DCAs could support 315 to 630 workers.6. Estimating the Effects on County Revenues.In its analysis of the effects of the critical habitat designation, the FWS developedmethods to estimate the price effect of restrictions in timber harvest andits effect on the federal receipts from the remaining timber volume. The FWSalso worked with the Forest Service and BLM to develop the computationalmethods needed to allocate the estimated federal timber sale revenues to thecounties with which federal receipts are shared. These methods were used toestimate the effects of the DCAs in the recovery plan on the timber revenuesthat would be received by the counties. These estimates are inTable H. 13.These preliminary estimates do not include the effects of asset losses on thetax bases of the counties.Table H.12. Economic effects of silviculture in designated conservation areas.TimberAcres Removed AnnualTreated Annually EconomicAnnually (million Employment Benefitboard feet) Uobs) ($mllilon)10,000 19 120 525,000 48 302 1350,000 96 600 26100,000 192 1200 53Target Acreage: 450,000 acres currently unsuitable for owl habitat580
(1 Table HA1 3. State and county revenue sharing effects of withdrawing designatedconservation areas (DCAs) from the timber base.1995 Revenue Percent 1988-89 1995 RevenueShare with 1995 Revenue 1995 Revenue County Share LostFinal Plans Share With DCAs Share Budget' as PercentState/County ($hundred) ($hundred) Lost ($undred) of 1988-89 BudgetWashingtonChelan $3,602 $2,297 36.23 $14,523 8.99Clallam $1,957 $1,192 39.09 $18,543 4.13Clark $0 $0 0.00 $58,349 0.00Cowlitz $579 $507 12.44 $28,641 0.25Grays Harbor $1,314 $800 39.12 $19,059 2.70Jefferson $1,640 $998 39.15 $9,098 7.06King $991 $106 89.30 $489,751 0.18Kittitas $1,123 $640 43.01 $8,851 5.46Klickitat $193 $169 12.44 $8,047 0.30Lewis $5,810 $4,923 15.27 $25,587 3.47Mason $1,248 $760 39.10 $13,723 3.56Okanogan $2,196 $3,149 -43.40* $12,572 -7.58*Pierce $354 $38 89.27 $159,516 0.20Skagit $1,076 $116 89.22 $26,515 3.62Skamania $12,540 $10,982 12.42 $8,549 18.22Snohomish $1,806 $194 89.26 $111,247 1.45Thurston $0 0 0.00 40,806 0.00Whatcom $1,291 $139 89.23 $38,053 3.03Yakima $1,870 $646 65.45 $38,078 3.21Washington Total $39,590 $27,656 30.14OregonBenton $8,325 $6,566 21.13 $20,125 8.74Clackamas $21,242 $18,258 14.05 $98,221 3.04Columbia $5,484 $4,185 23.69 $9,434 13.77Coos $17,020 $12,740 25.15 $19,515 21.93Curry $16,872 $9,550 43.40 $13,323 54.96Deschutes $4,789 $3,070 36.02 $22,833 7.57Douglas $90,867 $73,501 19.11 $67,062 25.90Hood River $2,542 $2,744 -7.95 $7,166 -2.82Jackson $44,626 $34,089 23.61 $46,736 22.55Jefferson $823 $546 33.66 $4,285 6.46Josephine $36,867 $26,117 29.16 $27,870 38.57Klamath $15,340 $14,157 7.71 $35,896 3.30Lane $79,736 $72,299 9.33 $115,313 6.45Lincoln $9,043 $8,936 1.18 $21,343 0.50Linn $17,896 $17,274 3.48 $31,525 1.97Marion $7,833 $7,278 7.09 $68,306 0.81Multnomah $3,792 $3,175 16.27 $211,258 0.29Polk $5,819 $4,458 23.39 $11,344 12.00Tillamook $5,827 $5,539 4.94 $10,483 2.75Wasco $2,023 $2,184 -7.96 $13,260 -1.21Washington $1,677 $1,280 23.67 $119,133 0.33Yarnhill $3,115 $2,680 13.96 $18,313 2.38Oregon Total $401,567 $330,626 17.67CaliforniaColusa $404 $159 60.64 $17,840 1.37Del Norte $4,912 $2,472 49.67 $22,026 11.08Glenn $1,181 $466 60.54 $29,586 2.42Humbolt $6,144 $3,176 48.31 $91,724 3.24Lake $1,581 $624 60.53 $52,155 1.83Mendocino $1,093 $431 60.57 $166,058 0.40Shasta $3,109 $1,395 55.13 $115,323 1.49Siskiyou $8,178 $6,262 23.43 $45,310 4.23Tehama $1,304 $542 58.44 $40,697 1.87Trinity $9,819 $4,616 52.99 $26,697 19.49California Total $37,725 $20,143 46.61Three-state Total $478,882 $378,425 79.02AProjectings. Final forest plans havbe not been released.;Estimates for Okanogan County Show a gain because the effect of a relatively small reduction in timber harvest Is offset by the increase in timber prices.'Data for some counties estimated from 1987-88 data.I .1 I - 1. - -- .... I- ,-- - .1-1- 1 ........................ .- - - - I 581
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I 1.2:Sp 6/draftRecovery Plan for t
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List of FiguresTable 4.1 Abbreviate
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Recovery ObjectiveSecretary of the
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Management Rules for Designated Con
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Monitoring and Research ProgramThe
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Chapter IIntroduction1
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"Threatened species" means a specie
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B. The Interagency Scientific Commi
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lished works and many government do
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II.A. Natural History of theNorther
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I- \IzXelT - - -.11 I..., ... I.."
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spring. Territories probably are sm
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Northern goshawks (Accipiter gentil
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also use a variety of nest sites in
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Home Range SizeHome range is define
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Table 2.2. Median amounts of old-gr
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3. Life Historycannot reject the hy
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Dispersal1984, Thomas et al. 1990,
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4. ConclusionOur knowledge of the n
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Ca n a d aEastern Washington Cascad
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Table 2.3. Estimated spotted owl ha
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Table 2.4. Significant threats to t
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Table 2.5. Results of surveys for s
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isolated. In these provinces, small
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centers for 30 to 35 spotted owl te
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Southwest Washington occupies a key
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Distribution of Habitat and Populat
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Province Isolation. The eastern Was
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were in suitable habitat condition.
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Estimated acres of forest landbase:
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owned and contain little suitable h
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Vulnerability to Natural Disturbanc
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Douglas-fir/hardwood types, the lat
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miles from the contiguous populatio
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In comparison, the southern part of
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Sacramento River Canyon now provide
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On January 11, 1980, there was an a
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vation Strategy for the Northern Sp
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transfer of one area to the Grand R
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The BLM Spokane (Washington) Distri
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3. National Park ServiceThe followi
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The results of a consultation are s
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- Since landowners already face cut
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4. Cumulative Effects AssessmentThe
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Assessment, Planning, and Monitorin
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Spotted owl nesting sites and activ
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Coastal Oregon Productivity Enhance
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including wildlife. In other cases,
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Currently, the Yakima Indian Nation
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where timber harvest is limited to
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III.A. Recovery Objective and Delis
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4. The population is unlikely to ne
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Needs of other species should be co
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years. The strategy of managing for
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't0
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Finally, the plan recommends mainta
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A total of 1,181 pairs of owls has
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DKnown owlsin the OregonprovincesKn
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mologists, and representatives of o
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this prey species is an appropriate
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After 100 years residual snags will
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2. Fuelwood Gathering. If allowed,
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The application of prescriptions A,
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owls. (Refer to tables in section I
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PRESCRIPTION D -RETAIN OWLS IN MANA
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126
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DCA Management Plans.The recovery p
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Endangered Species Act) or through
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6. Costs to landowners should be re
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The real or perceived disincentives
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authority of the public body to ent
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* Use the recovery plan's recommend
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140
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Supplemental pair areas - Habitat d
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Numbers of owls currently are estim
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Biological goals and implementation
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ning. Also, several unsurveyed area
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Owl pairsKnown owlsin the province3
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- Initiate long-range planning effo
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Table 3.8. Summary comments on the
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from nonfederal lands are needed to
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Eastern Washington Cascades Provinc
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(Owl pairs140 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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habitat in DCA WD- 16. Approximatel
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Table 3.12. Summary comments on the
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Ttllwrnook/Astoria area. Provide su
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connectivity between key DCAs. This
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ITable 3.14. Summary comments on th
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crest of the Cascade Mountains. The
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sites on federal lands (figure 3.21
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Owl pairsL I 350- _ _ . ...........
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DCAs, often combined with adjacent
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Owl pairsLiKnown owlsin the provinc
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nesting and roosting habitat until
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Option 3: Management of clusters: g
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Table 3.21. Summary of acreage and
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Owl pairs -Known owlsin the provinc
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and to within 0.5 miles of the acti
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Spotted owls have been found at 86
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their distance from other sites. Ar
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* Recommend population and habitat
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away in some or all of the range. D
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4. What are the population dynamics
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If the monitoring and research prog
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lowlands, eastern Oregon Cascades,
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210
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Stepdown Outline1. Management Tasks
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Table 4.1 Abbreviated Cost TableThe
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continued-TaskPriorityResp. PartyCo
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218
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220
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and the number of invertebrate anim
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Table 5.2. Numbers of other species
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Amphibians and Reptiles: Larch Moun
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228
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230
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Barrows, C. W. 1980. Feeding ecolog
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Clark, R. J., D. G. Smith, and L. H
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Franklin, A. B., J. A. Blakesley, a
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Harestad, A. S., and F. L. Bunnell.
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Lundquist, R. W. and J. M. Mariani.
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O'Halloran, K. 1989. Spotted owl in
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Solis, D. M. 1980. Habitat use by n
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Young, K. D., A. B. Franklin, and J
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248
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250
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Table A.1. General approaches for e
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complete count of the territorial b
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Table A.3. Powera for various desig
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Table A.4. Illustration of a Markov
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Obviously, these statements hold on
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Table A.6. Reliability of trend est
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Demographic AnalysisAs noted earlie
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the estimate (using the simple equa
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however, we know little about the b
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Table A.8. Summary of information n
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predict the power achieved by diffe
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Other studiestached. If dispersing
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impractical at present. We describe
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Conclusionsthe year effect can be i
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280
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282
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284
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owls. Consequently, the issue of wh
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Use of the informationAssessments a
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Recent LiteratureWe might begin by
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Kerms (1989) measured habitat struc
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Hamer (pers. comm.) described 11 ne
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Table B.3. Percent hardwoods in the
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Table B.5. Comparison of habitats u
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Table B.8. Tree density (number of
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and numbers of trees, and percent o
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Under this hypothesis, owl fitness
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suitable habitat for that region (m
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ResultsDiscussionspotted owl habita
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__Discussiondata from 41 sites in t
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Recommendations for Future Research
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314
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Hamer, T. 1988. Home range size of
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318
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320
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Parameter Estimatesfor Individual S
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provided in Table C. 5. Study of th
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Table C.6. Summary of statistics re
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3. ConclusionsThis source of bias i
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330
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Gray Wolf .........................
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formed during the initial meeting t
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provide habitat for the numerous sp
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The ApproachA committee of the Reco
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The List of Threatened and Endanger
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Mammalsoldest trees in a stand. Eig
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ABBFigure D. 1. Distribution of: a)
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KTable D.3. A list of threatened an
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Fishestheir dispersal capabilities
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OlympicNorthcoastalRockyMountainSou
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continued-StatusabState Considered
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continued-SpeciesColumbia sidebandM
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endemic to the Pacific Northwest).
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------continued-SpeciesRhyacophila
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continued-SpeciesFed3tatusa bStateW
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StatusasbOld ForestState Associatio
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Summaryspores (Maser et al. 1978b).
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Biology of Owl Prey, Older Forest A
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Woodrats.-The dusky-footed woodrat
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and are less restrictive under stat
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Stock concept.-The term "stock" was
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Table D.10. List of fish stocks of
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continued-Steelhead-owipu Sea-runTr
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continued-BasinHoodWillametteRogueS
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Table D.13. Washington streams (or
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inland distribution currently decre
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nesting territories in the three st
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However, little is known about the
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Fisher (Martes penncmti)Distributio
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at one time supported marten popula
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each population of these animals is
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species also is found under the bar
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few meters from water after heavy r
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In considering the needs of other s
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Barrows, C. W. 1981. Roost selectio
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Clark, T. W., E. Anderson, C. Dougl
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Hamer, T. E. 1991. Habitat relation
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Mannan, R. W., E. C. Meslow, and H.
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Oakley, A. L., Collins, J. A., Ever
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Solis, D. M. 1983. Summer habitat e
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Washington Natural Heritage Program
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414
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f. Wilderness.g. Livestock grazing.
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I. Monitoring.1. Northern spotted o
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420
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here will reduce some of that habit
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424
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426
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Selection of Forest TypesAt the tim
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eceive as little as 25 inches. Disc
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A. FireThe combination and interact
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Table F.4. Important forest insects
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continued-Common Name Causal Agent
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D. DiseasesForest diseases in the P
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III. Forest Protection in theWest C
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120 100200 500I~~~~.K446Figure F.4.
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InsectsDiseasesInsects in this subr
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__hardwoods are immune. Shade toler
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pests (Schowalter 1988). Black stai
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tion and initial attack. If manipul
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log and snag density was likely low
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B. Management Effects on StandsMana
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units (underburning or lop/scatter)
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In the higher elevation White Fir a
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growth often increases (Reinhardt a
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50rcc4*0-cC)2M CmZ13010-yearI ,...*
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In the East Cascades subregion fore
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The introduced disease, white pine
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VI. Conclusionsmortality will resul
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Baker, F.A. 1988. The influence of
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Habeck, J.R. 1990. Old-growth ponde
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Perry, D.A., and J.G. Borchers. 199
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Weatherspoon, C.P., and C.N. Skinne
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482
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484
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area, structure, ages, location; ne
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Stand AFigure G.2. A--unthmnned Dou
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figure 0.3. Effects of thinning Dou
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II. Review of Natural Vegetation an
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western hemlock, and sometimes othe
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year intervals (Appendix F). With t
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Live crown ratiobecent)6050IStand A
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Basal area growth continued to incr
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technology probably will allow some
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Stand A. No activities (west side 3
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Stand A. No activities (west side o
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acre, 4 to 12 inches in diameter),
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allow redwood sprout clumps maximum
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KAge 15 years - 511 trees per acre,
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6Stems per acre100 _ Stand A. Natur
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Basal Area(square feetper acre)50 1
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* Opening the canopy in small patch
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Drew, T.J. and J.W. Flewelling. 197
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Miller, R.E.; D.L. Reukema, and R.L
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Tappeiner, J.C., P.M. McDonald, and
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526
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528
Page 546 and 547: 6. Timber supply curve and economic
Page 548 and 549: scientifically credible biological
Page 550 and 551: E. Summary of Preliminary Estimates
Page 552 and 553: II. General Economic Principles for
Page 554 and 555: practices may be able to show how s
Page 556 and 557: Economic patterns show the efficien
Page 558 and 559: The sustainable yield concept that
Page 560 and 561: A. Previously Estimated Economic Co
Page 562 and 563: County receipts were estimated to d
Page 564 and 565: B. Potential Social Costs of Owl Co
Page 566 and 567: The contrast between the behavior d
Page 568 and 569: 0U1 n1nDTable H.2. Economic depende
Page 570 and 571: cḻlTable H.4. Economic characteri
Page 572 and 573: An analysis completed by the State
Page 574 and 575: V. Preliminary Evaluation of the Ec
Page 576 and 577: 25-° 20/0M 15-a)CLU)0 10-0CL 5 -0)
Page 578 and 579: 25 -- 20-0co/o 15--Da)a0a)10m~ C) 5
Page 580 and 581: forestlands. The costs of productio
Page 582 and 583: In Figure H.8, the equilibrium betw
Page 584 and 585: foregone and the way they will save
Page 586 and 587: The income created by the purchase
Page 588 and 589: Two concepts are useful for underst
Page 590 and 591: y an estimate of the price that wou
Page 592 and 593: Table H.10. Comparison of timber em
Page 594 and 595: of the second year. The same assump
Page 598 and 599: 582
Page 600 and 601: studies at University of Washington
Page 602 and 603: 586
Page 604 and 605: Most significant late successionall
Page 606 and 607: to evaluate options. Information in
Page 608 and 609: Q0Table 1.1. Estimated acres and ow
Page 610 and 611: soTable 1.3. Estimated acres and ow
Page 612 and 613: 01CDarTable 1.5. Size class distrib
Page 614 and 615: Table 1.8. Frequency distribution o
Page 616 and 617: Literature CitedThomas, J.W., E.D.
Page 618 and 619: 602
Page 620 and 621: - The overlap of home ranges among
Page 622 and 623: Table J.2. Acreage and owl numbers
Page 624 and 625: continuedDCA Land AcreageIdent. Sta
Page 634 and 635: Table J.9. Acrea ?e and owl numbers
Page 638 and 639: continued-DCA LandIdent. StatusAcre
Page 640 and 641: -DCAIdent.LandStatusAcreageNRF Tota
Page 642 and 643: 626
Page 644 and 645: Experience Includes: Assistant Dire
Page 646 and 647:
Education: B.S. in forestry from Or
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Team SupportCharles Bruce, Oregon D
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continued-1 5-24-91 Other SpeciesSu
Page 652 and 653:
continued-9-16 thru9-20-919-19-91Sp
Page 654 and 655:
Perry, D. 1991. The ecology of coar
Page 656 and 657:
2mandate the achievement of recover
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642
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644
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Aspect - the direction a slope face
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Congressionally classified and desi
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Empirical - derived from direct obs
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Hummocky - a landscape characterize
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Mixed conifer - as used in this doc
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Potential habitat - a stand of tree
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Sensitive species - those species t
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Take -Uunder the Endangered Species
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wild, scenic, or recreational by an
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Recovery Plan for the Northern Spotted Owl - DRAFT

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