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Drew, T.J. and J.W. Flewelling. 1979. Stand density management: An alternativeapproach and its application to Douglas-fir plantations. Forest Science.25:518-532.Eversole, K.R. 1955. Spacing tests in a Douglas-fir plantation. Forest Science.1:14-18.Franklin, J. and C.T. Dymess. 1973. Natural vegetation of Oregon andWashington. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon. 417 pp.Franklin, J.F. and M.A. Hemstrom. 1981. Aspects of succession in coniferousforests in the Pacific Northwest. Pages 212-229 In O.C. West, H.H.Shugart, and D.B. Botkin, eds. Forest Succession: Concepts and Application.Springer Verlag, New York.Fried, J.S., J.C. Tappeiner and D.E. Hibbs. 1988. Bigleaf maple seedlingestablishment and early growth in Douglas-fir forests. Canadian Journalof Forest Research. 18:1226-1233.Gordon, D.T. 1973. Released advance reproduction of white and red fir ...growth, damage, mortality. USDA Forest Service Research Paper. PSW-95.22 pp.Graham, J.N., J.F. Bell, and F.R. Herman. 1985. Response of Sitka spruceand western hemlock to commercial thinning. USDA Research PaperPNW-334.Greene, S.E. and W.H. Emmingham. 1986. Early lessons from commercialthinning in a 30-year-old Sitka spruce, western hemlock forest. USDAForest Service Research Note PNW-448, 15 pp.Gutierrez, R.J. and A.B. Carey (eds). 1985. Ecology and management of thespotted owl in the Pacific Northwest. USDA Forest Service General TechnicalReport. PNW-185.Hadfield, J.S., D.J. Goheen, G.M. Filip, C.L. Schmitt and R.D. Harvey. 1986.Root diseases in Oregon and Washington conifers. USDA Forest ServiceRegion 6, Portland, Oregon, 27 pp.Hann, D.W. 1991. Memo. Subject: Validation of ORGANON.Harrington, C.A. and R. E. Miller. 1979. Response of a 110-year-old Douglasfir stand to urea and ammonia nitrate fertilizer. USDA Forest ServiceResearch Note PNW-336.Harrington, C.A. and C.A. Wierman. 1990. Growth and foliar nutrient responseto fertilization and precommercial thinning in a coastal westernredcedar stand. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 20:764-773.Helms, J.A., and R.B. Standiford. 1985. Predicting release of advance reproductionof mixed conifer species in California following overstory removal.Forest Science. 31:3-15.Hester, A.S., D.W. Hann, and D.R. Larsen. 1989. Organon: Southwest Oregongrowth and yield model user manual, version 2. Forest Research Laboratory,Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.520Hoover, L.D. 1988. Gap regeneration in old-growth Douglas-fir hardwoodforests of northwestern California. M.S. thesis, Humboldt State University,Arcata, California.
Huffman, D. 1991. Salal seedling establishment and clonal development inyoung growth Douglas-fir stands. Data on file, College of Forestry, OregonState University, Corvallis, Oregon.Hunter, M.L. 1990. Wildlife forests and forestry, Prentice Hall, EnglewoodCliffs, New Jersey. 370 pp.Isaac, L.A. 1938. Factors affecting the establishment of Douglas-fir seedlings.USDA Circular 486.Isaac, L.A. 1956. Place of partial cutting in old-growth stands of the Douglasfirregion. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest and RangeExperiment Station Research Paper 16, 148 pp.King, J.E. 1986. Review of Douglas-fir thinning treats. In Oliver et al. (eds).Douglas-fir stand management for the future. Proceedings, Institute ofForest Resources Contribution 55, 388 pp.Kirkland, B.P. and A.J.F. Brandstrom. 1936. Selective timber management inthe Douglas-fir region. Charles Lathrop Park Forestry Foundation. Washington,D.C., 172 pp.Krumland, B. and L.D. Wensel. 1980. CRYPTOS(I) - user's guide. Universityof California, Berkeley, College of Natural Resources. Cooperative redwoodyield research project, Research Note 16.Lewis, R. 1991. Silvicultural systems for Douglas-fir tanoak stands. Report tothe Northern Spotted Owl Recovery Team.Lindquist, J.L. and M.N. Palley. 1963. Empirical yield tables for young-growthredwood. California Agriculture Experiment Station Bulletin 796. Universityof California.Long, J.N. 1977. Trends in plant species diversity associated with developmentin a series of Pseudotsuga menziesii/Gaultheria shalon stands.Northwest Science. 51:119-130.Long, J.N. and J. Turner. 1975. Above ground biomass of understory andoverstory in an age sequence of four Douglas-fir stands. Journal of AppliedEcology. 12:179-188.Mann, J.W. and S.D. Tesch. 1985. Coordinating silvicultural objectives withharvesting capabilities in southwest Oregon. p. 27-32 In Improving MountainLogging: Planning, Techniques, and Hardware. Joint symposium ofIUFRO and Sixth PNW Skyline Symposium, May 8-11, 1985. Vancouver,British Columbia, Canada.Marshall, D.D. 1990. The effects of thinning on stand and tree growth in ayoung high site of Douglas-fir in western Oregon. Ph.D. thesis, OregonState University, Corvallis, Oregon.McCreary, D.D. and Perry, D.A. 1983. Strip thinning and selective thinning inDouglas-fir. Journal of Forestry. 81:375-377.Miller, R.E. and C.A. Harrington. 1979. Response to urea and ammonianitrate fertilizer in an 80-year-old Douglas-fir stand. USDA Forest ServiceResearch Note PNW-330.521
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I 1.2:Sp 6/draftRecovery Plan for t
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Page 7:
List of FiguresTable 4.1 Abbreviate
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Recovery ObjectiveSecretary of the
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Management Rules for Designated Con
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Page 15 and 16:
Monitoring and Research ProgramThe
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Chapter IIntroduction1
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"Threatened species" means a specie
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B. The Interagency Scientific Commi
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lished works and many government do
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II.A. Natural History of theNorther
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I- \IzXelT - - -.11 I..., ... I.."
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spring. Territories probably are sm
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Page 34 and 35:
Northern goshawks (Accipiter gentil
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also use a variety of nest sites in
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Page 38 and 39:
Home Range SizeHome range is define
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Table 2.2. Median amounts of old-gr
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Page 42 and 43:
3. Life Historycannot reject the hy
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Page 44 and 45:
Dispersal1984, Thomas et al. 1990,
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4. ConclusionOur knowledge of the n
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Ca n a d aEastern Washington Cascad
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Table 2.3. Estimated spotted owl ha
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Page 52 and 53:
Table 2.4. Significant threats to t
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Page 54 and 55:
Table 2.5. Results of surveys for s
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Page 56 and 57:
isolated. In these provinces, small
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Page 58 and 59:
centers for 30 to 35 spotted owl te
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Page 60 and 61:
Southwest Washington occupies a key
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Distribution of Habitat and Populat
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Province Isolation. The eastern Was
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were in suitable habitat condition.
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Estimated acres of forest landbase:
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owned and contain little suitable h
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Vulnerability to Natural Disturbanc
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Douglas-fir/hardwood types, the lat
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miles from the contiguous populatio
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Page 78 and 79:
In comparison, the southern part of
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Sacramento River Canyon now provide
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Page 82 and 83:
On January 11, 1980, there was an a
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vation Strategy for the Northern Sp
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transfer of one area to the Grand R
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The BLM Spokane (Washington) Distri
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3. National Park ServiceThe followi
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The results of a consultation are s
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- Since landowners already face cut
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4. Cumulative Effects AssessmentThe
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Assessment, Planning, and Monitorin
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Spotted owl nesting sites and activ
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Coastal Oregon Productivity Enhance
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including wildlife. In other cases,
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Page 106 and 107:
Currently, the Yakima Indian Nation
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where timber harvest is limited to
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III.A. Recovery Objective and Delis
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4. The population is unlikely to ne
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Page 116 and 117:
Needs of other species should be co
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Page 118 and 119:
years. The strategy of managing for
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Page 120 and 121:
't0
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Finally, the plan recommends mainta
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A total of 1,181 pairs of owls has
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DKnown owlsin the OregonprovincesKn
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mologists, and representatives of o
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this prey species is an appropriate
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After 100 years residual snags will
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2. Fuelwood Gathering. If allowed,
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The application of prescriptions A,
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owls. (Refer to tables in section I
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PRESCRIPTION D -RETAIN OWLS IN MANA
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126
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DCA Management Plans.The recovery p
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Endangered Species Act) or through
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6. Costs to landowners should be re
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The real or perceived disincentives
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Page 152 and 153:
authority of the public body to ent
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* Use the recovery plan's recommend
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140
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Page 158 and 159:
Supplemental pair areas - Habitat d
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Page 160 and 161:
Numbers of owls currently are estim
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Page 162 and 163:
Biological goals and implementation
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ning. Also, several unsurveyed area
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Owl pairsKnown owlsin the province3
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- Initiate long-range planning effo
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Table 3.8. Summary comments on the
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Page 172 and 173:
from nonfederal lands are needed to
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Page 174 and 175:
Eastern Washington Cascades Provinc
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(Owl pairs140 - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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habitat in DCA WD- 16. Approximatel
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Page 180 and 181:
Table 3.12. Summary comments on the
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Page 182 and 183:
Ttllwrnook/Astoria area. Provide su
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Page 184 and 185:
connectivity between key DCAs. This
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Page 186 and 187:
ITable 3.14. Summary comments on th
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Page 188 and 189:
crest of the Cascade Mountains. The
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Page 190 and 191:
ITable 3.16. Summary comments on th
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Page 192 and 193:
sites on federal lands (figure 3.21
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Page 194 and 195:
Owl pairsL I 350- _ _ . ...........
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DCAs, often combined with adjacent
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Page 198 and 199:
Owl pairsLiKnown owlsin the provinc
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Page 200 and 201:
nesting and roosting habitat until
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Page 202 and 203:
Option 3: Management of clusters: g
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Page 204 and 205:
Table 3.21. Summary of acreage and
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Page 206 and 207:
Owl pairs -Known owlsin the provinc
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Page 208 and 209:
and to within 0.5 miles of the acti
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Page 210 and 211:
Spotted owls have been found at 86
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Page 212 and 213:
ITable 3.24. Summary comments on th
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Page 214 and 215:
their distance from other sites. Ar
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Page 216 and 217:
* Recommend population and habitat
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Page 218 and 219:
away in some or all of the range. D
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Page 220 and 221:
4. What are the population dynamics
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Page 222 and 223:
If the monitoring and research prog
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Page 224 and 225:
lowlands, eastern Oregon Cascades,
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Page 226 and 227:
210
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Stepdown Outline1. Management Tasks
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Page 230 and 231:
Table 4.1 Abbreviated Cost TableThe
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Page 232 and 233:
continued-TaskPriorityResp. PartyCo
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Page 234 and 235:
218
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Page 236 and 237:
220
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and the number of invertebrate anim
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Page 240 and 241:
Table 5.2. Numbers of other species
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Page 242 and 243:
Amphibians and Reptiles: Larch Moun
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Page 244 and 245:
228
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Page 246 and 247:
230
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Page 248 and 249:
Barrows, C. W. 1980. Feeding ecolog
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Page 250 and 251:
Clark, R. J., D. G. Smith, and L. H
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Page 252 and 253:
Franklin, A. B., J. A. Blakesley, a
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Page 254 and 255:
Harestad, A. S., and F. L. Bunnell.
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Page 256 and 257:
Lundquist, R. W. and J. M. Mariani.
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Page 258 and 259:
O'Halloran, K. 1989. Spotted owl in
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Page 260 and 261:
Solis, D. M. 1980. Habitat use by n
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Page 262 and 263:
Young, K. D., A. B. Franklin, and J
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Page 264 and 265:
248
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Page 266 and 267:
250
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Page 268 and 269:
Table A.1. General approaches for e
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Page 270 and 271:
complete count of the territorial b
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Page 272 and 273:
Table A.3. Powera for various desig
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Table A.4. Illustration of a Markov
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Obviously, these statements hold on
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Page 278 and 279:
Table A.6. Reliability of trend est
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Demographic AnalysisAs noted earlie
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the estimate (using the simple equa
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Page 284 and 285:
however, we know little about the b
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Table A.8. Summary of information n
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Page 288 and 289:
predict the power achieved by diffe
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Other studiestached. If dispersing
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Page 292 and 293:
impractical at present. We describe
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Page 294 and 295:
Conclusionsthe year effect can be i
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280
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Page 298 and 299:
282
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Page 300 and 301:
284
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Page 302 and 303:
owls. Consequently, the issue of wh
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Page 304 and 305:
Use of the informationAssessments a
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Page 306 and 307:
Recent LiteratureWe might begin by
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Page 308 and 309:
Kerms (1989) measured habitat struc
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Page 310 and 311:
Hamer (pers. comm.) described 11 ne
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Page 312 and 313:
Table B.3. Percent hardwoods in the
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Page 314 and 315:
Table B.5. Comparison of habitats u
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Page 316 and 317:
Table B.8. Tree density (number of
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Page 318 and 319:
and numbers of trees, and percent o
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Page 320 and 321:
Under this hypothesis, owl fitness
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Page 322 and 323:
suitable habitat for that region (m
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Page 324 and 325:
ResultsDiscussionspotted owl habita
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Page 326 and 327:
__Discussiondata from 41 sites in t
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Page 328 and 329:
Recommendations for Future Research
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Page 330 and 331:
314
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Page 332 and 333:
Hamer, T. 1988. Home range size of
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Page 334 and 335:
318
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Page 336 and 337:
320
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Page 338 and 339:
Parameter Estimatesfor Individual S
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Page 340 and 341:
provided in Table C. 5. Study of th
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Page 342 and 343:
Table C.6. Summary of statistics re
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Page 344 and 345:
3. ConclusionsThis source of bias i
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Page 346 and 347:
330
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Gray Wolf .........................
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formed during the initial meeting t
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Page 352 and 353:
provide habitat for the numerous sp
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Page 354 and 355:
The ApproachA committee of the Reco
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Page 356 and 357:
The List of Threatened and Endanger
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Page 358 and 359:
Mammalsoldest trees in a stand. Eig
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Page 360 and 361:
ABBFigure D. 1. Distribution of: a)
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Page 362 and 363:
KTable D.3. A list of threatened an
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Page 364 and 365:
Fishestheir dispersal capabilities
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Page 366 and 367:
OlympicNorthcoastalRockyMountainSou
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Page 368 and 369:
continued-StatusabState Considered
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Page 370 and 371:
continued-SpeciesColumbia sidebandM
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Page 372 and 373:
endemic to the Pacific Northwest).
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Page 374 and 375:
------continued-SpeciesRhyacophila
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Page 376 and 377:
continued-SpeciesFed3tatusa bStateW
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Page 378 and 379:
StatusasbOld ForestState Associatio
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Page 380 and 381:
Summaryspores (Maser et al. 1978b).
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Page 382 and 383:
Biology of Owl Prey, Older Forest A
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Page 384 and 385:
Woodrats.-The dusky-footed woodrat
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Page 386 and 387:
and are less restrictive under stat
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Page 388 and 389:
Stock concept.-The term "stock" was
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Page 390 and 391:
Table D.10. List of fish stocks of
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Page 392 and 393:
continued-Steelhead-owipu Sea-runTr
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Page 394 and 395:
continued-BasinHoodWillametteRogueS
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Page 396 and 397:
Table D.13. Washington streams (or
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Page 398 and 399:
inland distribution currently decre
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Page 400 and 401:
nesting territories in the three st
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Page 402 and 403:
However, little is known about the
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Page 404 and 405:
Fisher (Martes penncmti)Distributio
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Page 406 and 407:
at one time supported marten popula
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Page 408 and 409:
each population of these animals is
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Page 410 and 411:
species also is found under the bar
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Page 412 and 413:
few meters from water after heavy r
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Page 414 and 415:
In considering the needs of other s
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Page 416 and 417:
Barrows, C. W. 1981. Roost selectio
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Page 418 and 419:
Clark, T. W., E. Anderson, C. Dougl
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Page 420 and 421:
Hamer, T. E. 1991. Habitat relation
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Page 422 and 423:
Mannan, R. W., E. C. Meslow, and H.
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Page 424 and 425:
Oakley, A. L., Collins, J. A., Ever
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Page 426 and 427:
Solis, D. M. 1983. Summer habitat e
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Page 428 and 429:
Washington Natural Heritage Program
-
Page 430 and 431:
414
-
Page 432 and 433:
f. Wilderness.g. Livestock grazing.
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Page 434 and 435:
I. Monitoring.1. Northern spotted o
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Page 436 and 437:
420
-
Page 438 and 439:
here will reduce some of that habit
-
Page 440 and 441:
424
-
Page 442 and 443:
426
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Page 444 and 445:
Selection of Forest TypesAt the tim
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Page 446 and 447:
eceive as little as 25 inches. Disc
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Page 448 and 449:
A. FireThe combination and interact
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Page 450 and 451:
Table F.4. Important forest insects
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Page 452 and 453:
continued-Common Name Causal Agent
-
Page 454 and 455:
D. DiseasesForest diseases in the P
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Page 456 and 457:
continued-Common Name Causal Agent
-
Page 458 and 459:
continued-Common Name Causal Agent
-
Page 460 and 461:
III. Forest Protection in theWest C
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Page 462 and 463:
120 100200 500I~~~~.K446Figure F.4.
-
Page 464 and 465:
InsectsDiseasesInsects in this subr
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Page 466 and 467:
__hardwoods are immune. Shade toler
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Page 468 and 469:
pests (Schowalter 1988). Black stai
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Page 470 and 471:
tion and initial attack. If manipul
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Page 472 and 473:
log and snag density was likely low
-
Page 474 and 475:
B. Management Effects on StandsMana
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Page 476 and 477:
units (underburning or lop/scatter)
-
Page 478 and 479:
In the higher elevation White Fir a
-
Page 480 and 481:
growth often increases (Reinhardt a
-
Page 482 and 483:
50rcc4*0-cC)2M CmZ13010-yearI ,...*
-
Page 484 and 485:
In the East Cascades subregion fore
-
Page 486 and 487:
The introduced disease, white pine
-
Page 488 and 489:
VI. Conclusionsmortality will resul
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Page 490 and 491:
Baker, F.A. 1988. The influence of
-
Page 492 and 493:
Habeck, J.R. 1990. Old-growth ponde
-
Page 494 and 495:
Perry, D.A., and J.G. Borchers. 199
-
Page 496 and 497:
Weatherspoon, C.P., and C.N. Skinne
-
Page 498 and 499:
482
-
Page 500 and 501:
484
-
Page 502 and 503:
area, structure, ages, location; ne
-
Page 504 and 505:
Stand AFigure G.2. A--unthmnned Dou
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Page 506 and 507:
figure 0.3. Effects of thinning Dou
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Page 508 and 509:
II. Review of Natural Vegetation an
-
Page 510 and 511:
western hemlock, and sometimes othe
-
Page 512 and 513:
year intervals (Appendix F). With t
-
Page 514 and 515:
Live crown ratiobecent)6050IStand A
-
Page 516 and 517:
Basal area growth continued to incr
-
Page 518 and 519:
technology probably will allow some
-
Page 520 and 521:
Stand A. No activities (west side 3
-
Page 522 and 523:
Stand A. No activities (west side o
-
Page 524 and 525:
acre, 4 to 12 inches in diameter),
-
Page 526 and 527:
allow redwood sprout clumps maximum
-
Page 528 and 529:
KAge 15 years - 511 trees per acre,
-
Page 530 and 531:
6Stems per acre100 _ Stand A. Natur
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Page 532 and 533:
Basal Area(square feetper acre)50 1
-
Page 534 and 535:
* Opening the canopy in small patch
-
Page 538 and 539:
Miller, R.E.; D.L. Reukema, and R.L
-
Page 540 and 541:
Tappeiner, J.C., P.M. McDonald, and
-
Page 542 and 543:
526
-
Page 544 and 545:
528
-
Page 546 and 547:
6. Timber supply curve and economic
-
Page 548 and 549:
scientifically credible biological
-
Page 550 and 551:
E. Summary of Preliminary Estimates
-
Page 552 and 553:
II. General Economic Principles for
-
Page 554 and 555:
practices may be able to show how s
-
Page 556 and 557:
Economic patterns show the efficien
-
Page 558 and 559:
The sustainable yield concept that
-
Page 560 and 561:
A. Previously Estimated Economic Co
-
Page 562 and 563:
County receipts were estimated to d
-
Page 564 and 565:
B. Potential Social Costs of Owl Co
-
Page 566 and 567:
The contrast between the behavior d
-
Page 568 and 569:
0U1 n1nDTable H.2. Economic depende
-
Page 570 and 571:
cḻlTable H.4. Economic characteri
-
Page 572 and 573:
An analysis completed by the State
-
Page 574 and 575:
V. Preliminary Evaluation of the Ec
-
Page 576 and 577:
25-° 20/0M 15-a)CLU)0 10-0CL 5 -0)
-
Page 578 and 579:
25 -- 20-0co/o 15--Da)a0a)10m~ C) 5
-
Page 580 and 581:
forestlands. The costs of productio
-
Page 582 and 583:
In Figure H.8, the equilibrium betw
-
Page 584 and 585:
foregone and the way they will save
-
Page 586 and 587:
The income created by the purchase
-
Page 588 and 589:
Two concepts are useful for underst
-
Page 590 and 591:
y an estimate of the price that wou
-
Page 592 and 593:
Table H.10. Comparison of timber em
-
Page 594 and 595:
of the second year. The same assump
-
Page 596 and 597:
are generally much lower than for c
-
Page 598 and 599:
582
-
Page 600 and 601:
studies at University of Washington
-
Page 602 and 603:
586
-
Page 604 and 605:
Most significant late successionall
-
Page 606 and 607:
to evaluate options. Information in
-
Page 608 and 609:
Q0Table 1.1. Estimated acres and ow
-
Page 610 and 611:
soTable 1.3. Estimated acres and ow
-
Page 612 and 613:
01CDarTable 1.5. Size class distrib
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Page 614 and 615:
Table 1.8. Frequency distribution o
-
Page 616 and 617:
Literature CitedThomas, J.W., E.D.
-
Page 618 and 619:
602
-
Page 620 and 621:
- The overlap of home ranges among
-
Page 622 and 623:
Table J.2. Acreage and owl numbers
-
Page 624 and 625:
continuedDCA Land AcreageIdent. Sta
-
Page 626 and 627:
Table J.4. Acreage and owl numbers
-
Page 628 and 629:
Table J.5. Acreage and owl numbers
-
Page 630 and 631:
Table J.6. Acreage and owl numbers
-
Page 632 and 633:
Table J.7. Acreage and owl numbers
-
Page 634 and 635:
Table J.9. Acrea ?e and owl numbers
-
Page 636 and 637:
Table J.10. Acreage and owl numbers
-
Page 638 and 639:
continued-DCA LandIdent. StatusAcre
-
Page 640 and 641:
-DCAIdent.LandStatusAcreageNRF Tota
-
Page 642 and 643:
626
-
Page 644 and 645:
Experience Includes: Assistant Dire
-
Page 646 and 647:
Education: B.S. in forestry from Or
-
Page 648 and 649:
Team SupportCharles Bruce, Oregon D
-
Page 650 and 651:
continued-1 5-24-91 Other SpeciesSu
-
Page 652 and 653:
continued-9-16 thru9-20-919-19-91Sp
-
Page 654 and 655:
Perry, D. 1991. The ecology of coar
-
Page 656 and 657:
2mandate the achievement of recover
-
Page 658 and 659:
642
-
Page 660 and 661:
644
-
Page 662 and 663:
Aspect - the direction a slope face
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Page 664 and 665:
Congressionally classified and desi
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Page 666 and 667:
Empirical - derived from direct obs
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Page 668 and 669:
Hummocky - a landscape characterize
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Page 670 and 671:
Mixed conifer - as used in this doc
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Page 672 and 673:
Potential habitat - a stand of tree
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Page 674 and 675:
Sensitive species - those species t
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Page 676 and 677:
Take -Uunder the Endangered Species
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Page 678:
wild, scenic, or recreational by an
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